ÿWPC5 ,‡{A5¬÷4;|©G(”Òß¼ObVY€*©,Šz¹®5X3¤v³3ÒXɲΦX™N î¾XBñüŸ¥r~ú•‡­åèhJøÓP®#âs”hvFào(c-°¡Ü@/ D¤'è‰_d3YÚG†^ׯ©œ¥ÐŠùÉýÕØ~Nd³ðOŸ&Šû{sGJ¸ßk£þ@õÌùÂ…÷¸_r VᢰtÌÙÈx¹ÅØýBËê Æ>$.чWòå×^}ƒ|d2Ž„'3±ñŒ’ÌCö‰xµvÇ®HRÆ+D5%9¬Wrp¢Æ·RyÎOµãË  “8´½¸¢‚ÚS¼ÕeêêK3MüNF‰Y ¦.õS4§›?DŽž©Ÿö+×À‰ã…/P€âª*ò,Šf~ž¶=çÍcó¶™=çüQ!œ·f÷F›í{ó<ÑévtuäÌ*•L´ì3-™ú›­‰¿úiXº¼DI†gáí5ÏçŸô½Õ¿ñ<¸&Ø•ž²ô_»¢CÔ—øñb¤Sç¸ÛulM ë°¾s‘_æq15\lyûµK½ÝQç…ÄÿÕX‰$$Ó%Œc„ô‰¾ÔºòWO¬.ë͸U—bYÀ¬/Ô=;Ð*úã)ýÕÅ #ÁšUN[ %© 0:¯^ éwõ4ù  m˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - StandardÈÐððÈÐ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÈf), tQ+rtyBarÄ= 3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€RACIAL€DISCRIMINATIONÐ ° ÐÌòòE.€I.€F.€v.€The€NetherlandsóóÐ à ÐÌCommunication€No€15/1999Ð pÀ ÐÌ€21€March€2001Ð P   ÐÌÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/58/D/15/1999€Ð 0 € ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ P  ÐÌÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€E.€I.€F.€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð À ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð  ð ÐÌòòState€party€concernedóó:€The€Netherlands€Ð €Ð ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€4€May€1998€(initial€submission)€Ð `° ÐóóÌÌÌà  àòòThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discriminationóó,€established€under€article€8€ofÐ  p Ðthe€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€Ð ` ÐÌà  àòòMeeting€onóó€21€March€2001,€Ð ð@ ÐÌà  àòòHaving€concluded€its€considerationóó€of€communication€No.€15/1999,€submitted€to€theÐ Ð  ÐCommittee€under€article€14€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ À! ÐRacial€Discrimination,€Ð °"  ÐÌà  àòòHaving€taken€into€considerationóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€AuthorÐ $à" Ðand€the€State€party,€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌà  àòòBearing€in€mindóó€rule€95€of€its€rules€of€procedure€requiring€it€to€formulate€its€opinion€On€theÐ `'°"% Ðcommunication€before€it,€Ð P( #& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€òòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð 0*€%( ÐÌÓ=ÓÓ  Óò òOpinion€ó óÐ ,`'* ÐÓžÓÓÓÌ1.€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€E.€I.€F.,€a€citizen€of€the€Netherlands€of€Surinamese€origin.Ð ð-@), ÐHis€communication€was€first€submitted€to€the€Committee€by€his€counsel€on€4€May€1998.€On€8€JulyÐ ° Ð1999€counsel€provided€additional€information.€Ð  ð ÐÌò òThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€author€ó óÐ €Ð ÐÌ2.1€€The€author€claims€to€have€been€discharged€from€the€Netherlands€Police€Academy€(Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô)€onÐ ` ° Ðracial€grounds€and€mentions€a€number€of€instances€of€discrimination€that€allegedly€took€place€duringÐ P   Ðhis€training€at€the€Academy€between€1991€and€1993,€such€as€the€following:Ð @  ÐÌà0  àHe€used€to€be€told€repeatedly€that€he€was€a€bad€learner,€that€his€Dutch€was€insufficient€andÐ  p  Ðthat€he€should€pattern€himself€on€the€white€male€police€officers;€Ð` (#(# ÐÌà0  àWhen€a€white€student€was€late€for€his€classes€it€was€not€registered.€If€the€author€arrivedÐ ð@  Ðslightly€late,€it€was€registered,€resulting€in€a€permanent€minus€point;€Ðà0 (#(# ÐÌà0  àHis€sports€teacher€made€him€perform€an€exercise.€When€it€appeared€that€he€did€not€performÐ À Ðwell€enough€the€teacher€told€the€group:€"The€muscles€needed€for€performing€this€exerciseÐ ° Ðwell€are€poorly€developed€in€apes";€Ð ð(#(# ÐÌà0  àAs€part€of€a€sports€test,€a€distance€had€to€be€covered€within€a€certain€time.€When€the€authorÐ €Ð Ðhad€run€the€distance€it€appeared€that€the€sports€teacher€had€forgotten€to€register€the€time.Ð pÀ ÐWhite€students€did€not€experience€such€problems;€Ð`°(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€Academy€received€an€invitation€to€participate€in€a€football€tournament.€As€a€committeeÐ @ Ðmember€of€the€sports€group,€the€author€had€to€decide€on€the€composition€of€the€team.€OneÐ 0€ Ðof€the€lecturers€told€him:€"See€€to€it€that€the€academy€is€well€represented,€so€don't€select€tooÐ  p Ðmany€blacks";Ð`(#(# ÐÌÌOn€9€July€1993€the€principal€of€the€Academy€informed€the€author€in€writing€that€he€would€like€toÐ à0 Ðhave€a€discussion€with€him€in€the€course€of€August€1993€about€his€study€results.€The€author€was€toÐ Ð  Ðbe€informed€during€that€meeting€that€he€had€to€finish€his€examinations€before€the€end€of€OctoberÐ À! Ð1993.€The€author,€however,€was€in€Suriname€from€8€July€to€26€August€1993.€Therefore,€he€couldÐ °"  Ðnot€know€anything€about€the€"agreement"€with€respect€to€the€deadline€of€October€1993.€As€a€result,Ð  #ð! Ðthe€author€did€not€finish€his€examinations€before€the€end€of€October€1993.€The€Academy€later€arguedÐ $à" Ðthat€he€had€to€leave€because€he€had€not€taken€his€examinations.€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌ2.2€€The€author€further€alleges€that€he€was€dismissed€from€the€Academy€in€1994€after€a€group€ofÐ `'°"% Ðstudents€led€by€€him€made€a€public€statement€in€which€they€complained€about€the€situation€of€foreignÐ P( #& Ðstudents.€That€statement,€as€well€as€pressure€from€the€media,€led€to€the€appointment€by€the€MinisterÐ @)$' Ðof€the€Interior€of€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee,€whose€mandate€was€to€examine€the€complaints€about€theÐ 0*€%( ÐPolice€Academy.€According€to€the€author,€the€Committee€recognized€in€its€final€report€that€theÐ  +p&) ÐAcademy€had€committed€irregularities€which€had€resulted€in€the€discourteous€treatment€of€a€certainÐ ,`'* Ðgroup€of€students€and€addressed€a€number€of€recommendations€to€the€Minister.€Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ð2.3€€The€author€brought€his€case€before€the€Administrative€Law€Division€of€the€Amsterdam€Court,Ð ° Ðwhich€in€its€judgement€of€3€April€1996€annulled€the€dismissal€and€recognized€that€the€author€hadÐ  ð Ðbeen€subjected€to€discrimination.€However,€by€decision€of€6€November€1997€the€Central€AppealsÐ à ÐCourt€for€the€public€service€and€social€security€matters€in€Utrecht€ruled€that€the€decision€shouldÐ €Ð Ðstand.€Ð pÀ ÐÌò òThe€complaint€ó óÐ P   ÐÌ3.€€Counsel€claims€that€the€facts,€as€described€above,€amount€to€a€violation€by€the€State€party€ofÐ 0 € Ðarticles€2,€5,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention.€He€argues€that€the€acts€of€discrimination€to€which€the€authorÐ  p  Ðwas€subjected€resulted€in€great€material€and€moral€damage,€for€which€he€should€be€compensated.€Ð `  ÐÌò òObservations€submitted€by€the€State€party€ó óÐ ð@  ÐÌ4.1€€The€State€party€reports€that€the€recruitment€of€ethnic€minority€students€to€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€wasÐ Ð  Ðoriginally€part€of€the€Police€and€Ethnic€Minorities€Project,€which€was€followed€by€the€1988€PoliceÐ À Ðand€Ethnic€Minorities€Affirmative€Action€Plan.€The€Police€and€Ethnic€Minorities€Organization€wasÐ ° Ðestablished€in€1991€and€carries€out€a€variety€of€projects€relating€to€recruitment€and€selection,Ð  ð Ðtraining,€career€guidance€and€research.€In€1991,€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€teaching€staff€were€offered€the€opportunity€toÐ à Ðattend€a€training€course€to€enhance€their€expertise€and€to€learn€how€to€approach€the€cultures€of€ethnicÐ €Ð Ðminorities.€On€11€March€1992,€the€Ô_ÔBrekelmansÔ_Ô€Committee€was€appointed€to€analyse€and€makeÐ pÀ Ðrecommendations€on€the€integration€of€ethnic€minority€students€and€their€ability€to€adjust.€TheÐ `° ÐCommittee€submitted€its€final€recommendations€to€the€Director€of€the€Police€Department€on€18€JulyÐ P  Ð1992.€Ð @ ÐÌ4.2€€On€14€December€1993,€21€ethnic€minority€students€attending€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô,€including€the€author,Ð  p Ðwrote€a€letter€with€the€heading€"A€cry€for€immediate€help"€which€they€sent€to€the€Director-GeneralÐ ` Ðfor€Public€Order€and€Safety,€€the€National€Police€Selection€and€Training€Institute€(Ô_ÔLSOPÔ_Ô)€and€severalÐ P Ðtrade€unions.€In€the€letter€the€students€complained€about€the€discriminatory€attitudes€to€which€theyÐ ð@ Ðhad€been€subjected€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€A€different€group€of€ethnic€minority€students€wrote€a€letterÐ à0 Ðdistancing€themselves€from€the€content€of€the€letter€of€14€December€1993.€€Both€letters€promptedÐ Ð  Ðthe€Ministers€of€the€Interior€and€Justice,€in€consultation€with€the€Ô_ÔLSOPÔ_Ô€to,€òòinter€aliaóó,€initiate€anÐ À! Ðinquiry€which€would€focus€on€the€following€questions:€(a)€Whether€and€to€what€extent€ethnicÐ °"  Ðminority€students€were€treated€improperly€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô,€and€if€so,€what€action€had€been€taken€againstÐ  #ð! Ðit;€(b)€whether€the€findings€were€such€as€to€suggest€that€measures€should€be€taken,€and€if€so,€whatÐ $à" Ðshould€be€done€to€prevent€any€recurrence€in€the€future;€(c)€whether€ethnic€minority€students€wereÐ €%Ð # Ðexpected€to€perform€any€tasks€which€they€could€not€reasonably€be€expected€to€perform.€Ð p&À!$ ÐÌ4.3€€The€inquiry€was€conducted€by€a€three-member€Committee€known€as€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee,Ð P( #& Ðwhich€concluded€that€there€was€no€systematic€institutional€discrimination€directed€against€ethnicÐ @)$' Ðminority€students€within€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€However,€it€also€concluded€that€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€did€not€as€yet€provideÐ 0*€%( Ðtruly€multicultural€education€and€that€the€policy€intended€to€achieve€this€aim€was€flawed.€TheÐ  +p&) ÐCommittee€made€14€recommendations€intended€to€put€in€€place€a€genuinely€multicultural€education.Ð ,`'* ÐRecommendation€4€envisaged€the€appointment€of€a€special€committee€of€external€experts€who€wouldÐ -P(+ Ðexamine€the€individual€cases€of€a€number€of€ethnic€minority€students€whose€studies€had€stagnated.Ð ð-@), ÐThe€Committee€on€the€Progress€of€Ethnic€Minority€Students€(SAS)€was€set€up€to€this€effect.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.4€€The€SAS€Committee€reported€its€findings€to€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€on€30€August€1995,Ð à Ðmaking€recommendations€on€the€cases€of€the€nine€students€it€had€looked€into.€Out€of€them,€threeÐ €Ð Ðeventually€completed€the€course,€one€would€graduate€within€that€year,€two€were€appointed€elsewhereÐ pÀ Ðthrough€an€outplacement€procedure,€two€availed€themselves€of€a€benefit€scheme€and€one€wasÐ ` ° Ðinvolved€in€legal€proceedings€concerning€the€question€of€€whether€or€not€he€had€suffered€any€lossÐ P   Ðof€income€because€of€his€failure€to€complete€the€course.€Ð @  ÐÌ4.5€€The€author€was€born€in€Suriname€and€has€lived€in€the€Netherlands€for€many€years.€Prior€to€hisÐ  p  Ðstudies€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô,€he€had€attended€a€course€of€higher€professional€education€at€the€School€of€SocialÐ `  ÐWork,€after€which€he€worked€as€a€teacher.€He€entered€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€on€20€August€1991,€having€passedÐ P  Ðthrough€a€selection€procedure€that€deviated€only€in€a€few€minor€details€from€the€regular€entry€processÐ ð@  Ðfor€students€of€Dutch€origin.€His€admission€meant€that,€at€the€same€time€as€being€a€student€he€wasÐ à0  Ða€public€servant€employed€on€a€temporary€contract€by€the€Minister€of€the€Interior.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.6€€On€6€July€1992,€at€the€end€of€his€first€year€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô,€the€author€was€informed€by€the€secretaryÐ ° Ðof€the€Examining€Board€that€he€would€not€be€admitted€to€the€second€year,€as€his€results€wereÐ  ð Ðunsatisfactory.€Indeed,€his€results€were€such€that€he€could€have€been€expelled€from€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.Ð à ÐHowever,€he€was€given€the€opportunity€to€repeat€the€first€year.€At€that€point,€the€author€did€notÐ €Ð Ðcomplain€about€any€discriminatory€attitudes€within€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô,€either€regarding€himself€or€his€fellowÐ pÀ Ðstudents.€At€the€end€of€the€second€year,€the€author's€results€were€again€so€poor€that€the€teaching€staffÐ `° Ðdesignated€him€a€"discussion€case".€As€he€had€been€absent€(due€to€illness)€and€had€therefore€notÐ P  Ðtaken€all€the€necessary€examinations,€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€decided€to€give€him€another€opportunity€to€sit€them.€Ð @ ÐTo€effect€this€decision,€the€Director€of€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€invited€the€author€to€a€meeting€in€order€to€discussÐ 0€ Ðand€evaluate€his€results.€Ð  p ÐÌ4.7€€At€the€meeting,€held€on€6€September€1993,€the€Director€informed€the€author€that€he€had€untilÐ P Ðthe€end€of€October€1993€to€sit€the€remaining€examinations.€The€author€again€said€nothing€aboutÐ ð@ Ðhaving€suffered€from€discrimination.€By€16€September€1993€a€draft€timetable€had€been€prepared€andÐ à0 Ðthe€author€was€invited€to€discuss€it.€However,€he€refused€to€do€so.€He€was€subsequently€formallyÐ Ð  Ðinvited€to€sit€the€examinations.€In€response€he€called€in€sick€and€did€not€turn€up€on€the€examinationÐ À! Ðdates.€Ð °"  ÐÌ4.8€€On€24€September€1993,€there€was€a€meeting€of€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€medico-social€team€where€it€was€notedÐ $à" Ðthat€the€author's€teachers€considered€him€perfectly€capable€of€achieving€good€results,€but€that€thereÐ €%Ð # Ðwere€doubts€about€the€reasons€he€had€given€for€his€absence.€No€reference€was€made€to€his€colour€orÐ p&À!$ Ðethnic€background.€Ð `'°"% ÐÌ4.9€€In€December€1993,€the€Examining€Board€decided€to€propose€to€the€Director€of€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€that€theÐ @)$' Ðauthor's€enrolment€be€terminated€as€of€1€March€1994.€The€Director€gave€the€author€notice€of€hisÐ 0*€%( Ðdismissal€on€26€January€1994,€to€which€the€author's€representative€replied€by€letters€of€18€FebruaryÐ  +p&) Ð1994€and€24€March€1994.€Despite€the€representative's€request€that€the€author€be€given€anotherÐ ,`'* Ðchance,€he€was€released€from€service€as€of€1€October1994.€Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ð4.10€€The€author€lodged€an€objection€to€his€dismissal€on€5€August€1994.€He€alleged€that€his€poorÐ ° Ðgrades€and€frequent€absence€were€merely€a€consequence€of€the€way€he€had€been€treated€by€theÐ  ð Ðteaching€staff€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€€He€also€maintained€that€the€Minister€had€wrongly€overlooked€theÐ à Ðabove-mentioned€recommendation€4€of€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee€in€his€case.€At€the€hearing,€heldÐ €Ð Ðon€26€September€1994€as€part€of€the€objection€procedure,€the€author€presented€examples€intendedÐ pÀ Ðto€demonstrate€the€bias€he€had€encountered€from€teachers:€Ð ` ° ÐÌà0  àThe€fact€that€the€pass€mark€for€"training€sessions"€was€not€allowed€to€count€for€the€followingÐ @  Ðyear;€Ð0 €(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€inclusion€of€the€results€achieved€at€the€afternoon€session€in€the€grade€for€Statistics,€inÐ `  Ðspite€of€an€alleged€agreement€to€the€contrary;€ÐP (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€fact€that€the€second€opinion€on€the€author's€Psychology€examination€given€by€a€memberÐ à0  Ðof€staff€of€the€Free€University€of€Amsterdam€was€ignored;€ÐÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€fact€that€other€students€were€allegedly€later€given€pass€marks€after€discussion€of€theirÐ ° Ðcase,€whereas€the€author€was€not;€Ð ð(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€fact€that€Law€graduates€had€actually€failed€the€Statistics€examination,€but€wereÐ €Ð Ðnevertheless€allegedly€given€pass€marks.ÐpÀ(#(# ÐÌHowever,€these€examples€had€nothing€to€do€with€discrimination.€Ð P  ÐÌ4.11€€On€1€December€1994,€the€Minister€declared€the€author's€objection€unfounded.€In€reaching€thisÐ 0€ Ðdecision€he€€took€into€consideration€the€fact€that€the€author€had€not€been€promised,€as€he€claimed,Ð  p Ðthat€no€steps€affecting€his€legal€status€would€be€taken€pending€the€outcome€of€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_ÔÐ ` ÐCommittee's€inquiry.€The€Minister€also€noted€that€in€anticipation€of€the€Committee'sÐ P Ðrecommendations,€the€dismissal€was€decided€upon€with€the€greatest€possible€care.€In€the€Minister'sÐ ð@ Ðview,€the€dismissal€was€due€to€proven€unsuitability€for€the€course,€as€reflected€by€the€author's€poorÐ à0 Ðgrades,€and€the€author€had€not€satisfactorily€established€the€slightest€causal€relationship€between€hisÐ Ð  Ðpoor€grades€and€the€discrimination€he€claimed€to€have€suffered.€Ð À! ÐÌ4.12€€The€author€appealed€the€decision€to€the€Amsterdam€District€Court,€which€declared€the€appealÐ  #ð! Ðwell-founded€on€the€basis€that€the€Minister€should€have€incorporated€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee'sÐ $à" Ðfindings€in€the€decision-making€€process.€The€court€also€held€that€in€appointing€the€SAS€Committee,Ð €%Ð # Ðthe€Minister€had€implicitly€taken€responsibility€for€the€problems€experienced€by€ethnic€minorityÐ p&À!$ Ðstudents.€Inasmuch€as€the€other€ethnic€minority€students€had€been€given€an€opportunity€for€anÐ `'°"% Ðindividual€assessment€by€the€SAS€Committee,€whereas€this€had€not€happened€in€the€author's€case,Ð P( #& Ðthe€court€ruled€that€the€Minister€had€acted€in€a€manner€incompatible€with€the€principle€of€equality.€Ð @)$' ÐÌ4.13€€On€27€February€1997,€the€Minister€appealed€the€district€court's€judgement€to€the€CentralÐ  +p&) ÐAppeals€Tribunal.€€The€Minister€held,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€district€court€had€wrongly€assumed€that€theÐ ,`'* Ðauthor€was€in€the€same€position€as€the€nine€ethnic€minority€students€whose€cases€had€been€studiedÐ -P(+ Ðin€the€SAS€Committee's€inquiry.€These€nine€students€had€all€had€their€previous€schooling€in€aÐ ð-@), Ðcountry€outside€the€Kingdom€and€had€not€been€in€the€Netherlands€for€very€long€when€they€startedÐ ° Ðtheir€studies€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€They€were€hence€not€yet€fully€integrated€into€Dutch€society.€These€studentsÐ  ð Ðhad€followed€a€separate€entry€procedure€developed€specially€for€"authentic"€ethnic€minority€students,Ð à Ðnamely€the€Ô_ÔPPAÔ_Ô€selection€procedure€set€up€under€the€Affirmative€Action€Plan.€The€author€did€notÐ €Ð Ðbelong€to€this€category.€The€selection€procedure€applied€in€his€case€deviated€from€the€regularÐ pÀ Ðprocedure€for€students€of€Dutch€origin€only€in€a€few€minor€details.€Therefore,€there€was€no€reasonÐ ` ° Ðto€subject€the€author€to€individual€assessment€by€the€SAS€Committee.€Ð P   ÐÌ4.14€€The€Central€Appeals€Tribunal€declared€the€Minister's€appeal€well-founded€and€quashed€theÐ 0 € Ðjudgement€of€the€district€court.€It€held€that€neither€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee's€report€nor€the€SASÐ  p  ÐCommittee's€report€provided€any€grounds€for€concluding€that€the€author's€poor€performance€was€dueÐ `  Ðto€discrimination.€It€also€held€that€the€author's€situation€differed€essentially€from€that€of€the€studentsÐ P  Ðwho€had€only€lived€in€the€Netherlands€for€a€short€time€before€starting€their€studies,€who€had€a€poorÐ ð@  Ðcommand€of€the€Dutch€language€and€were€not€yet€fully€integrated€into€Dutch€€society.€There€wasÐ à0  Ðtherefore€no€question€of€any€violation€of€the€requirement€of€due€care€and/or€the€principle€of€€equality.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.15€€The€State€party€disputes€the€author's€contention€that€discrimination€and€racism€are€institutionalÐ ° Ðand€systematic€practices€within€the€police€service€and€that€the€Minister€does€not€take€sufficientÐ  ð Ðappropriate€measures€to€counter€them.€Ð à ÐÌ4.16€€The€author€maintains,€in€particular,€that€the€television€news€programme€Ô_ÔNetwerkÔ_Ô€highlightedÐ pÀ Ðhis€situation€and€the€institutional€nature€of€discrimination€within€the€police€service.€However,€heÐ `° Ðcompletely€fails€to€make€clear€what€the€drift€of€the€documentary€in€question€was€and€whatÐ P  Ðconclusions€should€be€drawn€from€it.€The€State€party€therefore€considers€this€reference€irrelevant€toÐ @ Ðthe€discussion€at€hand.€Ð 0€ ÐÌ4.17€€The€author€wrongly€maintains€that€the€SAS€Committee€has€the€appearance€of€bias€as€it€was€setÐ ` Ðup€by€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€and€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€The€SAS€Committee€consisted€of€six€independentÐ P Ðindividuals€and€neither€the€Government€nor€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€had€any€influence€on€their€work.€Ð ð@ ÐÌ4.18€€The€Government€saw€the€allegations€of€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€ethnic€origin€by€the€21Ð Ð  Ðethnic€minority€students€as€grounds€for€setting€up€an€independent€inquiry€into€the€existence€of€anyÐ À! Ðdiscrimination.€The€complaints€were€investigated€and€recommendations€were€made€to€preventÐ °"  Ðdiscrimination€in€the€future.€All€those€recommendations€were€followed.€On€the€basis€of€these€facts,Ð  #ð! Ðit€must€be€concluded€that€the€Government€acted€in€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€1€(b)€andÐ $à" Ðarticle€7€of€the€Convention.€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌ4.19€€The€author€was€not€selected€for€an€individual€investigation€by€the€SAS€Committee.€OneÐ `'°"% Ðimportant€reason€for€this€was€that€he€had€already€been€dismissed€when€the€Committee€started€itsÐ P( #& Ðinquiry.€But€even€if€he€had€still€been€enrolled€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€at€that€time€he€would€still€not€have€beenÐ @)$' Ðeligible€for€selection€as€there€were€no€indications€whatsoever€that€his€poor€results€had€anything€toÐ 0*€%( Ðdo€with€his€ethnic€background.€Notwithstanding€that,€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€did€investigate€theÐ  +p&) Ðauthor's€claim€that€his€poor€grades€were€attributable€to€discrimination€on€the€part€of€the€teachersÐ ,`'* Ðduring€the€decision-making€process€surrounding€his€dismissal,€up€to€and€including€the€hearing€byÐ -P(+ Ðthe€Central€Appeals€Tribunal.€Ð ð-@), ЇÌ4.20€€The€author€does€not€substantiate€his€statement€that€he€was€dismissed€as€the€initiator€of€the€"AÐ  ð Ðcry€for€immediate€help"€and€that€the€Central€Appeals€Tribunal€gave€judgement€on€the€basis€ofÐ à Ðincorrect€facts.€As€for€his€claim€that€the€Minister€did€not€take€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee's€findingsÐ €Ð Ðinto€account€when€making€his€decision€on€the€author's€objection,€the€State€party€emphasizes€that€theÐ pÀ ÐMinister€did€indeed€incorporate€those€findings€in€the€review€of€his€initial€decision,€but€that€they€didÐ ` ° Ðnot€give€him€any€reason€to€reverse€that€decision.€Ð P   ÐÌ4.21€€On€the€basis€of€the€above,€the€State€party€states€that€the€Government€complied€with€itsÐ 0 € Ðobligation€under€article€5€(a)€and€article€6€of€the€Convention€to€ensure€that€the€victims€of€racialÐ  p  Ðdiscrimination€have€effective€legal€protection€and€where€necessary€receive€compensation€for€anyÐ `  Ðdamage€suffered€as€a€result€of€such€discrimination.€The€State€party€also€concludes€that€it€did€notÐ P  Ðcommit€any€violation€of€the€Convention€in€relation€to€the€author.€Ð ð@  ÐÌò òCounsel's€comments€ó óÐ Ð  ÐÌ5.1€€Counsel€notes€that€there€are€a€number€of€inaccuracies€in€the€State€party's€submission,€(1)€whichÐ ° Ðshow€that€his€case€has€not€been€looked€into€very€carefully.€For€instance,€prior€to€his€studies€at€theÐ  ð ÐÔ_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€the€author€lived€in€the€Netherlands€for€six€years€and€not€"many€years",€as€the€State€partyÐ à Ðindicates.€Moreover,€the€author€did€not€study€at€the€School€of€Social€Work;€he€studied€medicine€atÐ €Ð Ðthe€University€of€Amsterdam€from€1987€to€1990€and€never€worked€as€a€teacher.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ5.2€€Counsel€claims€that€being€part€of€the€group€of€ethnic€minority€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€students€who€did€not€needÐ P  Ðextra€study€facilities€(Dutch€lessons,€for€instance)€did€not€protect€the€author€against€racialÐ @ Ðdiscrimination.€The€exclusionary€€€mechanisms€at€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€remained€intact€despite€the€fact€that€theÐ 0€ Ðteaching€staff€were€given€the€opportunity€to€attend€a€training€course€in€order€to€learn€how€to€dealÐ  p Ðwith€students€with€different€cultural€backgrounds.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.3€€The€letter€in€response€to€the€"Cry€for€immediate€help"€did€not€come€from€other€ethnic€minorityÐ ð@ Ðstudents€(2)€but€from€white€students,€and€it€transpired€from€it€that€incidents€which€could€be€describedÐ à0 Ðas€racist€had€taken€place.€The€white€students€called€for€dialogue€in€order€to€find€a€solution.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ5.4€€Although€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee€concluded€that€there€was€no€institutional€discrimination€atÐ °"  Ðthe€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€it€did€state€that€discrimination€occurred,€and€recommended€that€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€institute€a€specificÐ  #ð! Ðanti-discrimination€code.€Ð $à" ÐÌ5.5€€The€author€complains€that€the€SAS€Committee€never€looked€into€his€case,€despite€the€fact€thatÐ p&À!$ Ðhe€was€one€of€the€signatories€of€the€"Cry€for€immediate€help".€He€does€not€understand€why€the€SASÐ `'°"% ÐCommittee€only€investigated€the€cases€of€9€students€out€of€the€21€signatories€of€the€letter€andÐ P( #& Ðexpresses€doubts€about€the€independence€of€the€SAS€Committee€with€respect€to€the€Ministry€of€theÐ @)$' ÐInterior.€He€says€that€the€Secretary€of€the€Committee€was€a€staff€member€of€the€Police€DirectorateÐ 0*€%( Ðof€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€and€that€the€Chairman€had€been€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee.Ð  +p&) ÐThe€author€claims€that€an€independent€investigation€should€have€looked€into€all€aspects€of€theÐ ,`'* Ðproblem€and€not€just€the€case€of€a€few€individuals.€He€also€expresses€doubts€about€the€independenceÐ -P(+ Ðof€Ô_ÔtheÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€medico-social€team,€whose€members€were€all€affiliated€with€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô.€The€team€did€notÐ ð-@), Ðfully€believe€him€when€he€explained€the€reasons€for€his€absence€from€the€Academy.€In€fact,Ð ° Ðeverything€he€said€was€called€into€question.€Further€evidence€of€discrimination€is€the€fact€that€theÐ  ð Ðdismissal€from€the€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€was€communicated€to€him€with€only€two€days'€notice,€instead€of€threeÐ à Ðmonths'€as€required€by€law.€The€Ô_ÔNPAÔ_Ô€only€rectified€that€when€he€threatened€legal€action.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ5.6€€The€author€does€not€share€the€State€party's€view€that€the€incidents€he€referred€to€at€the€hearingÐ ` ° Ðheld€on€26€€September€1994€do€not€constitute€discrimination.€(3)€Those€incidents€should€have€beenÐ P   Ðinvestigated€by€the€SAS€Committee,€as€had€been€recommended€by€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€Committee.€TheÐ @  Ðauthor€still€does€not€share€the€State€party's€opinion€that€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€recommendations€did€not€applyÐ 0 € Ðto€him€and€draws€the€Committee's€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€Amsterdam€District€Court€fullyÐ  p  Ðagreed€with€him.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€seems€to€imply€that,€because€the€author€has€a€goodÐ `  Ðcommand€of€the€Dutch€language,€he€could€not€have€been€subjected€to€€discrimination.€He€notes€that,Ð P  Ðdespite€this€ability,€he€still€has€a€dark€skin€colour.€Ð ð@  ÐÌ5.7€€The€author€strongly€objects€to€the€State€party's€argument€that€the€reason€for€the€dismissal€wasÐ Ð  Ðhis€poor€results€and€asserts€that€his€poor€results€were€the€direct€consequence€of€the€psychologicalÐ À Ðsituation€in€which€he€found€himself€for€having€been€subjected€to€discrimination.€The€State€partyÐ ° Ðcannot€deny€the€fact€that€the€number€of€students€belonging€to€ethnic€minorities€who€left€the€policeÐ  ð Ðforce€was€higher€than€the€number€of€those€who€joined€it€and€that€this€was€due€to€institutionalÐ à Ðdiscrimination.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ5.8€€Finally,€the€author€notes€that€in€its€observations€the€State€party€does€not€deny€that€he€actuallyÐ `° Ðexperienced€the€incidents€referred€to€in€paragraph€2.1€above.€However,€he€disagrees€with€the€StateÐ P  Ðparty's€conclusion€that€those€incidents€had€been€taken€into€consideration€when€the€decision€toÐ @ Ðdismiss€him€was€adopted.€Since€the€incidents€in€question€were€the€origin€of€his€poor€results,€his€caseÐ 0€ Ðshould€have€been€carefully€investigated€and€the€recommendations€of€the€Ô_ÔBoekraadÔ_Ô€CommitteeÐ  p Ðimplemented.€Ð ` ÐÌò òIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committee€ó óÐ ð@ ÐÌ6.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationÐ Ð  Ðof€Racial€€Discrimination€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€7€(a)€of€the€Convention€andÐ À! Ðrules€86€and€91€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€whether€or€not€the€communication€is€admissible.€TheÐ °"  ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€raise€objections€to€the€admissibility€of€theÐ  #ð! Ðcommunication€and€that€it€has€formulated€detailed€observations€in€respect€of€the€substance€of€theÐ $à" Ðmatter.€The€Committee€considers€that€all€requirements€set€out€in€the€above-mentioned€provisionsÐ €%Ð # Ðhave€been€met.€It€therefore€decides€that€the€communication€is€admissible.€Ð p&À!$ ÐÌ6.2€€With€respect€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€considers€that€some€of€theÐ P( #& Ðallegations€submitted€by€the€author€and€summarized€in€paragraph€2.1€above€have€racial€connotationsÐ @)$' Ðof€a€serious€nature.€However,€they€did€not€constitute€the€subject€of€the€claims€brought€before€theÐ 0*€%( ÐAmsterdam€District€Court€and€the€Central€Appeals€Tribunal,€which€dealt€mainly€with€the€questionÐ  +p&) Ðof€the€dismissal€from€the€Police€Academy.€Furthermore,€it€does€not€appear€from€the€informationÐ ,`'* Ðreceived€by€the€Committee€that€the€decision€to€terminate€the€author's€participation€in€the€PoliceÐ -P(+ ÐAcademy€was€the€result€of€discrimination€on€racial€grounds.€Nor€has€any€evidence€been€submittedÐ ð-@), Ðto€substantiate€the€claim€that€his€poor€academic€results€were€related€to€the€incidents€referred€to€inÐ ° Ðparagraph€2.1.€Ð  ð ÐÌ7.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€acting€under€article€14,€paragraphÐ €Ð Ð7€(a)€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€isÐ pÀ Ðof€the€opinion€that€the€facts,€as€submitted,€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€the€Convention€by€the€StateÐ ` ° Ðparty.€Ð P   ÐÌÌ__________________Ð  p  ÐÌòòNotes€óóÐ P  ÐÌ1.€See€paragraph€4.5€above.€Ð à0  ÐÌ2.€See€paragraph€4.2€above.€Ð À ÐÌ3.€See€paragraph€4.10€above.€Ð  ð ÐÌÓÝÓ