ÿWPC™ Û…Õ³xe„Ž?¢ýhhNÛ.n%É\Ñ. ‡–GvþGdØPµl é£?„›'ßý¯Uò¯•Јÿ…“¥ÊfrïÙ—×júù:  Íé »>ÕšÀÄÏïÉRósÅGJU¬š‰œ»“6‡ [yûVL^í «»#åò§Ê¡ÊtÍûcŒÅÈJë.?ÿ{]HkNå†c0™+Z;§6¨×u}žÍÏ#HÌðý¶tåÁåÀÈTÞLTøÁ7 þ4ØaÞD{´®È’Ë‚¶ðs¹ Ž#ð<ºt&îpƒ´†ScWð“à+X”zè óòò±ÀË×9؃^cÁªcvÖ¥8Ȳף7ˆÕ•æä5*Uö˜¾$UУ”Qí L~¡8gd\öí’Ôo ¸¼Ák(¨ØÃ`†6Á;ôÆÜW>„ç½ÒDîþ'xSXj÷ðo*ÎýÓWªú“b&6¬3ެ(­—=ËbÅ^v8©÷!©§@PK E´[—{F%¨ ûÑ«ÓsG”^f­–ñ£‰å-úƒ'cÖùª‹V-WtsÌݲ6¯¦^Ãí1UG<ÖôUû×`_u›.ô–4mI¥VÎG)@ðäUŒ` ºlÆ€Ÿp<ÑU¦[Úýé¨Ú4>ÁÎVL@]çU>²Ìð 0µ¼ 0<q 0Y­ 0_ 0ieÆÎ 0Ñ” 0(e D+ AM¸ %     0N 0¶i #Á UNà à M.(2NZ^ \wh4l€ m‚ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Adimayo M. Aduayom, Sofianou T. Diasso and Yawo S. Dobou v. Togo, Communications Nos. 422/4munications Nos. 422/"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2öÍ$££Ý ƒ¦!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X{æXXXÔÔ€X{æXXX{æÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(ަ$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xd†XXXÔÔ€Xd†XXXd†Ô˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regulars¸ú* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¦!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X{æXXXÔÔ€X{æXXX{æÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€TogoóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunications€Nos.€422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990€*Ð H˜ ÐÌ12€July€1996Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990€*Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔAdimayoÔ_Ô€M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSofianouÔ_Ô€T.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔYawoÔ_Ô€S.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_ÔÐ D”  ÐÌòòVictimsóó:€The€authorsÐ ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€TogoÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDates€of€communicationsóó:€31€July€1990,€31€July€1990€and€1€August€1990,€respectivelyÐ ¨ø Ð(initial€submissions)€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€30€June€1994óóÐ Zª ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ  \ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð òB ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€12€July€1996,Ð ¾ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communications€Nos.€422/1990,€423/1990€andÐ Š Ú Ð424/1990€submitted€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€by€Messrs.€Ô_ÔAdimayoÔ_Ô€M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,Ð p!À  ÐÔ_ÔSofianouÔ_Ô€T.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔYawoÔ_Ô€S.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ V"¦! ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theÐ %X $ Ðcommunications€and€the€State€party,Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð º' #' ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóó€ó óÐ l*¼%* ÐÓ•ÓÌÌ1.€The€authors€of€the€communications€are€Ô_ÔAdimayoÔ_Ô€M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSofianouÔ_Ô€T.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€andÐ -n(- ÐÔ_ÔYawoÔ_Ô€S.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô,€three€Togolese€citizens€currently€residing€in€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô,€Togo.€The€authorsÐ ° Ðclaim€to€be€the€victims€of€violations€by€Togo€of€articles€9€and€19€of€the€InternationalÐ –æ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€by€Togo.€The€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€forceÐ |Ì Ðfor€Togo€on€30€June€1988.Ð b² ÐÌòòFacts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÐ . ~ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€of€communication€No.€422/1990,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€is€a€teacher€at€the€UniversityÐ ú J Ðof€Benin€(Togo)€in€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô.€He€states€that€he€was€arrested€on€18€September€1985€by€the€policeÐ à 0 Ðin€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€and€transferred€to€a€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€penitentiary€on€25€September€1985.€He€was€charged€withÐ Æ   Ðthe€offence€of€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ôóó€(òòoutrage€au€Chef€de€Ô_Ôl'EtatÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdansÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôl'exerciceÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔsaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfonctionÔ_Ôóó),€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðcriminal€proceedings€were€instituted€against€him.€However,€on€23€April€1986,€the€chargesÐ ’â  Ðagainst€him€were€dropped,€and€the€author€was€released.€Thereafter,€he€unsuccessfullyÐ xÈ  Ðrequested€his€reinstatement€in€the€post€of€òòÔ_Ômað3ðtreÔ_Ô€assistantóó€at€the€University,€which€he€hadÐ ^®  Ðheld€prior€to€his€arrest.Ð D”  ÐÌ2.2€The€author€of€communication€No.€423/1990,€Mr.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô,€also€was€a€teacher€at€theÐ ` ÐUniversity€of€Benin.€He€was€arrested€on€17€December€1985€by€agents€of€the€TogoleseÐ öF ÐGendarmerie€Ô_ÔNationaleÔ_Ô,€allegedly€on€the€ground€that€he€was€in€possession€of€pamphletsÐ Ü, Ðcriticizing€the€living€conditions€of€foreign€students€in€Togo€and€suggesting€that€moneyÐ Â Ð"wasted"€on€political€propaganda€would€be€better€spent€on€improving€the€living€conditionsÐ ¨ø Ðin,€and€the€equipment€of,€Togolese€universities.€He€was€taken€to€a€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€prison€on€29Ð ŽÞ ÐJanuary€1986.€He€was€also€charged€with€the€offence€of€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ôóó,€but€the€Ministry,€afterÐ tÄ Ðconceding€that€the€charges€against€him€were€unfounded,€released€him€on€2€July€1986.Ð Zª ÐThereafter,€he€has€unsuccessfully€sought€reinstatement€in€his€former€post€of€adjunctÐ @ Ðprofessor€of€economics€at€the€University.Ð &v ÐÌ2.3€The€author€of€case€No.€424/1990,€Mr.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô,€was€an€inspector€in€the€Ministry€of€PostÐ òB Ðand€Telecommunications.€He€was€arrested€on€30€September€1985€and€transferred€to€a€Ô_ÔLomÔ_ÔÐ Ø( Ðprison€on€4€October€1985,€allegedly€because€he€had€been€found€reading€a€documentÐ ¾ Ðoutlining€in€draft€form€the€statutes€of€a€new€political€party.€He€was€charged€with€the€offenceÐ ¤ô Ðof€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ôóó.€On€23€April€1986,€however,€the€charges€were€dropped€and€the€author€wasÐ Š Ú Ðreleased.€Subsequently,€he€unsuccessfully€requested€reinstatement€in€his€former€post.Ð p!À  ÐÌ2.4€The€authors'€wages€were€suspended€under€administrative€procedures€after€their€arrest,Ð <#Œ" Ðon€the€ground€that€they€had€unjustifiably€deserted€their€posts.Ð "$r# ÐÌ2.5€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authors€stateÐ î%>!% Ðthat€they€submitted€their€respective€cases€to€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€anÐ Ô&$"& Ðorgan€they€claim€was€established€for€the€purpose€of€investigating€claims€of€human€rightsÐ º' #' Ðviolations.€The€Commission,€however,€did€not€examine€their€complaints€and€simplyÐ  (ð#( Ðforwarded€their€files€to€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.€This€instance,Ð †)Ö$) Ðapparently,€has€not€seen€fit€to€examine€their€cases.€The€author€of€case€No.€424/1990Ð l*¼%* Ðadditionally€complains€about€the€delays€in€the€procedure€before€the€Court€of€Appeal;€thus,Ð R+¢&+ Ðhe€was€sent€documents€submitted€by€the€Ministry€of€Post€and€Telecommunications€someÐ 8,ˆ', Ðseven€months€after€their€receipt€by€the€Court.Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ô‡òòThe€complaintóóÐ ° ÐÌ3.1€The€authors€claim€that€both€their€arrest€and€their€detention€was€contrary€to€article€9,Ð |Ì Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€This€was€implicitly€conceded€by€the€State€party€when€itÐ b² Ðdropped€all€the€charges€against€them.€They€further€contend€that€the€State€party€has€violatedÐ H˜ Ðarticle€19€in€respect€to€them,€because€they€were€persecuted€for€having€carried,€read€orÐ . ~ Ðdisseminated€documents€that€contained€no€more€than€an€assessment€of€Togolese€politics,Ð  d Ðeither€at€the€domestic€or€foreign€policy€level.Ð ú J ÐÌ3.2€The€authors€request€reinstatement€in€the€posts€they€had€held€prior€to€their€arrest,€andÐ Æ   Ðrequest€compensation€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòState€party's€admissibility€observations€and€authors'€comments€and€clarificationsóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party€objects€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communications€on€the€ground€that€theÐ D”  Ðauthors€have€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies.€It€observes€that€the€procedureÐ *z  Ðis€regularly€engaged€before€the€Court€of€Appeal.€In€the€cases€concerning€Messrs€AduayomÐ ` Ðand€Diasso€(communications€Nos.€422/1990€and€423/1990),€the€employer€(the€UniversityÐ öF Ðof€Benin)€did€not€file€its€own€submission,€so€that€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€CourtÐ Ü, Ðof€Appeal€cannot€pass€sentence.€With€respect€to€the€case€of€Mr.€Dobou€(No.€424/1990),€theÐ Â Ðauthor€allegedly€did€not€comment€on€the€statement€of€the€Ministry€of€Post€andÐ ¨ø ÐTelecommunications.€The€State€party€concludes€that€domestic€remedies€have€not€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðexhausted,€since€the€Administrative€Chamber€has€not€handed€down€a€decision.Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€also€notes€that€the€Amnesty€Law€of€11€April€1991€decreed€by€theÐ @ ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€constitutes€another€remedy€for€the€authors.€The€law€covers€allÐ &v Ðpolitical€cases€as€defined€by€the€Criminal€Code€("òòinfractions€€caractre€ou€d'inspirationÐ  \ Ðpolitique,€prvues€par€la€lgislation€pnaleóó")€which€occurred€before€11€April€1991.€ArticleÐ òB Ð2€of€the€Law€expressly€allows€for€the€reinstatement€in€public€or€private€office.€The€amnestyÐ Ø( Ðis€granted€by€the€Public€Prosecutor€("òòProcureur€de€la€Rpublique€ou€juge€charg€duÐ ¾ ÐMinistre€Publicóó")€within€three€days€after€the€request€(article€4).€According€to€article€3,€theÐ ¤ô Ðpetition€under€these€provisions€does€not€prevent€the€victim€from€pursuing€his€claims€beforeÐ Š Ú Ðthe€ordinary€tribunals.Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.1€After€a€request€for€further€clarifications€formulated€by€the€Committee€during€the€forty„Ð <#Œ" Ðninth€session,€the€authors,€by€letters€dated€23€December,€15€November€and€16€DecemberÐ "$r# Ð1993€respectively,€informed€the€Committee€that€they€were€reinstated€in€their€posts€pursuantÐ %X $ Ðto€the€Law€of€11€April€1991.€Mr.€Diasso€notes€that€he€was€reinstated€with€effect€from€27Ð î%>!% ÐMay€1991,€the€others€with€effect€from€1€July€1991.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.2€The€authors€note€that€there€has€been€no€progress€in€the€proceedings€before€theÐ  (ð#( ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€and€that€their€cases€appear€to€have€beenÐ †)Ö$) Ðshelved,€after€their€reinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Law.€They€argue,€however,€that€the€lawÐ l*¼%* Ðwas€improperly€applied€to€their€cases,€since€they€had€never€been€tried€and€convicted€forÐ R+¢&+ Ðcommitting€an€offence,€but€had€been€unlawfully€arrested,€detained€and€subsequently€releasedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðafter€the€charges€against€them€were€dropped.€They€add€that€they€have€not€been€given€arrearsÐ -n(- Ðon€their€salaries€for€the€period€between€arrest€and€reinstatement,€during€which€they€wereÐ ° Ðdenied€their€income.Ð –æ ÐÌ5.3€As€regards€the€statute€of€the€University€of€Benin,€the€authors€submit€that,€although€theÐ b² ÐUniversity€is,€at€least€in€theory,€administratively€and€financially€autonomous,€it€is€in€practiceÐ H˜ Ðunder€the€control€of€the€State,€as€95€per€cent€of€its€budget€is€State„controlled.Ð . ~ ÐÌ5.4€The€authors€refute€the€State€party's€argument€that€they€have€failed€to€exhaust€domesticÐ ú J Ðremedies.€In€this€context,€they€argue€that€the€proceedings€before€the€Administrative€ChamberÐ à 0 Ðof€the€Court€of€Appeal€are€wholly€ineffective,€since€their€cases€were€obviously€filed€afterÐ Æ   Ðtheir€reinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Law,€and€nothing€has€happened€since.€They€do€not,Ð ¬ ü  Ðhowever,€indicate€whether€they€have€filed€complaints€with€a€view€to€recovering€their€salaryÐ ’â  Ðarrears.Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€admissibility€decisionóóÐ D”  ÐÌ6.1€During€its€fifty„first€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÐ ` Ðcommunication.€It€noted€with€concern€that€no€reply€had€been€received€from€the€State€partyÐ öF Ðin€respect€of€a€request€for€clarification€on€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,Ð Ü, Ðwhich€had€been€addressed€to€it€on€26€October€1993.€Ð  ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€noted€the€authors'€claims€under€article€9€and€observed€that€their€arrestÐ ŽÞ Ðand€detention€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo€(30Ð tÄ ÐJune€1988).€It€further€noted€that€the€alleged€violations€had€continuing€effects€after€the€entryÐ Zª Ðinto€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo,€in€that€the€authors€were€denied€reinstatementÐ @ Ðin€their€posts€until€27€May€and€1€July€1991€respectively,€and€that€no€payment€of€salaryÐ &v Ðarrears€or€other€forms€of€compensation€had€been€effected.€The€Committee€considered€thatÐ  \ Ðthese€continuing€effects€could€be€seen€as€an€affirmation€of€the€previous€violations€allegedlyÐ òB Ðcommitted€by€the€State€party.€It€therefore€concluded€that€it€was€not€precluded€òòrationeÐ Ø( Ðtemporisóó€from€examining€the€communications€and€considered€that€they€might€raise€issuesÐ ¾ Ðunder€articles€9,€paragraph€5;€19;€and€25(c),€of€the€Covenant.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€State€party's€argument€that€domestic€remedies€had€notÐ p!À  Ðbeen€exhausted,€as€well€as€of€the€authors'€contention€that€the€procedure€before€theÐ V"¦! ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€ineffective,€because€no€progress€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðadjudication€of€their€cases€was€made€after€their€reinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Law,€andÐ "$r# Ðthat€indeed€said€cases€appeared€to€have€been€filed.€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,Ð %X $ Ðthe€Committee€did€not€consider€that€an€application€to€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐCourt€of€Appeal€constituted€an€available€and€effective€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€articleÐ Ô&$"& Ð5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð º' #' ÐÌ6.4€On€30€June€1994,€therefore,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðas€much€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€9,€paragraph€5;€19;€and€25(c),€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐCovenant.€It€further€decided,€pursuant€to€rule€88,€paragraph€2,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðdeal€jointly€with€the€authors'€communications.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐòòExamination€of€the€meritsóóÐ ° ÐÌ7.1€The€deadline€for€the€submission€of€the€State€party's€observations€under€article€4,Ð |Ì Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€expired€on€10€February€1995.€No€submission€has€beenÐ b² Ðreceived€from€the€State€party,€in€spite€of€a€reminder€addressed€to€it€on€26€October€1995.€TheÐ H˜ ÐCommittee€regrets€the€absence€of€cooperation€on€the€part€of€the€State€party,€as€far€as€theÐ . ~ Ðmerits€of€the€authors'€claims€are€concerned.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ  d ÐOptional€Protocol€that€a€State€party€must€furnish€the€Committee,€in€good€faith€and€withinÐ ú J Ðthe€imparted€deadlines,€with€all€the€information€at€its€disposal.€This€the€State€party€has€failedÐ à 0 Ðto€do;€in€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€authors'€allegations,€to€theÐ Æ   Ðextent€that€they€have€been€adequately€substantiated.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ7.2€Accordingly,€the€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communications€in€the€light€ofÐ xÈ  Ðall€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,€paragraphÐ ^®  Ð1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð D”  ÐÌ7.3€The€authors€contend€that€they€have€not€been€compensated€for€the€time€they€wereÐ ` Ðarbitrarily€arrested,€contrary€to€article€9,€paragraph€5.€The€procedures€they€initiated€beforeÐ öF Ðthe€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€have€not,€on€the€basis€of€the€informationÐ Ü, Ðavailable€to€the€Committee,€resulted€in€any€judgment€or€decision,€be€it€favourable€orÐ Â Ðunfavourable€to€the€authors.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€sees€no€reason€to€go€backÐ ¨ø Ðon€its€admissibility€decision,€in€which€it€had€held€that€recourse€to€the€AdministrativeÐ ŽÞ ÐChamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€constitute€an€available€and€effective€remedy.€As€toÐ tÄ Ðwhether€it€is€precluded€òòratione€temporisóó€from€considering€the€authors'€claim€under€article€9,Ð Zª Ðparagraph€1,€the€Committee€wishes€to€note€that€its€jurisprudence€has€been€not€to€entertainÐ @ Ðclaims€under€the€Optional€Protocol€based€on€events€which€occurred€after€entry€into€force€ofÐ &v Ðthe€Covenant€but€before€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€State€party.€SomeÐ  \ Ðof€the€members€feel€that€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€on€this€issue€may€beÐ òB Ðquestionable€and€may€have€to€be€reconsidered€in€an€appropriate€(future)€case.€In€the€instantÐ Ø( Ðcase,€however,€the€Committee€does€not€find€any€elements€which€would€allow€it€to€make€aÐ ¾ Ðfinding€under€the€Optional€Protocol€on€the€lawfulness€of€the€authors'€arrest,€since€the€arrestsÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€authors€took€place€in€September€and€December€1985,€respectively,€and€they€wereÐ Š Ú Ðreleased€in€April€and€July€1986,€respectively,€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€OptionalÐ p!À  ÐProtocol€for€Togo€on€30€June€1988.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€is€precluded€òòrationeÐ V"¦! Ðtemporisóó€from€examining€the€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€5.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ7.4€In€respect€of€the€claim€under€article€19,€the€Committee€observes€that€it€has€remainedÐ %X $ Ðuncontested€that€the€authors€were€first€prosecuted€and€later€not€reinstated€in€their€posts,Ð î%>!% Ðbetween€1986€and€1991,€òòinter€aliaóó,€for€having€read€and,€respectively,€disseminatedÐ Ô&$"& Ðinformation€and€material€critical€of€the€Togolese€Government€in€power€and€of€the€systemÐ º' #' Ðof€governance€prevailing€in€Togo.€The€Committee€observes€that€the€freedoms€of€informationÐ  (ð#( Ðand€of€expression€are€cornerstones€in€any€free€and€democratic€society.€It€is€in€the€essence€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðsuch€societies€that€its€citizens€must€be€allowed€to€inform€themselves€about€alternatives€to€theÐ l*¼%* Ðpolitical€system/parties€in€power,€and€that€they€may€criticize€or€openly€and€publicly€evaluateÐ R+¢&+ Ðtheir€Governments€without€fear€of€interference€or€punishment,€within€the€limits€set€by€articleÐ 8,ˆ', Ð19,€paragraph€3.€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€the€Committee,€it€appears€that€theÐ -n(- Ðauthors€were€not€reinstated€in€the€posts€they€had€occupied€prior€to€their€arrest,€because€ofÐ ° Ðsuch€activities.€The€State€party€implicitly€supports€this€conclusion€by€qualifying€the€authors'Ð –æ Ðactivities€as€"political€offences",€which€came€within€the€scope€of€application€of€the€AmnestyÐ |Ì ÐLaw€of€11€April€1991;€there€is€no€indication€that€the€authors'€activities€represented€a€threatÐ b² Ðto€the€rights€and€the€reputation€of€others,€or€to€national€security€or€public€order€(article€19,Ð H˜ Ðparagraph€3).€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violationÐ . ~ Ðof€article€19€of€the€Covenant.Ð  d ÐÌ7.5€The€Committee€recalls€that€the€authors€were€all€suspended€from€their€posts€for€a€periodÐ à 0 Ðof€well€over€five€years€for€activities€considered€contrary€to€the€interests€of€the€Government;Ð Æ   Ðin€this€context,€it€notes€that€Mr.€Dobou€was€a€civil€servant,€whereas€Messrs€Aduayom€andÐ ¬ ü  ÐDiasso,€were€employees€of€the€University€of€Benin,€which€is€in€practice€state„controlled.€AsÐ ’â  Ðfar€as€the€case€of€Mr.€Dobou€is€concerned,€the€Committee€observes€that€access€to€publicÐ xÈ  Ðservice€on€general€terms€of€equality€encompasses€a€duty,€for€the€State,€to€ensure€that€thereÐ ^®  Ðis€no€discrimination€on€the€ground€of€political€opinion€or€expression.€This€applies€òòa€fortiorióóÐ D”  Ðto€those€who€hold€positions€in€the€public€service.€The€rights€enshrined€in€article€25€shouldÐ *z  Ðalso€be€read€to€encompass€the€freedom€to€engage€in€political€activity€individually€or€throughÐ ` Ðpolitical€parties,€freedom€to€debate€public€affairs,€to€criticize€the€Government€and€to€publishÐ öF Ðmaterial€with€political€content.Ð Ü, ÐÌ7.6€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authors€were€suspended€from€their€posts€for€allegedÐ ¨ø Ð"desertion"€of€the€same,€after€having€been€arrested€for€activities€deemed€to€be€contrary€to€theÐ ŽÞ Ðinterests€of€the€State€party's€Government.€Mr.€Dobou€was€a€civil€servant,€whereas€Messrs.Ð tÄ ÐAduayom€and€Diasso€were€employees€of€the€University€of€Benin,€which€is€in€practice€state„Ð Zª Ðcontrolled.€In€the€circumstances€of€the€authors'€respective€cases,€an€issue€under€article€25(c)Ð @ Ðarises€in€so€far€as€the€authors'€inability€to€recover€their€posts€between€30€June€1988€and€27Ð &v ÐMay€and€1€July€1991,€respectively,€is€concerned.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€notes€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€non„payment€of€salary€arrears€to€the€authors€is€a€consequence€of€their€non„reinstatementÐ òB Ðin€the€posts€they€had€previously€occupied.€The€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€aÐ Ø( Ðviolation€of€article€25(c)€in€the€authors'€case€for€the€period€from€30€June€1988€to€27€May€andÐ ¾ Ðto€1€July€1991,€respectively.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ p!À  ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ V"¦! Ðfacts€as€found€by€the€Committee€reveal€violations€by€Togo€of€articles€19€and€25(c)€of€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCovenant.Ð "$r# ÐÌ9.€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€authors€are€entitled€to€anÐ î%>!% Ðappropriate€remedy,€which€should€include€compensation€determined€on€the€basis€of€a€sumÐ Ô&$"& Ðequivalent€to€the€salary€which€they€would€have€received€during€the€period€of€non„Ð º' #' Ðreinstatement€starting€from€30€June€1988.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensureÐ  (ð#( Ðthat€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ10.€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€State€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€partyÐ R+¢&+ Ðhas€recognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant€or€not€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ -n(- Ðparty€has€undertaken€to€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€itsÐ ° Ðjurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€to€provide€an€effective€and€enforceableÐ –æ Ðremedy€in€case€a€violation€has€been€established,€the€Committee€wishes€to€receive€from€theÐ |Ì ÐState€party,€within€90€days,€information€about€the€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€its€Views.Ð b² ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ  d ÐÌòò*óó/€€€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð à 0 ÐÌòò*óó/€€€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion€by€one€Committee€member€is€appended€to€the€presentÐ ¬ ü  Ðdocument.Ð ’â  ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð D”  ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ *z  Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]Ð ` ÐÌÌò òòòÓ  ÓAppendixóóó óÐ Â ÐÓbÓÌÌòòIndividual€opinion€by€Committee€member€Fausto€Pocaróó€Ð tÄ ÐÌWhile€I€concur€with€the€Committee's€findings€on€the€issues€raised€by€the€authors'€claimsÐ @ Ðunder€articles€19€and€25(c),€I€cannot€subscribe€to€the€Committee's€conclusions€on€issuesÐ &v Ðraised€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.€On€this€issue,€the€Committee€argues€thatÐ  \ Ðsince€it€is€precluded€òòratione€temporisóó€from€establishing€the€lawfulness€of€the€authors'€arrestÐ òB Ðand€detention€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€also€precluded€òòrationeÐ Ø( Ðtemporisóó€from€examining€their€claim€to€compensation€under€article€9,€paragraph€5.€I€cannotÐ ¾ Ðshare€these€conclusions,€for€the€following€reasons.Ð ¤ô ÐÌFirstly,€it€is€my€personal€view€that€the€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€could€have€beenÐ p!À  Ðconsidered€by€the€Committee€òòeven€ifóó€the€alleged€facts€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€forceÐ V"¦! Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo.€As€I€had€the€opportunity€to€indicate€with€regard€to€otherÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunications,€and€in€more€general€terms€when€the€Committee€discussed€its€GeneralÐ "$r# ÐComment€on€reservations€(see€CCPR/C/SR.1369,€page€6,€paragraph€31),€the€OptionalÐ %X $ ÐProtocol€provides€for€a€procedure€which€enables€the€Committee€to€monitor€theÐ î%>!% Ðimplementation€of€the€obligations€assumed€by€States€parties€to€the€Covenant,€but€it€has€noÐ Ô&$"& Ðsubstantive€impact€on€the€obligations€as€such,€which€must€be€observed€as€from€the€entry€intoÐ º' #' Ðforce€of€the€Covenant.€In€other€words,€it€enables€the€Committee€to€consider€violations€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðsuch€obligations€not€only€within€the€reporting€procedure€established€under€article€40€of€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐCovenant,€but€also€in€the€context€of€the€consideration€of€individual€communications.€FromÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€merely€procedural€nature€of€the€Optional€Protocol€it€follows€that,€unless€a€reservation€isÐ R+¢&+ Ðentered€by€a€State€party€upon€accession€to€the€Protocol,€the€Committee's€competence€alsoÐ 8,ˆ', Ðextends€to€events€that€occurred€before€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€thatÐ -n(- ÐState,€provided€such€events€occurred€or€continued€to€have€effects€after€the€entry€into€forceÐ ° Ðof€the€Covenant.Ð –æ ÐÌBut€even€assuming,€as€the€majority€view€does,€that€the€Committee€was€precluded€òòrationeÐ b² Ðtemporisóó€from€considering€the€authors'€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,Ð H˜ Ðit€would€still€be€incorrect€to€conclude€that€it€is€equally€precluded,€òòratione€temporisóó,€fromÐ . ~ Ðexamining€their€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€5.€Although€the€right€to€compensation,€toÐ  d Ðwhich€any€person€unlawfully€arrested€or€detained€is€entitled,€may€also€be€construed€as€aÐ ú J Ðspecification€of€the€remedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€i.e.€the€remedy€forÐ à 0 Ðthe€violation€of€the€right€set€forth€in€article€9,€paragraph€1,€the€Covenant€does€not€establishÐ Æ   Ða€causal€link€between€the€two€provisions€contained€in€article€9.€Rather,€the€wording€of€articleÐ ¬ ü  Ð9,€paragraph€5,€suggests€that€its€applicability€does€not€depend€on€a€finding€of€violation€ofÐ ’â  Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€1;€indeed,€the€unlawfulness€of€an€arrest€or€detention€may€derive€not€onlyÐ xÈ  Ðfrom€a€violation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€but€also€from€a€violation€of€a€provisionÐ ^®  Ðof€domestic€law.€In€this€latter€case,€the€right€to€compensation€may€exist€independently€ofÐ D”  Ðwhether€the€arrest€or€detention€can€be€regarded€as€the€basis€for€a€claim€under€article€9,Ð *z  Ðparagraph€1,€provided€that€it€is€unlawful€under€domestic€law.€In€other€words,€for€the€purposeÐ ` Ðof€the€application€of€article€9,€paragraph€5,€the€Committee€is€not€precluded€from€consideringÐ öF Ðthe€unlawfulness€of€an€arrest€or€detention,€even€if€it€might€be€precluded€from€examining€itÐ Ü, Ðunder€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€This€also€applies€when€the€impossibility€to€invokeÐ Â Ðother€provisions€is€due€to€the€fact€that€arrest€or€detention€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€intoÐ ¨ø Ðforce€of€the€Covenant€or,€following€the€majority€view,€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐOptional€Protocol.€Since€in€the€present€case€the€unlawfulness€of€the€authors'€arrest€andÐ tÄ Ðdetention€under€domestic€law€is€undisputed,€I€conclude€that€their€right€to€compensationÐ Zª Ðunder€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant€has€been€violated,€and€that€the€CommitteeÐ @ Ðshould€have€made€a€finding€to€this€effect.Ð &v ÐÌF.€PocarÐ òB ÐÌ[signed]Ð ¾ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð Š Ú ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ p!À  Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]