ÿWPCƒ +qR"jü D;h¤ ôe~c¶ES*ÚYâÐîmq;Uj¹èN-q˜Az÷âÝÀÖ‘°ˆŒuiç¶ 6I4»%-gß%¸ŠØ*f…Z^gpù¶ öèk+¦SÞœ#ÒcÌ P}ϲ£I©!‚|j/ßÿ5^Òb÷¹x[Ýo¡?ª«H¿En/…üª¼¸ªØ=ÆËÅh(S¦„3}j¼ ÞC†ãmr”vJ­©ô£|±d¶xGZñÖ¸òÙŒKàB)·3¡BËÈg@ àêÙHޤ>W-¼±F=J–N`öešŠò³ç­¤[žßQkÅ’õLŸ[MùꙟHåï…iÇrÐKgƒ1«Ü~”øšÔ¤.A«4e˜ÁN €ÑüÐ-‰ _ë bkb}•Ûôÿž ýõàäpëzË8$:ä`šœJnËs5»4ɘB²ä÷î4æ=OÿÎE¦wE„·É‹r\dON\,4˜•PT²! 'Eq[|5ŸÂÏ+'fÛ¨JSÓæÖ[”ØaÏè¾Pì·›ëùöôû×½ߦGh©ËŠWÓÙL•)eÏ×N‰zÖIþTg7>6ˆŸ@É›=çåWù•€Ä¸kGÏ/Yz æ™U>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' M.A. v. Italy, Communication No. 117/1981 (21 September 1981) (twenty-first session), U.N.4-first session), U.N."Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2Â.$££Ý ƒ¶N!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xq§XXXÔÔ€Xq§XXXq§ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ž¶N$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XwëXXXÔÔ€XwëXXXwëÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXü’b) oY)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¶N!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xq§XXXÔÔ€Xq§XXXq§ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòM.A.€v.€ItalyóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€117/1981Ð H˜ ÐÌ10€April€1984Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóThe€family€of€M.A.,€later€joined€by€M.A.€as€submitting€party€[namesÐ xÈ  Ðdeleted]€Ð ^®  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóM.A.€Ð *z  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóItaly€Ð öF ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó21€September€1981€(date€of€initial€letter)€óóÐ Â ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ tÄ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð Zª ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€10€April€1984,€Ð &v ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð òB ÐÓùÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òDecision€on€inadmissibilityó óóó€Ð ¤ô ÐÓ$ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.1€The€authors€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€21€September€1981€and€threeÐ V"¦! Ðsubsequent€letters)€are€the€parents,€brother€and€sister€of€M.A.,€a€27„year„old€Italian€citizenÐ <#Œ" Ðand€right„wing€political€militant€and€publicist,€who€joined€as€submitting€party€by€letter€ofÐ "$r# Ð16€February€1982€and€numerous€further€letters.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ1.2€The€alleged€victim€is€M.A.€who€at€the€time€of€submission€was€serving€a€sentence€uponÐ Ô&$"& Ðconviction€of€involvement€in€"reorganizing€the€dissolved€fascist€party",€which€is€prohibitedÐ º' #' Ðby€an€Italian€penal€law€of€20€June€1952.€By€order€of€the€Court€of€Appeals€of€Florence,€M.A.,Ð  (ð#( Ðwas€conditionally€released€and€placed€under€mandatory€supervision€on€29€July€1983.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ1.3€The€authors€do€not€specify€which€articles€of€the€Covenant€have€allegedly€been€violated.Ð R+¢&+ ÐIt€is€generally€claimed€that€M.A.€was€condemned€to€prison€solely€for€his€ideas€and€that€heÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhas€been€deprived€of€the€right€to€profess€his€political€beliefs.€Ð -n(- Ї2.1€In€his€communication€of€16€February€1982€M.A.€stated€òòinter€alia€óóthat,€although€he€hadÐ ° Ðhad€contacts€with€some€of€the€organizers€of€the€Fronte€Nazionale€Rivoluzionario€(FNR),€heÐ –æ Ðhad€not€participated€in€the€constitutive€meeting€of€22€January€1975.€He€disputed€theÐ |Ì Ðaccusation€that€he€was€one€of€the€organizers€of€FNR€and€challenged€the€fairness€of€the€trialÐ b² Ðagainst€him.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.2€In€their€letter€of€27€January€1982€the€family€of€M.A.€stated€that€he€was€born€in€Lucca,Ð  d ÐItaly,€on€14€July€1956€and€was€15€years€old€when€he€joined€the€Movimento€Politico€OrdineÐ ú J ÐNuovo,€which€was€dissolved€by€order€of€the€Italian€Ministry€of€the€Interior€on€23€NovemberÐ à 0 Ð1973.€Thereafter,€M.A.€participated€in€the€cultural€organization€of€Movimento€SocialeÐ Æ   ÐItaliano€(right„wing€party€represented€in€the€Italian€Parliament,€MSI).€In€May€1977€heÐ ¬ ü  Ðfounded€the€"Committee€against€repression€and€for€the€defence€of€the€civil€rights€of€anti„Ð ’â  ÐMarxist€political€prisoners".€In€June€1977€he€founded€the€monthly€newspaper€"AzioneÐ xÈ  ÐSolidarieta"€and€in€October€1977€he€became€the€cultural€organizer€of€MSI€in€Bologna.€HeÐ ^®  Ðwent€into€exile€in€France€in€October€1978.€Ð D”  ÐÌ2.3€Court€proceedings€against€M.A.€were€initiated€in€1974,€when€he€was€17€years€of€age€andÐ ` Ðhe€was€sentenced€to€four€years€imprisonment€on€11€May€1976€by€the€Arezzo€Court€ofÐ öF ÐAssizes.€He€was€detained€from€September€1976€to€April€1977,€when€he€was€released€onÐ Ü, Ðmandatory€daily€supervision.€The€Florence€Court€of€Appeals€confirmed€the€sentence€on€30Ð Â ÐNovember€1977€and€the€Rome€Court€of€Cassation€confirmed€the€judgement€on€1€DecemberÐ ¨ø Ð1978.€In€the€meantime,€however€(October€1978€according€to€the€authors),€M.A.€went€intoÐ ŽÞ Ðexile€in€France.€There€is€no€indication€as€to€whether€the€mandatory€daily€supervision€hadÐ tÄ Ðbeen€lifted€or€other€information€explaining€the€circumstances€in€which€he€left€Italy.€(TheÐ Zª ÐFrench€"Carte€de€sejour"€indicates€that€he€entered€France€on€6€January€1979.)€All€theseÐ @ Ðevents,€based€on€the€information€furnished€by€the€authors,€took€place€prior€to€the€entry€intoÐ &v Ðforce€for€Italy€of€the€Covenant€and€Optional€Protocol€on€15€December€1978.€Subsequent€toÐ  \ Ðthis€date,€on€6€September€1980,€M.A.€was€extradited€from€France€and€imprisoned€at€the€CasaÐ òB ÐCircondariale€di€Ferrara€in€Italy.€He€claims€that€the€extradition€order€violated€his€rights,Ð Ø( Ðbecause€he€had€been€convicted€of€a€political€offence.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ3.€On€28€January€1982€the€M.A.€family€stated€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been€submittedÐ Š Ú Ðto€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.€The€authors€do€not€specify€which€articles€of€the€Covenant€have€allegedly€been€violated.Ð <#Œ" ÐIt€is€generally€claimed€that€M.A.€was€condemned€to€prison€solely€for€his€ideas,€and€that€heÐ "$r# Ðhas€been€deprived€of€the€right€to€profess€his€political€beliefs.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ5.€Various€documents€submitted€with€the€communication€include€copies€of€the€judgementsÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€Court€of€Assizes€of€Arezzo€and€Court€of€Appeals€of€Florence}€a€request€for€amnestyÐ º' #' Ðdirected€to€the€President€of€the€Republic€of€Italy;€original€of€a€memorandum€cementing€onÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€evidence€before€the€courts€and€the€original€of€a€brief€challenging€the€consitutionality€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€Italian€law€of€20€June€1952.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ6.€By€its€decision€of€16€July€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€party,Ð -n(- Ðrequesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility€of€theÐ ° Ðcommunication,€in€particular€in€so€far€as€it€may€raise€issues€under€articles€19€(right€to€holdÐ –æ Ðopinions€and€freedom€of€expression),€22€(freedom€of€association)€and€25€(right€to€take€partÐ |Ì Ðin€the€conduct€of€public€affairs)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð b² ÐÌ7.1€By€a€note€dated€17€November€1982,€the€Italian€Government€objected€to€the€admissibilityÐ . ~ Ðof€the€communication,€òòinter€alia,€óóbecause€the€author€"did€not€specify€in€any€way€the€violationÐ  d Ðof€which€he€claims€to€be€a€victim€...€but€is€merely€asking€for€a€review€of€his€trial,€since€heÐ ú J Ðbelieves€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€would€have€competence€to€declare€him€'notÐ à 0 Ðguilty'.€In€these€terms,€it€is€obvious€that,€so€far€as€the€'request'€of€the€authors€of€theÐ Æ   Ðcommunication€is€concerned,€the€Committee€is€not€competent€to€review€the€sentence€passedÐ ¬ ü  Ðby€the€Italian€courts".€Ð ’â  ÐÌ7.2€The€State€party€notes,€however,€that:€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"when€the€Human€Rights€Committee€examined€the€documents€received€in€the€light€of€theÐ *z  Ðrelevant€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and,€in€so€doing,€acted€òò'ex€officio',€óóit€considered€that€itÐ ` Ðwould€be€advisable€to€obtain€information€regarding€such€connection€as€might€exist€betweenÐ öF Ðthe€legal€proceedings€instituted€against€M.A.€and€articles€19,€22€and€25€of€the€Covenant.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ'In€this€connection,€the€Italian€Government,€while€considering€that€the€conclusions€referredÐ ¨ø Ðto€in€the€preceding€paragraph€make€any€further€comment€superfluous,€does€not€challenge€theÐ ŽÞ Ðexamination€carried€out€òòex€officio€by€óóthe€Committee€and,€in€a€spirit€of€co„operation,€wishesÐ tÄ Ðto€make€the€following€observations€regarding€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€on€theÐ Zª Ðbasis€that€the€latter€does€have€some€bearing€on€the€above„mentioned€articles€of€the€Covenant.€Ð @ ÐÌ"The€legal€proceedings€against€M.A.€led€to€the€decision€of€the€Arezzo€Court€of€Assizes€datedÐ  \ Ð28€April€1976,€confirmed€by€the€decision€of€the€Florence€Court€of€Appeals€dated€30Ð òB ÐNovember€1977€and€made€final€when€the€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Cassation€was€dismissed€byÐ Ø( Ðdecision€of€1€December€1978.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ"The€chronological€order€of€events,€together€with€the€legal€decisions,€show€unequivocallyÐ Š Ú Ðthat,€at€the€said€periods,€Italy€was€not€bound€by€the€United€Nations€Covenants€or€by€theÐ p!À  ÐOptional€Protocol€which€came€into€force€for€Italy€on€15€December€1978,€that€is,€after€theÐ V"¦! Ðdecision€of€the€Court€of€Cassation.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"Accordingly,€in€the€opinion€of€the€Italian€Government,€it€follows€that€the€communicationÐ %X $ Ðis€inadmissible€on€the€ground€of€lack€of€competence€òò'ration,€temporis'.óó€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"The€Italian€Government€is€aware,€however,€that€the€Committee,€while€stressing€theÐ º' #' Ðcommunications€will€be€inadmissible€if€the€facts€which€are€subject€of€the€complaint€occurredÐ  (ð#( Ðbefore€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant,€deems€itself€competent,€by€virtue€of€its€earlierÐ †)Ö$) Ðdecisions,€to€take€such€facts€into€account€if€the€author€asserts€that€the€alleged€violations€hadÐ l*¼%* Ðnot€ceased€after€the€date€of€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant.€But€in€the€present€case€it€is€clearÐ R+¢&+ Ðfrom€the€dossier€that€the€author€of€the€communication€has€not€alleged€any€violation,€nor€hasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhe€asserted€that€the€alleged€violations€did€not€cease€after€15€December€1978.€Ð -n(- Ї"...€The€author€of€a€complaint,€communication€or€even€request€addressed€to€an€internationalÐ ° Ðbody€can€only€invoke€the€same€violations€as€those€already€alleged€in€national€proceedingsÐ –æ Ðand€for€which€he€has€not€obtained€satisfaction.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ"Accordingly,€with€a€view€to€ensuring€that€this€aspect€of€the€matter€is€properly€reviewed,€itÐ H˜ Ðis€necessary€to€consider€the€alleged€violations€referred€to€in€the€communication€in€the€lightÐ . ~ Ðof€the€action€taken€in€his€defence€by€M.A.€and€his€lawyer€in€the€proceedings€before€theÐ  d ÐArezzo€and€Florence€courts,€and€also€before€the€Court€of€Cassation.€Ð ú J ÐÌ"On€the€basis€of€the€papers€submitted€in€connection€with€the€dossier,€the€reply€is€clearly€inÐ Æ   Ðthe€negative€....€If,€on€the€other€hand,€it€is€decided€to€follow€the€course€adopted€by€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€and€to€assume€that€the€applicant€is€in€fact€alleging€violations€ofÐ ’â  Ðarticles€19,€22€and€25€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€necessary€to€determine€whether€the€authorÐ xÈ  Ðinvoked€the€same€rights€before€the€Italian€courts.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"In€this€connection,€although€the€said€provisions€of€the€Covenant€could€not€be€invoked€byÐ *z  ÐM.A.€„€because€the€Covenant€was€not€in€force€for€Italy€„€it€must€be€recognized€thatÐ ` Ðcorresponding€provisions€are€to€be€found€in€articles€9,€10€and€11€of€the€European€ConventionÐ öF Ðon€Human€Rights.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ"As€is€well€known,€the€latter€Convention,€which€was€ratified€by€Act€No.€848€of€4€AugustÐ ¨ø Ð1955,€forms€an€integral€part€of€Italian€law.€The€application€of€these€provisions€can€thereforeÐ ŽÞ Ðbe€referred€directly€to€the€Italian€courts.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ"If€M.A.€considered€in€the€present€case€that€his€rights€had€been€violated€by€the€applicationÐ @ Ðof€the€Act€No.€645€of€20€June€1952,€he€should€have€asked€for€the€relevant€articles€of€theÐ &v ÐEuropean€Convention€to€be€applied€immediately€at€first€instance€or,€failing€that,€on€appealÐ  \ Ðto€the€Court€of€Cassation.€Ð òB ÐÌ"M.A.€never€invoked€the€said€provisions€and€never€complained€of€the€violation€of€rightsÐ ¾ Ðwhich,€according€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€are€the€subject€of€the€communicationÐ ¤ô Ðunder€consideration.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"The€Italian€Government€therefore€considers€that€the€communication€is€also€inadmissibleÐ V"¦! Ðon€the€ground€indicated€above.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"Lastly,€if€it€is€none€the€less€intended€to€invoke€the€said€articles€of€the€Covenant,€it€may€beÐ %X $ Ðnoted€that€paragraph€3€of€article€19€contains€an€explicit€provision€whereby€certainÐ î%>!% Ðrestrictions,€which€must,€however,€be€expressly€stipulated€by€law€and€which€are€necessaryÐ Ô&$"& Ð(a)€for€respect€of€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others€and€(b)€for€the€protection€of€nationalÐ º' #' Ðsecurity€or€of€public€order,€or€of€public€health€or€morals,€are€deemed€to€be€lawful.€SimilarÐ  (ð#( Ðrestrictions€are€also€provided€under€articles€22€and€25.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"However,€an€examination€of€the€indictment€against€M.A.€shows€that€it€is€for€'reorganizingÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€dissolved€fascist€party'€that€is,€for€organizing€a€movement€which€has€as€its€object€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðelimination€of€the€democratic€freedoms€and€the€establishment€of€a€totalitarian€regime.€Ð -n(- Ї"It€is€clearly€a€case€of€restrictions€'expressly€stipulated€by€law€(Scelba€Law)'€and€'which€areÐ ° Ðnecessary€...€in€a€democratic€society€for€the€protection€of€national€security,€public€order€...'.€Ð –æ ÐÌ"In€light€of€the€foregoing€considerations,€the€Italian€Government€considers€that€M.A.'sÐ b² Ðcommunication,€being€inadmissible€on€the€grounds€referred€to€above,€should€also€be€deemedÐ H˜ Ðinadmissible,€by€virtue€of€the€restrictions€provided€for€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€articleÐ . ~ Ð22,€paragraph€2,€and€article€25,€since€it€is€manifestly€devoid€of€foundation."€Ð  d ÐÌ8.€In€response€to€the€State€party's€submission€under€rule€91€the€author€forwarded€theÐ à 0 Ðfollowing€comments€dated€6€January€1983:€Ð Æ   ÐÌ"In€its€reply€dated€17€November€1982,€the€Italian€Government€considers€that€theÐ ’â  Ðcommunication€which€I€submitted€to€you€should€be€'inadmissible'€because:€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"(a)€'...€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€not€competent€to€review€the€sentence€passed€by€theÐ D”  ÐItalian€courts'.€Ð *z  ÐÌ'The€Human€Rights€Committee€should,€however,€be€deemed€to€òòhave€the€competence€and€theÐ öF Ðpower€óóto€do€so,€inasmuch€as€it€is€the€judicial€organ€which€has€to€ensure€that€the€provisionsÐ Ü, Ðof€the€Covenant€are€implemented€by€the€Governments€that€are€signatories€to€it.€Ð  ÐÌ"(b)€'...€the€legal€proceedings€against€M.A.€took€place€between€1971€and€1978'€at€which€timeÐ ŽÞ Ð'Italy€was€not€bound€by€the€United€Nations€Covenants€or€by€the€Optional€Protocol'.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ"However,€the€Italian€Government€knows€that€the€legal€proceedings€against€M.A.€did€notÐ @ Ðend€in€1978,€but€continued€until€6€August€1980€(on€which€date€I€was€being€held€in€prisonÐ &v Ðin€Nice,€France)€when€the€French€Government€was€asked€by€the€Italian€Government€to€arrestÐ  \ ÐM.A.€(the€Italian€Government€then€applied€for€his€extradition€on€a€charge€of€'reorganizingÐ òB Ðthe€dissolved€fascist€party'€and€other€charges).€Ð Ø( ÐÌ'It€thus€follows€'...€that€the€alleged€violations€did€not€cease€following€the€date€of€entry€intoÐ ¤ô Ðforce€of€the€Covenant'€but,€in€the€present€case,€as€is€clear€from€the€communication€which€IÐ Š Ú Ðhave€submitted€to€you,€they€continued€beyond€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€theÐ p!À  ÐProtocol€since,€on€6€August€1980,€after€the€arrest€of€M.A.,€the€Italian€Government€appliedÐ V"¦! Ðfor€his€extradition,€under€Act€No.€645€of€20€June€1952,€article€2€(1),€in€respect€of€the€chargeÐ <#Œ" Ðfor€which€he€had€been€sentenced€in€Italy€to€four€years'€imprisonment€(as€can€be€seen€fromÐ "$r# Ðthe€decision€of€the€Aix„en„Provence€Court€òò(Chambre€d'Accusation),€óóFrance,€dated€5Ð %X $ ÐSeptember€1980).€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"The€timing€of€events€makes€it€quite€clear€that€the€violations€of€one€or€more€provisions€ofÐ º' #' Ðthe€Covenant€and€subsequently€the€unlawfulness€of€his€detention€extend€beyond€the€entryÐ  (ð#( Ðinto€force€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Protocol.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"(c)€According€to€the€Italian€Government,€I€'should€have€asked€for€the€relevant€articles€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€European€Convention€to€be€applied€immediately€at€first€instance,€or,€failing€that,€onÐ 8,ˆ', Ðappeal€to€the€Court€of€Cassation'.€Ð -n(- Ї"It€is,€however,€a.€well€known€fact€that,€under€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Italian€Criminal€CodeÐ ° Ðit€is€for€the€court€itself€to€apply€the€law€that€is€most€favourable€to€the€accused.€Ð –æ ÐÌ"It€is€stated:€'Nobody€may€be€punished€for€an€act€which,€under€a€subsequent€law,€does€notÐ b² Ðconstitute€an€offence}€and,€in€the€event€of€a€conviction,€it€shall€not€be€enforceable€nor€haveÐ H˜ Ðpenal€effects.'€Ð . ~ ÐÌ"Consequently,€it€was€not€for€M.A.€to€request€that€the€relevant€articles€of€the€EuropeanÐ ú J ÐConvention€be€applied;€it€was€for€the€judges€of€the€Arezzo€Court€of€Assizes€or€of€theÐ à 0 ÐFlorence€Court€of€Appeals€or,€in€the€final€instance,€of€the€Court€of€Cassation€to€apply€themÐ Æ   Ð...".€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ9.€On€10€January€1983,€the€legal€representative€of€M.A.€submitted€further€comments,€notingÐ xÈ  Ðthat:€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"(a)€The€violations€did€not€come€to€an€end€prior€to€15€December€1978,€which€is€obviousÐ *z  Ðsince€he€is€currently€serving€the€sentence€for€which€he€was€tried.€Thus,€the€law€applied€isÐ ` Ðstill€in€force€and€the€sentence€against€M.A.€is€being€carried€out;€Ð öF ÐÌ"(b)€The€restrictions€in€the€law€applied€in€M.A.'s€case€are€themselves€based€on€a€law€whichÐ Â Ðwas€purportedly€enacted€in€order€to€protect€public€safety,€but€which€in€reality€does€notÐ ¨ø Ðpermit€the€expression€of€one€particular€ideology€even€by€democratic€and€non„violent€means.Ð ŽÞ ÐTherefore€it€is€a€law€that€persecutes€or€discriminates€on€the€basis€of€ideology€and€as€such€isÐ tÄ Ðin€violation€of€article€18€of€the€Covenant.€It€is€also€inherently€discriminatory€because€it€isÐ Zª Ðaimed€not€at€all€allegedly€"anti„democratic"€movements€(anarchistic,€Leninist,€etc.)€butÐ @ Ðsolely€at€movements€with€fascist€leanings;€Ð &v ÐÌ"(c)€These€facts€were€also€put€forward€by€legal€counsel€in€proceedings€brought€before€theÐ òB ÐItalian€Courts€..."€Ð Ø( ÐÌ10.€In€a€further€letter,€dated€25€June€1983,€the€author€informed€the€Committee€of€a€decisionÐ ¤ô Ðtaken€by€the€French€Conseil€d'Etat,€dated€3€June€1983,€published€on€17€June€1983,€annullingÐ Š Ú Ðthe€French€extradition€decree€of€5€September€1980.€The€author€appealed€to€the€CommitteeÐ p!À  Ðfor€assistance€in€obtaining€his€immediate€release€from€imprisonment,€recalling€that€he€hasÐ V"¦! Ðbeen€detained€in€Italian€prisons€since€6€September€1980.€In€an€annex€to€this€letter€M.A.Ð <#Œ" Ðencloses€the€text€of€the€annulment€decision,€which€was€taken€on€the€grounds€ofÐ "$r# Ðadministrative€irregularities,€in€particular€because€the€extradition€decree€was€issued€withoutÐ %X $ Ðtaking€due€account€of€the€Law€No.€79„387€of€11€July€1979€relative€to€administrative€acts€inÐ î%>!% ÐFrance.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ11.1€In€a€letter€of€16€May€1983,€M.A.€informed€the€Committee€that€his€legal€counsel€Mr.Ð  (ð#( ÐM.B.€[name€deleted]€had€been€arrested.€There€is€no€indication,€however,€that€this€has€anyÐ †)Ö$) Ðbearing€on€or€relevance€to€the€present€case.€In€a€further€letter,€dated€6€September€1983,€theÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor€in€reply€to€a€Secretariat€request€for€information€informed€the€Committee€thatÐ R+¢&+ Ðfollowing€the€arrest€of€his€attorney,€he€has€not€taken€a€new€legal€representative.€He€alsoÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpoints€out€that€no€further€submissions€on€his€behalf€will€be€made€in€response€to€theÐ -n(- Ðobservations€of€the€Italian€Government.€Ð ° ÐÌ11.2€The€author€also€indicates€that,€upon€his€application,€the€Court€of€Appeals€of€FlorenceÐ |Ì Ðon€29€July€1983€ordered€his€release€from€imprisonment€and€placed€him€under€mandatoryÐ b² Ðsupervision,€prohibiting€him€from€leaving€the€town€of€Lucca€or€Italian€territory€and€furtherÐ H˜ Ðrestricting€his€political€activity.€The€author€thus€appeals€to€the€Committee€to€intercede€on€hisÐ . ~ Ðbehalf€in€order€to€end€his€state€of€'detention€in€liberty'.€Ð  d ÐÌ12.€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ à 0 ÐCommittee€shall,€in€accordance€with€Rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ Æ   Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ13.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€observes€that€in€so€far€as€the€author's€complaints€relateÐ xÈ  Ðto€the€conviction€and€sentence€of€M.A.€for€the€offence,€in€Italian€penal€law,€of€"reorganizingÐ ^®  Ðthe€dissolved€fascist€party"€they€concern€events€which€took€place€prior€to€the€entry€into€forceÐ D”  Ðof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€the€Optional€Protocol€forÐ *z  ÐItaly€(i.e.€before€15€December€1978)€and€consequently€they€are€inadmissible€under€articleÐ ` Ð3€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€òòrationeÐ öF Ðtemporis.óó€Ð Ü, ÐÌ13.2€In€so€far€as€the€authors'€complaints€relate€to€the€consequences,€after€the€entry€into€forceÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Italy,€of€M.A.'s€conviction€and€sentence,€itÐ ŽÞ Ðmust€be€shown€that€there€were€consequences€which€could€themselves€have€constituted€aÐ tÄ Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant.€In€the€opinion€of€the€Committee€there€were€no€such€consequencesÐ Zª Ðin€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case.€Ð @ ÐÌ13.3€The€execution€of€a€sentence€of€imprisonment€imposed€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€Covenant€is€not€in€itself€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€Moreover,€it€would€appear€to€theÐ òB ÐCommittee€that€the€acts€of€which€M.A.€was€convicted€(reorganizing€the€dissolved€fascistÐ Ø( Ðparty)€were€of€a€kind€which€are€removed€from€the€protection€of€the€Covenant€by€article€5Ð ¾ Ðthereof€and€which€were€in€any€event€justifiably€prohibited€by€Italian€law€having€regard€toÐ ¤ô Ðthe€limitations€and€restrictions€applicable€to€the€rights€in€question€under€the€provisions€ofÐ Š Ú Ðarticles€18€(3),€19€(3),€22€(2)€and€25€of€the€Covenant.€In€these€respects€therefore€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€as€incompatible€withÐ V"¦! Ðthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€òòratione€materiae.óó€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ13.4€M.A.'s€additional€claim€that€the€extradition€proceedings,€initiated€by€Italy€while€he€wasÐ %X $ Ðliving€in€France,€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant,€is€without€foundation.€There€is€noÐ î%>!% Ðprovision€of€the€Covenant€making€it€unlawful€for€a€State€party€to€seek€extradition€of€a€personÐ Ô&$"& Ðfrom€another€country.€The€claim€is€therefore€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€OptionalÐ º' #' ÐProtocol,€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€òòratione€materiae.óó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ14.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€òòdecides:óó€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌThe€communication€is€inadmissible.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÓ|ÓÐ -n(- Ð