’WPC5 gFÜ0 I>«d …u8/į2æ¼.—hĄ‡L4’馊7īąR(¬†€×Š(+¤ń‹čK§øšV+a†QP_¼–÷Ž`ģŽ|^Ė®b6sd4.>³Oߓ܃4\€¤+Q=Ķh5aĀ.ĆĪB­FĒąį˜ĀĀ/6„‰ĒØJ‰õÅ„Sź‰O€‡\ ”’š’CĻŹš×¹[N&–Ģ˜dČ ­S ‘SæŖŅ·ٽ@ ’åöåŪIjŸ³#©>ĀCa¹:ˆ€Õy”A;ąøńQ™Ē5œµ Ÿ&žŠ©+ńĆŸX”*Įø¾!5ndbˆA3`{ī ҇ø-)~jŚ­8J5JŲCmĒ”£Ūŋ×v÷ĖPĶīČ ŅŒÆŠč'ӧɤƒ>^OŅS+Hń ōåÖŃĒÉy…s¦g&+'¶ŻĶv„5õ~§ŗ×Īp[ڰ>²iłÅKĆ/oŽ“¼ y³Ģ ]}}~%BńļŚžądÖxę9óļūäĮźė“łÄƶjP‡®ė»l˶4Q¼#–v’ŃN†%šVŹąęø ŹÖ×ę(NgZšŃS„оūOü QZÖĄÓļDÅōųŸk²’å„ö+śœU`%p‡čŽNæÉ> #ĮšUN[ %© 0:Æ^ éwõ4ł  m˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,Ō8™ō* Äpģ*œČ³3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€RACIAL€DISCRIMINATIONŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌB.J.Ō_Ō€v.€DenmarkóóŠ ą ŠĢCommunication€No.€17/1999Š pĄ ŠĢ17€March€2000Š P   ŠĢŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/56/D/17/1999Š 0 € ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ P  ŠĢņņĢņņSubmitted€byóó€:€B.J.€(represented€by€legal€counsel)€Š Š  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Š ° ŠĢņņState€party€concernedóó€:€Denmark€Š ą ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€13€July€1999€(initial€submission)€óóŠ pĄ ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discriminationóó€,€established€under€article€8€of€theŠ @ ŠInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€Š 0€ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€17€March€2000,€Š ` ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€17/1999,€submitted€to€the€CommitteeŠ š@ Šunder€article€14€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ ą0 ŠDiscrimination,€Š Š  ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€considerationóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€and€theŠ °"  ŠState€party,€Š  #š! ŠĢņņBearing€in€mindóó€rule€95€of€its€rules€of€procedure€requiring€it€to€formulate€its€opinion€on€theŠ €%Š # Šcommunication€before€it,€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€the€following:€Š P( #& ŠĢĢÓ²Óņņņ ņÓ  ÓOpinionó óóóŠ  +p&) ŠÓoÓÓÓĢĢ1.1€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€B.J.,€a€Danish€engineer€of€Iranian€origin€born€in€1965Š š-@), Šwho€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Denmark€of€article€2,€subparagraph€l€(a),€(b)€and€(d),Š ° Šarticle€5€(f)€and€article€6€of€the€Convention.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Š  š ŠĢ1.2€€In€conformity€with€article€14,€paragraph€6€(a),€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€transmittedŠ €Š Šthe€communication€to€the€State€party€on€27€August€1999.€Š pĄ ŠĢņņThe€facts€as€submitted€bv€the€authoróó€Š P   ŠĢ2.1€€The€author€has€lived€in€Denmark€since€1984€and€has€Danish€nationality.€On€1€February€1997Š 0 € Šhe€went€to€a€discotheque€in€Odense€with€his€brother€and€a€group€of€friends.€Two€of€them€were€ofŠ  p  ŠDanish€origin€and€four€were€not.€The€doorman€of€the€discotheque,€Mr.€M.R.S.,€refused€to€let€themŠ `  Šin.€When€the€author€asked€the€reason€Mr.€Ō_ŌM.R.S.Ō_Ō€replied€that€it€was€because€they€were€"foreigners".€Š P  ŠĢ2.2€€On€2€February€1997€the€author€reported€the€matter€to€the€police,€complaining€of€racialŠ ą0  Šdiscrimination.€The€police€assistant€on€duty€was€unwilling€to€accept€the€complaint€and€informed€theŠ Š  Šauthor€that€the€admissions€policy€was€entirely€up€to€the€owners€of€the€discotheque.€Š Ą ŠĢ2.3€€On€3€February€1997€the€author€filed€a€written€complaint€that€was€rejected€by€the€police.€He€thenŠ  š Šappealed€to€the€State€Attorney€who€decided€to€initiate€an€investigation.€Subsequently,€the€PublicŠ ą ŠProsecutor€brought€the€case€before€the€District€Court€of€Odense.€By€decision€of€20€March€1998€theŠ €Š ŠCourt€ruled€that€Mr.€M.R.S.€was€to€be€fined€Ō_ŌDKrŌ_Ō€1,000€for€violation€of€section€1,€subparagraph€2,Š pĄ Šof€Consolidated€Act€No.€626€of€29€September€1987€on€racial€discrimination.€Š `° ŠĢ2.4€€The€author€had€also€requested€the€Public€Prosecutor€to€file€a€claim€for€compensation€inŠ @ Šaccordance€with€section€26€of€the€Act€on€Civil€Liability.€In€that€respect€the€court€decided€that€theŠ 0€ Šviolation€to€which€the€author€had€been€subjected€was€not€of€such€a€grave€or€humiliating€characterŠ  p Šas€to€justify€the€granting€of€pecuniary€compensation.€Accordingly,€the€claim€was€rejected.€Š ` ŠĢ2.5€€The€author€did€not€receive€a€copy€of€the€court's€judgement€until€the€time-limit€for€filing€anŠ š@ Šappeal€to€the€High€Court€had€expired.€With€the€assistance€of€the€Documentary€and€Advisory€CentreŠ ą0 Šon€Racial€Discrimination€(Ō_ŌDRCŌ_Ō)€he€obtained€a€special€permit€from€the€High€Court€of€the€EasternŠ Š  ŠCircuit€to€bring€the€case€before€it.€However,€the€High€Court€did€not€find€any€basis€for€a€claim€ofŠ Ą! Šcompensation.€According€to€its€judgement,€the€doorman€had€informed€the€author€and€his€friends€thatŠ °"  Šthey€could€not€enter€the€discotheque€because,€in€accordance€with€the€discotheque's€rules,€there€wereŠ  #š! Šalready€more€than€ten€foreigners€inside.€That€information€was€first€given€to€the€author's€brother€andŠ $ą" Šthen€to€the€author€himself€in€a€polite€manner.€In€the€circumstances€the€High€Court€concluded€thatŠ €%Š # Šthe€violation€of€the€author's€honour€committed€by€the€doorman€was€not€of€such€severity€and€did€notŠ p&Ą!$ Šinvolve€such€humiliation€as€to€justify€the€granting€of€compensation€under€section€26€of€the€Act€onŠ `'°"% ŠCivil€Liability.€The€Court€made€reference€to€the€fact€that€the€doorman€had€been€fined€for€rejectingŠ P( #& Šthe€author€and€that,€accordingly,€the€necessary€verification€and€condemnation€of€the€act€had€takenŠ @)$' Šplace€and€the€author€had€had€sufficient€satisfaction.€Š 0*€%( ŠĢ2.6€€Judgements€of€the€High€Court€in€appeal€cases€may€normally€not€be€appealed€to€the€SupremeŠ ,`'* ŠCourt.€However,€the€Ō_ŌProcesbevillingsnaevnŌ_Ō€may€grant€a€special€permit€if€the€case€involves€issuesŠ -P(+ Šof€principle.€On€4€March€1999€the€author's€counsel€applied€to€the€Procesbevillingsnaevn€for€suchŠ š-@), Ša€permit,€arguing€that€Danish€courts€had€never€before€had€the€possibility€to€interpret€section€26€ofŠ ° Šthe€Act€on€Civil€Liability€in€the€light€of€article€6€of€the€Convention.€The€application,€however,€wasŠ  š Šrejected€by€letter€of€11€May€1999€and€was€not€brought€before€the€Supreme€Court.€No€furtherŠ ą Šremedies€are€available€under€Danish€law.€Š €Š ŠĢņņThe€complaintóó€Š ` ° ŠĢ3.1€€According€to€counsel,€it€is€undisputed€that€the€author's€exclusion€from€the€discotheque€was€anŠ @  Šact€of€racial€discrimination.€Article€6€of€the€Convention€stipulates€that€effective€satisfaction€andŠ 0 € Šreparation€must€be€granted€for€any€damage€suffered€as€a€result€of€discrimination.€However,€theŠ  p  Špurely€symbolic€fine€imposed€by€the€Odense€court€does€not€provide€effective€satisfaction€orŠ `  Šreparation€in€accordance€with€that€provision.€Furthermore,€under€section€26€of€the€Danish€Act€onŠ P  ŠCivil€Liability€it€is€possible€to€grant€compensation€for€insult.€By€refusing€such€compensation€theŠ š@  ŠDanish€courts€have€failed€to€apply€Danish€law.€Š ą0  ŠĢ3.2€€Counsel€further€claims€that€by€refusing€the€author's€right€to€compensation€the€Danish€courtsŠ Ą Šhave€not€fulfilled€their€obligations€under€article€2,€subparagraph€1€(a),€(b)€and€(d),€of€the€Convention.Š ° ŠHe€finally€claims€that€by€allowing€the€discotheque€to€refuse€the€author€access€on€racial€grounds€theŠ  š ŠState€party€has€not€fulfilled€its€obligations€under€article€5€(f)€of€the€Convention.€Š ą ŠĢņņState€party's€observationsóó€Š pĄ ŠĢ4.1€€In€a€submission€dated€29€November€1999€the€State€party€recognizes€that€the€conditions€forŠ P  Šadmissibility€of€the€communication€are€satisfied.€However,€it€claims€that€no€violation€of€theŠ @ ŠConvention€has€occurred€and€that€the€communication€is€manifestly€ill-founded.€Š 0€ ŠĢ4.2€€The€State€party€recalls€that€by€indictment€of€3€June€1997,€the€Chief€Constable€of€OdenseŠ ` Šcharged€the€doorman€in€question€with€violation€of€section€1€(2),€of€the€Act€ProhibitingŠ P ŠDiscrimination€on€the€basis€of€Race€(Consolidated€Act€No.€626€of€29€September€1987),€because€onŠ š@ Š2€February€1997€he€refused€the€author€admittance€on€the€basis€of€the€latter's€colour€and€ethnic€origin.Š ą0 ŠOn€20€March€1998€the€District€Court€of€Odense€found€the€doorman€guilty€of€the€charge.€UponŠ Š  Šcounsel's€request,€the€prosecutor€claimed€that€the€doorman€should€pay€compensation€forŠ Ą! Šnon-pecuniary€damage€to€the€author,€in€accordance€with€section€26€of€the€Act€on€Liability€inŠ °"  ŠDamages€(erstatningsansvarsloven)€and€article€6€of€the€Convention.€However,€the€claim€forŠ  #š! Šcompensation€was€dismissed€by€the€District€Court.€The€author€filed€an€appeal€with€the€Eastern€HighŠ $ą" ŠCourt€claiming€that€the€offender€should€be€ordered€to€pay€compensation€for€non-pecuniary€damageŠ €%Š # Šof€DKr€10,000€with€the€addition€of€pre-judgement€interest.€However,€the€Eastern€High€Court€upheldŠ p&Ą!$ Šthe€judgement€of€the€District€Court.€Š `'°"% ŠĢ4.3€€In€connection€with€the€alleged€violation€of€article€2€(1)€(a),€(b)€and€(d)€of€the€Convention,€theŠ @)$' ŠState€party€argues€that€article€2€(1)€(d)€is€the€most€relevant€provision,€as€article€2€(1)€(a)€and€(b)€doŠ 0*€%( Šnot€make€any€independent€contribution€in€relation€to€the€author's€complaint,€which€concernsŠ  +p&) Šdiscrimination€committed€by€a€private€individual.€The€adoption€of€Consolidated€Act€No.€626€of€29Š ,`'* ŠJune€1987€prohibiting€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race€is€to€be€seen,€inter€alia,€as€fulfilment€of€theŠ -P(+ Šobligations€following€from€article€2€(l)€(d),€5€(f)€and€6€of€the€Convention.€Not€only€has€the€StateŠ š-@), Šparty€adopted€law€that€criminalizes€acts€of€racial€discrimination€such€as€that€of€which€the€applicantŠ ° Šwas€a€victim€on€2€February€1997,€but€Danish€authorities€have€enforced€these€criminal€provisions€inŠ  š Šthe€specific€case€by€prosecuting€and€penalizing€the€doorman.€Š ą ŠĢ4.4€€Concerning€the€author's€claim€that€the€purely€symbolic€nature€of€the€fine€does€not€provideŠ pĄ Šeffective€satisfaction€or€reparation,€the€State€party€claims€that€the€Convention€cannot€be€interpretedŠ ` ° Što€mean€that€it€requires€a€specific€form€of€penalty€(such€as€imprisonment€or€a€fine)€or€a€specificŠ P   Šseverity€or€length€(such€as€a€non-suspended€custodial€penalty,€a€suspended€custodial€penalty,€a€fineŠ @  Šof€a€specific€amount€or€the€like)€as€the€sanction€for€specific€types€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination.€InŠ 0 € Šthe€State€party's€view,€it€is€not€possible€to€infer€a€requirement€of€a€penalty€of€a€specific€type€orŠ  p  Šseverity€from€the€wording€of€the€Convention,€the€practice€of€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€ofŠ `  Šcommunications€under€article€14,€or€from€the€general€recommendations€adopted€by€the€Committee.€Š P  ŠĢ4.5€€Violations€of€section€1€of€the€Act€prohibiting€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race€are€punishedŠ ą0  Šwith€"a€fine,€lenient€imprisonment€or€imprisonment€for€a€term€not€exceeding€six€months".€InŠ Š  Šdetermining€the€penalty€within€the€maximum€penalty€provided€for€by€the€provision,€the€court€inŠ Ą Šquestion€must€take€into€account€a€multiplicity€of€elements.€It€thus€follows€from€section€80€(1)€of€theŠ ° ŠDanish€Criminal€Code€that,€in€determining€the€penalty,€account€shall€be€taken€of€the€gravity€of€theŠ  š Šoffence€and€information€concerning€the€offender's€character,€including€his€general€personal€andŠ ą Šsocial€circumstances,€his€conduct€before€and€after€the€offence€and€his€motives€in€committing€it.€Š €Š ŠĢ4.6€€Determination€of€suitable€sanctions€in€specific€cases€falls€within€the€margin€of€appreciation€ofŠ `° Šthe€State€party.€The€national€authorities€have€the€benefit€of€direct€contact€with€all€the€personsŠ P  Šconcerned€and€are€better€able€to€assess€what€is€a€suitable€sanction€in€the€specific€case.€Moreover,€itŠ @ Šmust€be€up€to€the€State€party€to€decide€what€sanction€must€be€deemed€sufficiently€deterrent€andŠ 0€ Špunitive.€It€is€recognized,€however,€that€the€margin€of€appreciation€should€not€be€exercised€in€aŠ  p Šmanner€which€would€impair€the€very€essence€of€article€6€of€the€Convention.€Š ` ŠĢ4.7€€The€penalty€imposed€on€the€doorman€in€the€present€case€accords€with€domestic€case€law€inŠ š@ Šsimilar€cases€and€can€be€compared€with€the€sanctions€in€criminal€cases€concerning€racist€statementsŠ ą0 Šfalling€within€section€266b€of€the€Criminal€Code.€It€can€therefore€not€be€considered€a€fine€of€aŠ Š  Š"purely€symbolic€nature".€Š Ą! ŠĢ4.8€€In€view€of€the€foregoing,€the€State€party€is€of€the€opinion€that€there€is€no€basis€for€alleging€thatŠ  #š! Šarticle€2€(l)€(d),€article€5€(f)€or€article€6€of€the€Convention€has€been€violated€by€the€conduct€of€theŠ $ą" Šcriminal€proceedings€against€the€doorman,€as€the€judgement€established€that€the€author€had€been€theŠ €%Š # Švictim€of€a€prohibited€act€of€racial€discrimination.€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢ4.9€€An€individual€who€believes€that€he€or€she€has€been€the€subject€of€discrimination€in€violation€ofŠ P( #& Šthe€Act€prohibiting€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race,€interpreted€in€the€light€of€the€Convention,Š @)$' Šcan,€if€relevant,€claim€compensation€for€pecuniary€or€non-pecuniary€damage€from€the€offender.Š 0*€%( ŠHowever,€the€State€party€finds€that€it€must€be€left€to€the€individual€State€party€to€determine€theŠ  +p&) Šdetailed€procedural€rules€and€rules€of€substance€for€awarding€compensation€for€non-pecuniaryŠ ,`'* Šdamage.€Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š4.10€€The€right€to€"adequate€reparation€or€satisfaction"€is€not€an€absolute€right,€but€may€be€subjectŠ ° Što€limitations.€These€limitations€are€permitted€by€implication€since€such€a€right,€by€its€very€nature,Š  š Šcalls€for€regulation€by€the€State.€In€this€respect,€the€States€parties€enjoy€a€margin€of€appreciation€andŠ ą Šcan€lay€down€limitations€provided€that€those€limitations€do€not€restrict€or€reduce€the€right€in€suchŠ €Š Ša€way€or€to€such€extent€that€its€very€essence€is€impaired.€In€this€respect€guidance€may€be€found€inŠ pĄ Šthe€jurisprudence€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights.€Š ` ° ŠĢ4.11€€The€State€party€finds€that€the€last€part€of€article€6€of€the€Convention€is€to€be€interpreted€in€theŠ @  Šsame€way€as€article€5€(5)€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andŠ 0 € ŠFundamental€Freedoms.€It€appears€from€the€latter€that€everyone€who€has€been€the€victim€of€arrestŠ  p  Šor€detention€in€contravention€of€its€provisions€"shall€have€an€enforceable€right€to€compensation".€InŠ `  Šthe€interpretation€of€this€provision€the€European€Court€has€established€that€the€provision€does€notŠ P  Šinvolve€an€unconditional€right€to€compensation,€as€the€Contracting€States€have€a€right€to€demand€thatŠ š@  Šcertain€conditions€be€satisfied.€Thus,€the€Court€has€stated€that€the€said€provision€"does€not€prohibitŠ ą0  Šthe€Contracting€States€from€making€the€award€of€compensation€dependent€upon€the€ability€of€theŠ Š  Šperson€concerned€to€show€damage€resulting€from€the€breach.€In€the€context€of€article€5€(5)€...€thereŠ Ą Šcan€be€no€question€of€'compensation'€where€there€is€no€pecuniary€or€non-pecuniary€damage€toŠ ° Šcompensatešš.b/Š  š ŠĢ4.12€€It€is€thus€the€opinion€of€the€State€party€that€the€Convention€cannot€be€interpreted€to€mean€thatŠ €Š Ša€person€who€has€been€the€subject€of€an€act€of€discrimination€committed€by€another€individual,Š pĄ Šincluding€an€act€of€discrimination€in€violation€of€article€5€(f)€of€the€Convention,€always€has€a€claimŠ `° Šfor€compensation€for€non-pecuniary€damage.€The€fact€that€a€person€who€has€committed€such€an€actŠ P  Šis€actually€prosecuted€and€convicted€can€in€certain€cases€constitute€in€itself€"adequate€reparation€orŠ @ Šsatisfaction".€This€view€is€supported,€inter€alia,€by€the€interpretative€statement€concerning€article€6Š 0€ Šof€the€Convention€deposited€by€the€United€Kingdom€when€signing€the€Convention.€The€statementŠ  p Šin€question€says:€"The€United€Kingdom€interprets€the€requirement€in€article€6€concerning€'reparationŠ ` Šor€satisfaction'€as€being€fulfilled€if€one€or€other€of€these€forms€of€redress€is€made€available€andŠ P Šinterprets€'€satisfaction'€as€including€any€form€of€redress€effective€to€bring€the€discriminatory€conductŠ š@ Što€an€end".€Š ą0 ŠĢ4.13€€According€to€Danish€law,€it€is€possible€both€in€law€and€in€fact€to€be€awarded€compensation€forŠ Ą! Špecuniary€and€non-pecuniary€damage€in€case€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination€committed€byŠ °"  Šindividuals€in€violation€of€the€Convention,€but€this€presupposes€that€the€conditions€therefor€areŠ  #š! Šotherwise€satisfied.€Š $ą" ŠĢ4.14€€Pursuant€to€section€26€(1)€of€the€Act€on€Liability€in€Damages,€a€person€who€is€responsible€forŠ p&Ą!$ Šunlawful€interference€with€another€person's€liberty,€invasion€of€his€privacy,€damage€to€hisŠ `'°"% Šself-esteem€or€character€or€injury€to€his€person€shall€pay€compensation€for€the€damage€to€the€injuredŠ P( #& Šperson.€The€provision€is€mandatory€but€the€condition€is€that€the€unlawful€act€has€inflicted€"damage"Š @)$' Š(in€Danish€tort)€the€injured€party.€Tort€in€the€Danish€sense€is€damage€to€another€person's€self-esteemŠ 0*€%( Šand€character,€that€is,€the€injured€person's€perception€of€his€own€worth€and€reputation.€TheŠ  +p&) Šhumiliation€is€what€motivates€the€claim€for€compensation€for€nonšMšpecuniary€damage.€It€is€inherentŠ ,`'* Šin€the€requirement€of€"€unlawful"€damage€that€it€must€be€culpable€and€that€it€must€be€of€someŠ -P(+ Šgravity.€When€determining€the€compensation,€if€any,€account€must€be€taken€of€the€gravity€of€theŠ š-@), Šdamage,€the€nature€of€the€act€and€the€circumstances€in€general.€Š ° ŠĢ4.15€€The€decision€of€the€Eastern€High€Court€refusing€compensation€to€the€author€for€nonšMšpecuniaryŠ ą Šdamage€was€based€on€a€specific€assessment€of€the€circumstances€concerning€the€criminal€act.€Thus,Š €Š Šthe€Court€found€that€the€damage€to€the€author's€self-esteem€had€not€been€sufficiently€grave€orŠ pĄ Šhumiliating€to€determine€any€compensation€for€non-pecuniary€damage.€Š ` ° ŠĢ4.16€€The€fact€that€a€person€who€has€committed€an€act€of€racial€discrimination€against€anotherŠ @  Šindividual€is€actually€prosecuted€and€convicted€can€in€certain€cases€constitute€in€itself€"adequateŠ 0 € Šreparation€or€satisfaction".€The€judgement€of€the€Eastern€High€Court€accords€with€this€view€whenŠ  p  Šit€states€the€following:€"The€Court€further€refers€to€the€facts€that€the€doorman€has€been€sentenced€toŠ `  Ša€fine€in€respect€of€the€refusal€of€admittance,€that€the€requisite€determination€and€condemnation€ofŠ P  Šthe€act€has€thus€been€effected€and€that€this€has€afforded€the€applicant€sufficient€satisfaction".€Š š@  ŠĢ4.17€€It€is€thus€the€opinion€of€the€State€party€in€the€specific€case€that€the€fact€that€the€doorman€wasŠ Š  Šsentenced€to€a€fine€for€his€refusal€to€admit€the€author€to€the€discotheque€in€question€constitutesŠ Ą Š"adequate€reparation€or€satisfaction".€Š ° ŠĢņņCounsel's€commentsóó€Š ą ŠĢ5.1€€In€a€submission€dated€14€January€2000€counsel€maintains€that€no€effective€remedy€has€beenŠ pĄ Šgranted€to€the€author€in€order€to€comply€with€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Convention,€includingŠ `° Šarticle€6.€In€order€to€implement€the€Convention€conscientiously€the€States€parties€must€be€under€anŠ P  Šobligation€to€ensure€its€effective€observance.€Sanctions€for€breaches€of€national€provisionsŠ @ Šimplementing€the€Convention€must€be€effective€and€not€only€symbolic.€Š 0€ ŠĢ5.2€€The€State€party€argues€that€under€Danish€law€it€is€possible€to€be€awarded€compensation€forŠ ` Špecuniary€and€non-pecuniary€damage€in€case€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination€in€violation€of€theŠ P ŠConvention€committed€by€individuals,€but€this€predisposes€that€the€conditions€therefor€are€otherwiseŠ š@ Šsatisfied.€To€counsel's€knowledge€no€such€court€decisions€exist.€The€present€case€was€the€first€inŠ ą0 Šwhich€a€claim€for€compensation€was€examined€by€a€Danish€court.€Š Š  ŠĢ5.3€€Furthermore,€according€to€section€26€of€the€Danish€Act€on€Liability€compensation€is€grantedŠ °"  Šin€accordance€with€other€statutory€provisions.€As€no€other€statutory€provisions€exist€in€this€field€thereŠ  #š! Šwould€be€no€point€in€awaiting€coming€court€decisions.€Š $ą" ŠĢ5.4€€The€decision€to€refuse€compensation€implies,€as€a€matter€of€fact,€that€no€compensation€forŠ p&Ą!$ Šnon-pecuniary€damages€is€granted€in€cases€of€racial€discrimination€if€the€racial€discrimination€hasŠ `'°"% Štaken€place€"politely"€;.€Such€a€position€is€not€in€conformity€with€the€Convention.€Š P( #& ŠĢņņIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Š 0*€%( ŠĢ6.1€€As€readily€recognized€by€the€State€party€the€Committee€considers€that€the€conditions€forŠ ,`'* Šadmissibility€are€satisfied.€It€therefore€decides,€under€rule€91€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€that€theŠ -P(+ Šcommunication€is€admissible.€Š š-@), Ї6.2€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€conviction€and€punishment€of€the€perpetrator€of€a€criminalŠ ° Šact€and€the€order€to€pay€economic€compensation€to€the€victim€are€legal€sanctions€with€differentŠ  š Šfunctions€and€purposes.€The€victim€is€not€necessarily€entitled€to€compensation€in€addition€to€theŠ ą Šcriminal€sanction€of€the€perpetrator€under€all€circumstances.€However,€in€accordance€with€article€6Š €Š Šof€the€Convention,€the€victim's€claim€for€compensation€has€to€be€considered€in€every€case,€includingŠ pĄ Šthose€cases€where€no€bodily€harm€has€been€inflicted€but€where€the€victim€has€suffered€humiliation,Š ` ° Šdefamation€or€other€attack€against€his/her€reputation€and€self€esteem.€Š P   ŠĢ6.3€€Being€refused€access€to€a€place€of€service€intended€for€the€use€of€the€general€public€solely€onŠ 0 € Šthe€ground€of€a€person's€national€or€ethnic€background€is€a€humiliating€experience€which,€in€theŠ  p  Šopinion€of€the€Committee,€may€merit€economic€compensation€and€cannot€always€be€adequatelyŠ `  Šrepaired€or€satisfied€by€merely€imposing€a€criminal€sanction€on€the€perpetrator.€Š P  ŠĢ7.€€While€the€Committee€considers€that€the€facts€described€in€the€present€communication€discloseŠ ą0  Šno€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€recommends€that€theŠ Š  ŠState€party€take€the€measures€necessary€to€ensure€that€the€victims€of€racial€discrimination€seekingŠ Ą Šjust€and€adequate€reparation€or€satisfaction€in€accordance€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€includingŠ ° Šeconomic€compensation,€will€have€their€claims€considered€with€due€respect€for€situations€where€theŠ  š Šdiscrimination€has€not€resulted€in€any€physical€damage€but€humiliation€or€similar€suffering.€Š ą ŠĢĢņņNotesóó:Š `° ŠĢb/€€ņņŌ_ŌWassinkŌ_Ō€v.€The€Netherlandsóó,€judgement€of€27€September€1990.Š @ ŠÓ­Ó