’WPCƒ ā‰вC6›”ar}Bąõ½“0—ļ”Į°Ó߃˜‚‡? Œ“w?.:.ŹP¾ŹĄ“y/?¾÷c2^lų·Ö"Ö7A¬Z±ą˜ū(×ĢĢ•ēźhńˆr.9ƒQėŒuu~#r„„³Ų°§ü䜠6†ž+UxņTg@6Ü$Ń{ō°®(݁²g`åø|Į/ ōŸ2„p­˜Źf’wpqyŠ’Ójsر⯲$‘Cj6ręŅØčj…GĢ5ˆÄPß/|ua+©Gœ^Ž“ŸēéAó×NėźīÕz>C¢ŠŻd^!FO©rjW¦¶±ŽlQ6jš{£{§{Gćę-ņü}vē67Ų£¤Žķ ®Aū‡XGė0Ź0܎”®Rõēś-¬×]ɚéœV³~†^÷ˆÉ•ų%*ĘÕÖ’w+gBŽ ö9äĢ:*ŃŃ0ŁŽ½ŽČeĘĶe$”U™³ļčļҳĀOAž™Ķ)‡\g֍Ųqęź£ynCŽp‚'Ą1v(Æ¢śĶY{ģ‹Ķ={ÆučŚŗ+ēĻJ4æ>[·Jč`’¢Ndņ{”HŽŠĆ3Y£·Ē;^nó”ōšŚ£ŹŌv™õ€ÅļHpVb” -5³ļŃŗaŃ(>ҵuę¼ U>zĢø 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Ī 0i- 0P–Ęę 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMą - 0Ę= #Į UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Monja Jaona v. Madagascar, Communication No. 132/1982 (1 April 1985), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 4 U.N. Doc. Supp. No. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0’’.Strongņ ņŌ  Ōó óŌ  ԁ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2œ.$££Ż ƒ6!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xy’XXXŌŌ€Xy’XXXy’ŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(ž6$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xs«XXXŌŌ€Xs«XXXs«ŌŌԘHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXĻ–ł* Äpģ*ź:i¢Ų+00 ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ6!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xy’XXXŌŌ€Xy’XXXy’ŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€Ō_Ōv.Ō_Ō€MadagascaróóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€132/1982Š H˜ ŠĢ1€April€1985Š  d ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by:€óóŌ_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€(represented€by€Maitre€Eric€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō)€Š xČ  ŠĢņņAlleged€victim:óó€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_ԀРD”  ŠĢņņState€party€concerned:€óóMadagascar€Š ` ŠĢņņDate€of€communication:€óó30€December€1982€(date€of€initial€letter)€Š Ü, ŠĢņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó6€April€1984€óóŠ Øų ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onŠ ZŖ ŠCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Š @ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€1€April€1985,€Š  \ ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€Communication€No.€132/1982€submitted€to€theŠ Ų( ŠCommittee€by€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onŠ ¾ ŠCivil€and€Political€Rights;€Š ¤ō ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ p!Ą  Šcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned;€Š V"¦! ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€the€following:€Š "$r# ŠĢĢņņņ ņÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€protocolóó€ó óŠ Ō&$"& ŠÓÓĢĢ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€30€December€1982,€further€lettersŠ †)Ö$) Šdated€12€May€and€15€August€1983€and€18€January€1984)€is€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō,€a€77„year„oldŠ l*¼%* ŠMalagasy€national,€former€"Doyen€du€Ō_ŌConseilŌ_Ō€Supreme€de€la€Revolution€Ō_ŌmalgacheŌ_Ō"€andŠ R+¢&+ Šcandidate€in€the€presidential€elections€held€in€Madagascar€on€7€November€1982,€at€presentŠ 8,ˆ', ŠMember€of€the€National€People's€Assembly€in€Madagascar.€He€is€represented€by€Maitre€EricŠ -n(- ŠŌ_ŌHammelŌ_Ō,€who€was€a€lawyer€in€Madagascar€until€his€expulsion€on€11€February€1982€and€whoŠ ° Šnow€resides€in€France.€Š –ę ŠĢ2.1€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€states€that€on€15€December€1982€Mr.€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€was€arrested€at€hisŠ b² Šresidence€in€Ō_ŌTananariveŌ_Ō€and€that,€although€according€to€an€official€announcement€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_ŌŠ H˜ Šwas€subjected€only€to€house€arrest,€he€was€actually€taken€to€the€military€camp€ofŠ . ~ ŠŌ_ŌKelivondrakeŌ_Ō,€600€km€south€of€Ō_ŌTananariveŌ_Ō,€where€he€was€detained€until€his€release€beforeŠ  d Šthe€elections€to€the€National€People's€Assembly€held€on€28€August€1983.€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€wasŠ ś J Šarrested€under€government€decree,€without€any€reasons€being€given€for€his€arrest,€for€anŠ ą 0 Šunlimited€period€of€time€and€without€the€possibility€of€being€brought€before€a€judge.€HisŠ Ę   Šarrest€took€place€subsequent€to€the€following€events.€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€was€a€candidate€in€the€1982Š ¬ ü  Špresidential€elections€against€the€incumbent€President.€During€his€campaign€he€denouncedŠ ’ā  Šthe€allegedly€corrupt€policies€of€the€Government.€It€is€claimed€that€election€fraud€caused€Mr.Š xČ  ŠŌ_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō's€defeat,€that€he€publicly€denounced€the€alleged€abuses€and€called€for€new€elections.Š ^®  ŠMaitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€states€that€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€was€then€arrested€on€the€Pretext€that€demonstrationsŠ D”  Šorganized€in€his€support€were€endangering€public€order€and€security.€Š *z  ŠĢ2.2€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€also€refers€to€a€previous€arrest€of€his€client€under€similar€conditions€inŠ öF ŠDecember€1980.€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€sought€before€the€courts€repeal€of€the€governmental€decreeŠ Ü, Šand€compensation€for€the€damages€suffered€by€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō,€who€was€subsequently€releasedŠ Ā Šon€9€March€1981,€by€Governmental€decree,€no€reasons€being€given.€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€maintainedŠ Øų Šhis€complaints€before€the€courts.€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€claims€that€his€own€expulsion€by€order€ofŠ ŽŽ Šthe€Ministry€of€Justice€of€Madagascar€on€11€February€1982€was,€ņņinter€alia,€óóa€consequenceŠ tÄ Šof€his€involvement€in€that€case.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ2.3€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€claims€that€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€is€a€victim€of€breaches€by€Madagascar€of€articleŠ &v Š9,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€article€18,€paragraph€1,€and€article€19,€paragraph€1,€of€theŠ  \ ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Š ņB ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€17€March€1983,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeŠ ¾ Štransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theŠ ¤ō ŠState€party,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityŠ Š Ś Šof€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€,requested€the€State€party€to€provide€theŠ p!Ą  ŠCommittee€with€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case€and€to€informŠ V"¦! Šthe€Committee€of€the€state€of€health€of€Mr.€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō.€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ4.1€In€a€further€letter€dated€12€May€1983,€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€submitted€additional€informationŠ %X $ Šconcerning€the€state€of€health€of€his€client€and€alleged€that€the€Malagasy€Government€wasŠ ī%>!% Šrefusing€to€give€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō€the€necessary€medical€care€and€that€it€had€not€authorizedŠ Ō&$"& Šspecialist€professors,€including€the€Dean€of€the€Faculty€of€Medicine€of€Ō_ŌTananariveŌ_Ō,€to€seeŠ ŗ' #' Šand€examine€Mr.€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō.€Š  (š#( ŠĢ4.2€Maitre€Ō_ŌHammelŌ_Ō€also€enclosed€a€copy€of€a€letter€by€Mrs.€Ō_ŌMonjaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaonaŌ_Ō,€dated€19€AprilŠ l*¼%* Š1983,€referring€to€her€husband's€two€hunger„strikes,€from€10€to€14€January€and€again€fromŠ R+¢&+ Š15€to€23€January€1983.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- ŠŌ_Ō4.3€In€an€annexed€statement€dated€12€January€1983,€Monja€Jaona€explained€his€hunger„strikeŠ ° Šas€follows:€Š –ę ŠĢ"It€is€the€fact€that€I€have€been€arrested€and€detained€at€Kelivondrake:€that€is€arbitrary,€andŠ b² Šthat€is€why€I€oppose€it.€There€was€no€investigation€and€I€was€never€informed€of€the€groundsŠ H˜ Šfor€my€arrest:€that€is€what€I€take€exception€to.€I€know€very€well€that€I€have€been€arrestedŠ . ~ Šbecause€of€the€elections.€It€was€stated€that€any€candidate€sponsored€by€a€party€belonging€toŠ  d Šthe€Front€could€stand€for€election€and€that€candidates€outside€the€Front€were€not€allowed€toŠ ś J Šstand.€The€MONIMA€party€nominated€me€and€I€accepted.€Subsequently,€the€way€in€whichŠ ą 0 Šthe€elections€were€held€made€it€clear€to€me€that€fraud€had€been€committed€at€my€expense.Š Ę   ŠThose€responsible€were€the€persons€in€charge€of€the€decentralized€collectives€and€theŠ ¬ ü  Šministers,€whose€departure€I€have€long€been€demanding.€Then,€when€I€gave€a€pressŠ ’ā  Šconference,€I€was€totally€censored.€I€stated€that€the€Malagasy€people€had€not€electedŠ xČ  ŠRatsiraka€for€the€next€seven€years.€As€the€press€conference€was€censored,€I€reacted€byŠ ^®  Šcalling€a€strike€to€demand€the€holding€of€new€elections,€the€transmission€by€radio€of€myŠ D”  Špress€conference€and€the€abolition€of€the€censorship€which€affects€the€entire€press.€DuringŠ *z  Šthis€period€I€was€never€summoned€anywhere€but€was€immediately€placed€under€arrest.€TheŠ ` Šaim€of€this€arbitrary€arrest€is€to€conceal€the€truth.€Moreover,€since€I€stood€for€election€to€theŠ öF Šhighest€office€in€the€country,€my€arrest€is€entirely€unjust."€Š Ü, ŠĢ5.1€By€a€note€dated€15€July€1983,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theŠ Øų Šcommunication€on€the€ground€that€it€did€not€fulfil€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraphŠ ŽŽ Š2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€since€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€The€StateŠ tÄ Šparty€submitted€that:€Š ZŖ ŠĢ"Order€No.€82„453€of€15€December€1982€placing€Mr.€Monja€Jaona€under€house€arrest€wasŠ &v Šissued€under€statute€No.€60„063€of€22€July€1960,€relating€to€the€dissolution€of€certainŠ  \ Šassociations€and€to€the€placing€under€house€arrest€of€persons€convicted€of€subversiveŠ ņB Šactivities.€Article€5€of€the€statute€provides€for€the€possibility€of€appeal.€Mr.€Monja€JaonaŠ Ų( Šavailed€himself€of€that€provision€on€15€March€1983,€by€lodging€an€appeal€with€theŠ ¾ ŠAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€to€have€Order€No.€82„453€of€15€DecemberŠ ¤ō Š1982€rescinded.€The€case€.is€currently€pending€before€that€court,€and€Mr.€Monja€JaonaŠ Š Ś Šshould€have€awaited€the€decision€of€the€Administrative€Chamber€before€lodging€a€parallelŠ p!Ą  Šappeal,€if€that€proved€necessary,€with€an€international€body."€Š V"¦! ŠĢ5.2€The€State€party€further€stated€that€it€would€transmit€information€as€to€the€state€of€healthŠ "$r# Šof€Mr.€Monja€Jaona€at€a€later€date.€No€such€information€has€been€received€yet€from€the€StateŠ %X $ Šparty.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ6.1€On€15€August€1983,€Maitre€Hammel€forwarded€his€comments€in€reply€to€the€State€party'sŠ ŗ' #' Šsubmission€of€15€July€1983.€He€stated,€ņņinter€alia:óó€Š  (š#( ŠĢ"The€Malagasy€Government€claims€that€because€an€appeal€was€lodged€on€15€March€1983Š l*¼%* Što€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Madagascar€the€petition€addressedŠ R+¢&+ Što€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€inadmissible.€This€argument€is€not,€however,€wellŠ 8,ˆ', Šrounded€...€Š -n(- Ї"The€Malagasy€Government€instructed€a€lawyer€in€its€pay€to€submit€a€petition€to€theŠ ° ŠSupreme€Court€and€the€petition€was€submitted€on€15€March€1983€or€two€and€a€half€monthsŠ –ę Šafter€the€communication€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€This€late€petition€cannotŠ |Ģ Šconstitute€an€argument€against€admissibility€...€Š b² ŠĢ"Possibilities€for€appeal€are€indeed€provided€by€Malagasy€law,€but€it€has€already€beenŠ . ~ Šreported€that€these€possibilities€are€purely€symbolic€and€have€been€paralysed€by€the€actionŠ  d Šof€the€President€of€the€Malagasy€Republic.€Š ś J ŠĢ"During€the€earlier€internment€of€Mr.€Monja€Jaona€on€10€December€1980,€his€counselŠ Ę   Šsubmitted€his€petition€to€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€MadagascarŠ ¬ ü  Šon€15€December€1980;€on€3€January€1981,€the€Court€in€summary€procedure€issued€him€withŠ ’ā  Ša€permit€to€communicate€by€visiting€his€client€detained€in€Kelivondrake€...,€but€the€defenceŠ xČ  Šcounsel€was€turned€back€by€the€camp€guards€who€told€him€that,€by€order€of€the€Office€of€theŠ ^®  ŠPresident€of€the€Republic,€permits€to€communicate€were€invalid.€Š D”  ŠĢ"The€file€at€the€Supreme€Court€was€complete€in€respect€of€substance€at€the€end€of€June€1981,Š ` Šbut€on€the€instructions€of€the€President€of€the€Malagasy€Republic,€the€First€President€of€theŠ öF ŠSupreme€Court€decided€to€preside€himself€over€the€court€which€was€going€to€hear€this€caseŠ Ü, Š...€Š Ā ŠĢ"Fifteen€days€later,€the€President€of€the€Republic€decided€to€retire€the€First€President€of€theŠ ŽŽ ŠSupreme€Court€and€it€was€therefore€necessary€to€await€the€appointment€and€installation€ofŠ tÄ Ša€new€First€President,€whose€appointment€was€greatly€delayed;€to€cut€short€any€claims,€theŠ ZŖ ŠMalagasy€Government€expelled€the€defence€counsel€in€February€1982€before€rearresting€Mr.Š @ ŠMonja€Jaona€on€15€December€1982.€Š &v ŠĢ"The€appeal€against€the€first€arrest€on€7€July€1980€is€thus€still€pending.€Š ņB ŠĢ"On€15€December€1980€defence€counsel€lodged€a€complaint€against€'X'€for€violation€of€theŠ ¾ Šfreedom€of€Mr.€Monja€Jaona,€and€by€letter€dated€9€January€1981€the€President€of€the€CourtŠ ¤ō Šat€Ihosy€advised€defence€counsel€that€the€file€had€been€asked€for€and€monopolized€by€theŠ Š Ś ŠMinister€of€Justice€on€the€orders€of€the€Office€of€the€President€and€that€he€could€do€nothingŠ p!Ą  Šwithout€it.€The€many€written€reminders€that€I€sent€have€remained€unanswered€and€now,Š V"¦! Šalmost€three€years€later,€the€preliminary€investigation€has€not€yet€started,€while€the€time„limitŠ <#Œ" Šon€public€action€is€approaching€(article€4,€Malagasy€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure)€evenŠ "$r# Šbefore€the€beginning€of€the€investigation€...€Š %X $ ŠĢ"This€is€clearly€a€case€coming€under€...€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol;Š Ō&$"& Šthe€existing€remedies€are€being€drawn€out€over€an€unreasonable€period€of€time€and€are€beingŠ ŗ' #' Šrendered€ineffective€by€the€Office€of€the€President€of€the€Malagasy€Republic."€Š  (š#( ŠĢ6.2€Maitre€Hammel€also€forwarded€to€the€Committee€a€report€prepared€at€the€end€of€JulyŠ l*¼%* Š1983€on€the€conditions€of€detention€of€Mr.€Jaona€"in€the€Chinese€hospital€of€Mahitzy€(30€kmŠ R+¢&+ Šfrom€Tananarive),€to€which€he€was€transferred€at€the€beginning€of€July€and€where€he€isŠ 8,ˆ', Šinterned€and€detained€under€particularly€severe€and€inhuman€conditions€for€a€sick€personŠ -n(- Šaged€over€75€years".€The€text€of€the€report€reads€in€part:€Š ° ŠĢņņ"State€of€healthóó€Š |Ģ ŠĢ"(1)€At€the€beginning€of€July,€following€a€consultation€with€Prof.€Andrianjatovo,€who€hadŠ H˜ Šfinally€been€authorized€to€go€to€Kilivondrake€...€the€elderly€detainee€was€hospitalized€atŠ . ~ ŠMahitzy€...€The€cataract€from€which€he€is€suffering€will€require€an€operation,€more€than€twoŠ  d Šmonths€late.€Š ś J ŠĢ"(2)€ņņHis€family€and€his€friends€are€however€very€concerned,€for€two€reasons:óó€Š Ę   ŠĢ"Although€his€physical€health€is€good,€the€conditions€of€hospitalization€(of€detention€as€heŠ ’ā  Šcalls€it)€are€very€trying€for€him€and€might€affect€his€intellectual€faculties€(for€example,€heŠ xČ  Šis€prevented€from€walking€during€the€day,€and€even€the€X„rays€which€he€has€to€have€areŠ ^®  Štaken€only€at€night€so€that€he€has€no€contact€with€anyone€...).€Š D”  ŠĢ"His€wife,€who€asked€to€visit€him€as€soon€as€she€knew€officially€of€his€hospitalization,€hasŠ ` Šso€far€(14€July)€not€been€authorized€to€do€so€..."€Š öF ŠĢ7.€By€a€note€dated€10€November€1983,€the€State€party€commented€on€Maitre€Hammel'sŠ Ā Šmemorandum€of€15€August€1983.€It€denied€that€the€Government€of€Madagascar€hadŠ Øų Šdeliberately€lodged€an€appeal€with€the€local€courts€on€behalf€of€Monja€Jaona€so€as€to€renderŠ ŽŽ ŠJaona's€petition€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€inadmissible.€It€pointed€out€in€thisŠ tÄ Šconnection€that€"defence€counsel€has€neither€the€right€nor€the€power€to€compel€Mr.€MonjaŠ ZŖ ŠJaona€to€lodge€an€appeal€with€any€court€or,€to€that€end,€to€force€him€to€accept€a€court„Š @ Šappointed€counsel".€It€also€Questioned€whether€Maitre€Hammel€had€sought€the€necessaryŠ &v Šinformation€from€his€client.€Without€indicating€the€exact€date€of€Mr.€Jaona's€release,€theŠ  \ ŠState€party€informed€the€Committee€that€Mr.€Jaona€had€stood€in€the€elections€of€28€AugustŠ ņB Š1983€in€the€electoral€district€of€the€city€of€Tananarive€and€that€he€had€been€elected€deputyŠ Ų( Šof€Madagascar€and€thus€a€member€of€the€National€People's€Assembly.€Š ¾ ŠĢ8.1€The€State€party's€note€of€10€November€1983€was€transmitted€to€Monja€Jaona€and€to€hisŠ Š Ś Šcounsel,€Maitre€Hammel,€on€7€December€1983€and€Mr.€Jaona€was€asked€whether€he€wishedŠ p!Ą  Šthe€Committee€to€continue€or€discontinue€consideration€of€his€case.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ8.2€By€letter€dated€18€January€1984€Maitre€Hammel€informed€the€Committee€that€Mr.€JaonaŠ "$r# Šhad€requested€him€to€continue€the€procedure€before€the€Committee€and,€in€a€memorandumŠ %X $ Šof€the€same€date,€Mr.€Hammel€confirmed€that€Mr.€Jaona€was€released€on€15€August€1983.Š ī%>!% ŠHe€alleged,€however,€that€in€"Madagascar,€such€releases€tend€to€mean€very€brief€periods€atŠ Ō&$"& Šliberty.€Mr.€Monja€Jaona€had,€in€fact,€been€released€from€his€previous€detention€on€10€MarchŠ ŗ' #' Š1981,€only€to€be€arrested€again€on€15€December€1982€after€no€more€than€21€months€ofŠ  (š#( Šfreedom.€In€Madagascar,€detention€is€nothing€more€than€an€administrative€police€measure,Š †)Ö$) Šinvolving€no€indictment,€investigation€or€judicial€inquiry.€Anyone€who€inconveniences€orŠ l*¼%* Šdispleases€the€regime€in€power€is€detained€on€the€basis€of€a€mere€order,€issued€by€theŠ R+¢&+ ŠMinister€of€the€Interior,€which€is€valid€for€an€unlimited€period€until€such€time€as€the€MinisterŠ 8,ˆ', Šsees€fit€to€release€him'...€Mr.€Monja€Jaona€is€therefore€living€under€the€constant€threat€ofŠ -n(- Šbeing€detained€again,€as€he€was€in€the€past.€Accordingly,€he€wants€the€present€procedure€toŠ ° Šbe€continued€until€a€decision€is€taken€on€the€detention€(or€rather€detentions)€he€has€suffered.Š –ę ŠThe€purpose€of€the€petition€of€30€December€1982€was€to€establish€that€Mr.€Monja€Jaona'sŠ |Ģ Šarrest€of€15€December€1982€and€his€detention,€in€the€strictest€solitary€confinement,€at€aŠ b² Šmilitary€camp€600€km€from€Tananarive€constituted€breaches€of€the€International€CovenantŠ H˜ Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Fortunately,€he€has€been€released,€but€that€fact€in€no€wayŠ . ~ Šaffects€the€legal€issue€raised€in€the€petition€of€30€December€1982€...€Š  d ŠĢ"In€his€memorandum€of€15€August€1983,€the€undersigned€established€that€the€proceduresŠ ą 0 Štheoretically€possible€in€Madagascar€were€rendered€ineffective€by€the€authorities,€whichŠ Ę   Šrefused€to€part€with€the€files€(as€confirmed€in€the€note€from€the€President€of€the€Court€atŠ ¬ ü  ŠIhosy)€and€instructed€the€First€President€of€the€Supreme€Court€to€preside€over€the€court€thatŠ ’ā  Šwas€to€hear€the€case€(while,€at€the€same€time,€sending€the€First€President€into€retirement).€Š xČ  ŠŠ Š"The€appeals€lodged€in€Madagascar€at€the€time€of€the€previous€detention€of€Mr.€Monja€JaonaŠ D”  Šon€15€December€1980€with€the€Court€at€Ihosy€(complaint€in€respect€of€violation€of€freedom)Š *z  Šand€with€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€(against€the€detention€order)Š ` Šremained€unanswered€and€are€still€pending.€On€his€release€in€March€1981,€the€undersignedŠ öF Šnotified€the€courts€that€it€was€his€intention€to€ensure€that€both€cases€were€continued€and€ruledŠ Ü, Šon.€Š Ā ŠĢ"The€offence€of€violation€of€freedom€(article€114€of€the€Penal€Code),€punishable€by€loss€ofŠ ŽŽ Šcivil€rights€together€with€detention€for€a€period€of€up€to€five€years€(article€34€of€the€PenalŠ tÄ ŠCode),€is€now€statute„barred€(three€years,€as€stipulated€in€article€4€of€the€Malagasy€Code€ofŠ ZŖ ŠCriminal€Procedure)€since€the€file€has€remained€for€more€than€three€years€with€the€MinistryŠ @ Šof€Justice,€i.e.€before€even€starting€the€preliminary€police€inquiry.€Š &v ŠĢ"Hence€it€is€evident€that€in€Madagascar€political€matters€involve€indefinite€time„limits€andŠ ņB Šare€therefore€unreasonably€prolonged.€Š Ų( ŠĢ"In€these€circumstances,€Mr.€Monja€Jaona's€petition€is€certainly€admissible€and€it€is€alsoŠ ¤ō Šrounded€on€arbitrary€orders€for€indefinite€detention€without€any€form€of€indictment€or€legalŠ Š Ś Šproceedings,€contrary€to€the€articles€of€the€Covenant€cited€in€the€petition€of€30€DecemberŠ p!Ą  Š1982.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ"Moreover,€in€its€memorandum€of€10€November€1983,€the€Malagasy€Government€did€notŠ "$r# Šreply€to€the€arguments€set€forth€by€the€undersigned€in€his€memorandum€of€15€August€1983,Š %X $ Šparticularly€those€relating€to€the€outcome€of€the€proceedings€instituted€in€Madagascar€inŠ ī%>!% ŠDecember€1980€(at€the€time€of€Mr.€Monja€Jaona's€previous€detention).€Its€silenceŠ Ō&$"& Špresumably€signifies€that€it€cannot€produce€any€argument."€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ9.1€When€considering€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€noted,€that€itŠ †)Ö$) Šhad€not€received€any€information€that€the€subject„matter€had€been€submitted€to€anotherŠ l*¼%* Šprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€foundŠ R+¢&+ Šthat€the€communication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€OptionalŠ 8,ˆ', ŠProtocol.€Š -n(- Ї9.2€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2,€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€dulyŠ ° Štook€note€of€the€State€party's€contention€in€its€note€of€15€July€1983€that€Mr.€Jaona€had€notŠ –ę Šexhausted€domestic€remedies.€The€Committee€also€noted€that€Mr.€Jaona€was€released€inŠ |Ģ ŠAugust€1983.€It€assumed€therefore€that€the€Supreme€Court€was€no€longer€seized€of€the€case.Š b² ŠIn€the€absence€of€any€indication€of€the€existence€of€another€remedy€still€available€to€Mr.Š H˜ ŠJaona€in€regard€to€the€matters€complained€of€(see€para.€2.4),€the€Committee€found€that€theŠ . ~ Šcommunication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalŠ  d ŠProtocol.€It€indicated,€however,€that€this€point€could€be€reviewed€in€the€light€of€furtherŠ ś J Šexplanations€which€the€State€party€might€submit€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€OptionalŠ ą 0 ŠProtocol,€giving€specific€details€of€domestic€remedies€which€it€claims€to€have€been€availableŠ Ę   Što€the€alleged€victim,€together€with€evidence€that€there€would€be€a€reasonable€prospect€thatŠ ¬ ü  Šsuch€remedies€would€be€effective.€Š ’ā  ŠĢ10.€On€6€April€1984€the€Human€Rights€Committee€ņņdecided:óó€Š ^®  ŠĢą0 4 ą1.€That€the€communication€was€admissible€as€regards€Mr.€Jaona's€complaints€ofŠ *z  Šviolation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€article€18,€paragraph€1,€and€article€19,Š ` Šparagraph€1,€arising€from€his€arrest€of€15€December€1982€and€subsequent€detentionŠ öF Šuntil€15€August€1983;€ŠÜ,4ü!4ü! ŠŠ Šą0 4 ą2.€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€StateŠ Øų Šparty€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€theŠ ŽŽ Štransmittal€to€it€of€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€theŠ tÄ Šmatter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€ŠZŖ4ü!4ü! ŠĢą0 4 ą3.€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsŠ &v Šsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relateŠ  \ Šprimarily€to€the€substance€of€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressedŠ ņB Šthat,€in€order€to€fulfil€its€responsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€theŠ Ų( Šallegations€which€had€been€made,€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actionsŠ ¾ Štaken€by€it;€Š¤ō4ü!4ü! ŠĢą0 4 ą4.€That€the€State€party€be€again€requested€to€provide€the€Committee€with€copies€ofŠ p!Ą  Šany€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€this€case.€ŠV"¦!4ü!4ü! ŠĢ11.€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theŠ "$r# ŠOptional€Protocol€expired€on€9€November€1984.€The€Committee€has€not€received€any€furtherŠ %X $ Šexplanations€or€specific€responses€to€the€author's€allegations,€as€requested€in€operativeŠ ī%>!% Šparagraph€3€of€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility.€Moreover,€the€State€party€has€notŠ Ō&$"& Šfurnished€the€Committee€with€copies€of€any€relevant€court€orders€or€decisions,€as€requestedŠ ŗ' #' Šin€operative€paragraph€4€of€the€decision€on€admissibility.€NO€further€explanations€wereŠ  (š#( Šreceived€from€the€State€party€concerning€the€question€of€availability€of€domestic€remedies.€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ12.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€examined€the€present€communication€in€the€lightŠ R+¢&+ Šof€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraphŠ 8,ˆ', Š1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€whichŠ -n(- Šappear€uncontested,€except€for€denials€of€a€general€character€offering€no€particularŠ ° Šinformation€or€explanations.€Š –ę ŠĢ12.2€Monja€Jaona€is€a€77„year„old€Malagasy€national€and€leader€of€MONIMA,€a€politicalŠ b² Šopposition€party.€In€the€elections€held€in€Madagascar€in€November€1982€he€was€theŠ H˜ Špresidential€candidate€of€his€party.€Following€the€re„election€of€President€Ratsiraka,€Mr.Š . ~ ŠJaona€challenged€the€results€and€called€for€new€elections€at€a€press€conference.€ShortlyŠ  d Šafterwards,€on€15€December€1982,€Mr.€Jaona€was€placed€under€house€arrest€in€TananariveŠ ś J Šand€subsequently€detained€at€the€military€camp€of€Kelivondrake,€600€km€south€ofŠ ą 0 ŠTananarive.€He€was€not€informed€of€the€grounds€for€his€arrest€and€there€is€no€indication€thatŠ Ę   Šcharges€were€ever€brought€against€him€or€investigated.€An€appeal€against€his€arrest€wasŠ ¬ ü  Šlodged€on€15€March€1983,€but€there€is€no€indication€that€the€appeal€was€ruled€on.€Mr.€JaonaŠ ’ā  Šwas€released€on€15€August€1983.€He€was€elected€deputy€to€the€National€People's€AssemblyŠ xČ  Šin€elections€held€on€28€August€1983.€Š ^®  ŠĢ13.€In€formulating€its€views€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€the€failureŠ *z  Šof€the€State€party€to€furnish€the€requested€information€and€clarifications€necessary€for€theŠ ` ŠCommittee€to€discharge€its€tasks.€The€State€party€has€submitted€that€Mr.€Jaona€was€placedŠ öF Šunder€house€arrest€on€the€basis€of€a€law€relating€to€the€dissolution€of€certain€associations€andŠ Ü, Što€the€placing€under€house€arrest€of€persons€convicted€of€subversive€activities.€It€has€adducedŠ Ā Šno€evidence,€however,€that€this€law€was€applicable€in€the€case€of€Mr.€Jaona.€In€theŠ Øų Šcircumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegation.€It€is€implicit€in€articleŠ ŽŽ Š4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€State€party€has€the€duty€to€investigate€inŠ tÄ Šgood€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€its€authorities,€andŠ ZŖ Što€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€information€available€to€it.€On€the€basis€of€the€informationŠ @ Šbefore€it,€the€Committee€therefore€cannot€conclude€that€Mr.€Jaona€was€engaged€in€anyŠ &v Šactivities€prohibited€by€the€law€in€question.€Š  \ ŠĢ14.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalŠ Ų( ŠProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theseŠ ¾ Šfacts€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant:€Š ¤ō ŠĢ„€Of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€because€Monja€Jaona€was€arrested€in€December€1982€andŠ p!Ą  Šdetained€until€August€1983€on€account€of€his€political€opinions;€Š V"¦! ŠĢ„€Of€article€9,€paragraph€2,€because€he€was€not€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€or€ofŠ "$r# Šany€charges€against€him;€Š %X $ ŠĢ„€Of€article€19,€paragraph€2,€because€he€suffered€persecution€on€account€of€his€politicalŠ Ō&$"& Šopinions.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ15.€While€giving€due€weight€to€the€allegations€made€by€the€author,€the€Committee,Š †)Ö$) Šnevertheless,€observes€that€the€claim€that€Monja€Jaona€is€a€victim€of€a€breach€by€the€StateŠ l*¼%* Šparty€of€article€18,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€protecting€the€right€of€freedom€of€thought,Š R+¢&+ Šconscience€and€religion,€is€not€sustained€by€the€information€which€the€Committee€has€beforeŠ 8,ˆ', Šit.€The€Committee€will,€therefore,€make€no€finding€in€this€respect.€Š -n(- Ї16.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toŠ ° Štake€effective€measures€to€remedy€the€violations€which€Monja€Jaona€has€suffered,€to€grantŠ –ę Šhim€compensation€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant,€on€account€of€his€arbitraryŠ |Ģ Šarrest€and€detention,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theŠ b² Šfuture.€