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I.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą(EhCEKQW]cioAutoList2I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.0 {CEOS]gq{…AutoList31.1 ł"1.1 ł1.1 ł1.1 ł1.1 ł1.1 ł1.1 ł1.1 ł(Oé;$µµą0  ąŌ2#ŌŚ  ŚaŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0` (#(#ą(ehCEKQW]cioAutoList41.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(uhCEKQW]cioAutoList51.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(…hCEKQW]cioAutoList61.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(•hCEKQW]cioAutoList71.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(„hCEKQW]cioAutoList81.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Ż ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢŌ_ŌņņŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŌ_ŌJijš;šnŌ_Ō€v.€EcuadoróóŠ ą ŠĢCommunication€No.€277/1988*Š pĄ ŠĢ26€March€1992Š P   ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ  p  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€€Marieta€Tern€Jijš;šn,€subsequently€joined€by€her€son,€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šnŠ š@  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šnŠ Š  ŠĢņņState€party:€óó€EcuadorŠ ° ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€€21€January€1988Š ą ŠĢņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó€4€July€1990óóŠ pĄ ŠĢĢÓ  ÓņņThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€the€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onŠ @ ŠCivil€and€Political€Rights,Š 0€ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€26€March€1992,Š ` ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€277/1988,€submitted€to€the€Human€RightsŠ š@ ŠCommittee€by€Mrs.€Marieta€Tern€Jijš;šn,€subsequently€joined€by€her€son,€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šn,Š ą0 Šunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š Š  ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theŠ °"  Šcommunication€and€by€the€State€party,€Š  #š! ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€its:€Š €%Š # ŠĢĢņņÓżÓÓ  Óņ ņViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó.**Š P( #& ŠÓ:ÓĢĢÓÓņņFacts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóŠ  +p&) ŠĢ1.1€€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Marieta€Tern€Jijš;šn,€an€Ecuadorian€citizen€born€in€1929,€Š -P(+ Šresiding€in€Quito,€Ecuador.€€She€submits€the€communication€on€behalf€of€her€son,€Juan€FernandoŠ š-@), ŠTern€Jijš;šn,€an€Ecuadorian€citizen€born€in€1966,€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communication€(21Š ° ŠJanuary€1988)€detained€at€the€Penal€Garca€Moreno€in€Quito,€Ecuador.Š  š ŠĢ1.2€€€After€two€years€of€detention,€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€released;€he€left€Ecuador€in€August€Š €Š Š1988€and€currently€resides€in€Mexico,€where€he€pursues€university€studies.€€After€his€release,€Mr.Š pĄ ŠTern€Jijš;šn€confirmed€the€exactitude€of€his€motherššs€submissions€and€joined€the€communication€asŠ ` ° Šco„author,€expressing€the€wish€that€the€Committee€proceed€with€the€examination€of€the€case.€Š P   ŠĢ1.3€€€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€arrested€on€7€March€1986€in€Quito€by€members€of€an€Š 0 € Šantisubversive€police€unit€known€as€Escuadrš;šn€Volante;€according€to€the€author,€he€was€about€toŠ  p  Švisit€a€relative.€€He€claims€to€have€been€kept€incommunicado€for€5€days,€shackled€and€blindfolded,Š `  Šsubjected€to€physical€and€mental€torture,€and€forced€to€sign€more€than€10€blank€sheets€of€paper.€€HeŠ P  Šwas€then€transferred€to€the€Garca€Moreno€prison.€€The€report€of€a€medical€examination€carried€outŠ š@  Šin€the€infirmary€of€the€prison€on€13€March€1986€records€haematomas€and€skin€lesions€all€over€hisŠ ą0  Šbody.Š Š  ŠĢ1.4€€€The€author€was€charged€with€participation€in€the€crime€of€bank€robbery,€perpetrated€on€7€March€Š ° Š1986€against€the€Banco€de€Pichincha€and€the€Caja€de€Crdito€Agrcola€of€Sangolqu.€€He€denies€anyŠ  š Šinvolvement€in€the€offence.Š ą ŠĢ1.5€€€On€27€January€1987€the€Tribunal€Segundo€Penal€de€Pichincha€convicted€and€sentenced€him€toŠ pĄ Šone€year€of€imprisonment.€€Although€this€term€was€fully€served€on€7€March€1987€and€the€TribunalŠ `° Šordered€his€release€on€9€March€1987,€he€was€not€released€but€instead€reindicted,€allegedly€on€theŠ P  Šsame€facts€and€for€the€same€offence.Š @ ŠĢ1.6€€€With€regard€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€Mrs.€Tern€Jijš;šn€states€that€she€Š  p Šinstituted€an€action€for€ņņamparoóó,€appealed€to€the€Tribunal€de€Garantas€Constitucionales€and€to€theŠ ` ŠNational€Congress.€€On€18€March€1988,€her€son€was€released,€pending€the€adjudication€of€otherŠ P Šcriminal€proceedings,€involving€charges€of€illegal€possession€of€firearms.€€On€22€August€1989,€theŠ š@ ŠFourth€Chamber€of€the€Superior€Court€declares€the€charges€null€and€void;€it€found€that€theŠ ą0 Šreindictment€of€the€author€in€January€1987€violated€article€160€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure;Š Š  Šaccording€to€which€no€one€shall€be€tried€or€convicted€more€than€once€for€the€same€offence.Š Ą! ŠĢņņComplaintóóŠ  #š! ŠÓ€ („h83ÓĢ2.€€€It€is€claimed€that€Juan€Tern€Jijš;šn€is€a€victim€of€violations€by€Ecuador€of€article€7€of€theŠ €%Š # ŠCovenant,€because€he€was€subjected€to€torture€and€ill„treatment€following€his€arrest,€partly€in€orderŠ p&Ą!$ Što€extract€a€confession€from€him€and€in€order€to€force€him€to€sign€blank€sheets€of€paper,€about€whoseŠ `'°"% Šsubsequent€use€he€was€kept€in€the€dark;€the€author€adds€that€he€was€denied€access€to€counsel.€€It€isŠ P( #& Šfurther€claimed€that€he€was€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€because€he€was€subjectedŠ @)$' Što€arbitrary€arrest€and€detention,€since€he€allegedly€was€not€involved€in€the€bank€robbery;€in€thisŠ 0*€%( Šcontext,€it€is€submitted€that€the€police€report€incriminating€him€was€manipulated€by€the€MinistryŠ  +p&) Šresponsible€for€the€police€(Ministerio€de€Ō_ŌGobiernoŌ_Ō€y€Polica).€€The€author€further€alleges€a€violationŠ ,`'* Šof€article€9,€paragraph€3,€because€he€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge.€€The€fact€of€havingŠ -P(+ Šbeen€reindicted€for€the€same€facts€and€the€same€offence€is€said€to€amount€to€a€violation€of€theŠ š-@), Šprinciple€ņņne€bis€in€idemóó.Š ° ŠĢņņState€partyššs€information€and€observationsóóŠ ą ŠĢ3.1€€€The€State€party€contends€that€on€7€March€1986€Juan€Tern€Jijš;šn,€together€with€a€group€of€armed€Š pĄ Šmen€belonging€to€the€terrorist€movement€š šAlfaro€vivešš,€robbed€the€bank€of€Pichincha€and€the€CajaŠ ` ° Šde€Crdito€Agrcola€of€Sangolqu.€Š P   ŠĢ3.2€€€According€to€the€police€report,€eight€persons€were€involved€in€the€hold„up€of€the€two€banks,€Š 0 € Šescaping€in€a€pick„up€truck,€of€which€the€author€was€said€to€be€the€driver.€€A€police€car€whichŠ  p  Šfollowed€them€was€able€to€arrest€three€of€them€after€a€shoot„out.€€The€remaining€five€wereŠ `  Šapprehended€later.€€The€report€does€not€specify€when€or€where€Mr.€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€apprehended.Š P  ŠĢ3.3€€€The€State€party€denies€that€Mr.€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€at€any€time€subjected€to€ill„treatment€inŠ ą0  Šdetention.€It€further€contends€that€the€judicial€proceedings€against€the€author€were€at€all€timesŠ Š  Šconducted€in€conformity€with€the€procedures€established€under€Ecuadorian€Law.Š Ą ŠĢ3.4€€€With€respect€to€the€second€indictment€against€Mr.€Tern€Jijš;šn,€the€State€party€explains€that€itŠ  š Šwas€not€based€on€the€charge€of€bank€robbery,€but€rather€on€the€charge€of€illegal€possession€ofŠ ą Šfirearms.Š €Š ŠĢņņIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóŠ `° ŠĢ4.1€€During€its€thirty„ninth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theŠ @ Šcommunication€and€noted€that€the€State€party,€while€addressing€issues€of€merit,€had€not€shownŠ 0€ Šwhether€any€investigation€with€regard€to€the€allegations€of€torture€had€taken€place€or€was€in€progress,Š  p Šnor€contended€that€effective€domestic€remedies€remained€open€to€the€author.€€In€the€circumstances,Š ` Šthe€Committee€concluded€that€€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€OptionalŠ P ŠProtocol€had€been€met.Š š@ ŠĢ4.2€€€The€Committee€further€noted€that€the€facts€as€submitted€appeared€to€raise€issues€underŠ Š  Šprovisions€of€the€Covenant€which€had€not€specifically€been€invoked€by€the€authors.€€It€reiterated€thatŠ Ą! Šwhereas€authors€must€invoke€the€substantive€rights€contained€in€the€Covenant,€they€are€not€required,Š °"  Šfor€purposes€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€necessarily€to€do€so€by€reference€to€specific€articles€of€theŠ  #š! ŠCovenant.€€So€as€to€assist€the€State€party€in€preparing€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€ofŠ $ą" Šthe€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€suggested€that€the€State€party€should€address€the€allegationsŠ €%Š # Š(a)€under€article€10€of€the€Covenant,€that€Juan€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€subjected€to€ill„treatment€duringŠ p&Ą!$ Šdetention,€(b)€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b),€that€he€was€denied€access€to€a€lawyer€after€his€arrest,Š `'°"% Š(c)€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),€that€he€was€forced€to€sign€blanco€confessions,€and€(d)€that€hisŠ P( #& Šindictment€in€January€1987€corresponded€to€be€same€offence€for€which€he€had€already€been€tried€andŠ @)$' Šconvicted,€which€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraph€7.Š 0*€%( ŠĢ4.3€€€On€4€July€1990,€therefore,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€so€far€asŠ ,`'* Šit€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14€of€the€Covenant.Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š4.4€€€The€State€party€did€not€reply€to€the€Committeeššs€request€for€information€and€observations,€inŠ ° Šspite€of€a€reminder€addressed€to€it€on€29€July€1991.Š  š ŠĢ5.1€€€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€information€madeŠ €Š Šavailable€by€all€parties,€as€required€under€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Š pĄ ŠConcerning€the€substance€of€the€authorsšš€allegations,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€theŠ ` ° ŠState€party€has€confined€itself€to€statements€of€a€general€nature,€by€categorically€denying€that€theŠ P   Šauthor€was€at€any€time€subjected€to€ill„treatment,€and€by€asserting€that€the€proceedings€compliedŠ @  Šwith€the€requirements€of€Ecuadorian€law.€€Article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€enjoinsŠ 0 € Ša€State€party€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violations€of€the€Covenant€madeŠ  p  Šagainst€it€and€its€judicial€authorities,€and€to€furnish€of€the€Committee€with€sufficient€detail€about€theŠ `  Šmeasures,€if€any,€taken€to€remedy€the€situation.€€The€dismissal€of€the€allegations€in€general€terms,Š P  Šas€in€the€present€case,€does€not€meet€the€requirements€of€article€4,€paragraph€2.€€In€the€circumstances,Š š@  Šdue€weight€must€be€given€to€the€authorššs€allegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.Š ą0  ŠĢ5.2€€€Mr.€Tern€has€claimed€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture€and€ill„treatment€during€detention,€which€Š Ą Šincluded€remaining€shackled€and€blind„folded€for€five€days;€the€State€party€dismisses€this€claim.€€TheŠ ° ŠCommittee€notes€that€Mr.€Tern€has€submitted€corroborative€evidence€in€support€of€his€allegation;Š  š Šthe€medical€report,€prepared€on€13€March€1986,€i.e.€shortly€after€his€arrest,€records€haematomas€andŠ ą Šnumerous€skin€lesions€(š šescoriacionesšš)€all€over€his€body.€€Moreover,€the€author€has€submitted€thatŠ €Š Šhe€was€forced€to€sign€more€than€10€blank€sheets€of€paper.€€In€the€Committeeššs€opinion,€this€evidenceŠ pĄ Šis€sufficiently€compelling€to€justify€the€conclusion€that€he€was€subjected€to€treatment€prohibitedŠ `° Šunder€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€he€was€not€treated€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€ofŠ P  Šhis€person,€in€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1.Š @ ŠĢ5.3€€€In€respect€of€the€authorsšš€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€the€Committee€lacks€Š  p Šsufficient€evidence€to€the€effect€that€Mr.€Ternššs€arrest€was€arbitrary€and€not€based€on€groundsŠ ` Šestablished€by€law.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€Committee€notes€that€Mr.€Tern€was€kept€in€detentionŠ P Šon€the€basis€of€a€second€indictment,€subsequently€quashed,€from€9€March€1987€until€18€March€1988.€Š š@ ŠIn€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€this€continuation€of€his€detention€for€one€yearŠ ą0 Šfollowing€the€release€order€of€9€March€1987€constituted€illegal€detention€within€the€meaning€ofŠ Š  Šarticle€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Moreover,€Mr.€Tern€has€claimed€and€the€State€party€has€notŠ Ą! Šdenied€that€he€was€kept€incommunicado€for€five€days€without€being€brought€before€a€judge€andŠ °"  Šwithout€having€access€to€counsel.€€The€Committee€considers€that€this€entails€a€violation€of€articleŠ  #š! Š9,€paragraph€3.€Š $ą" ŠĢ5.4€€€With€regard€to€Mr.€Ternššs€contention€that€the€State€party€violated€article€14,€paragraph€7,€ofŠ p&Ą!$ Šthe€Covenant,€because€he€was€reindicted€for€the€same€events€that€had€been€the€basis€of€his€first€trialŠ `'°"% Šand€conviction,€the€Committee€notes€that€article€14,€paragraph€7,€proscribes€re„trial€or€punishmentŠ P( #& Šfor€an€offence€for€which€the€person€has€already€been€convicted€or€acquitted.€€In€the€instant€case,Š @)$' Šwhile€the€second€indictment€concerned€a€specific€element€of€the€same€matter€examined€in€the€initialŠ 0*€%( Štrial,€Mr.€Tern€was€not€tried€or€convicted€a€second€time,€since€the€Superior€Court€quashed€theŠ  +p&) Šindictment,€thus€vindicating€the€principle€of€ņņne€bis€in€idemóó.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€thatŠ ,`'* Šthere€has€been€no€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Covenant.Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š6.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€toŠ ° Šthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€itŠ  š Šdisclose€violations€of€articles€7,€9,€paragraphs€1€and€3€and€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Š ą ŠĢ7.€€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šn€is€entitled€to€a€remedy,€including€Š pĄ Šappropriate€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€investigate€the€use€to€which€theŠ ` ° Šmore€than€ten€sheets€of€paper€signed€by€Mr.€Tern€Jijš;šn€under€duress€were€put,€to€see€to€it€that€theseŠ P   Šdocuments€are€returned€to€him€or€destroyed,€and€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theŠ @  Šfuture.Š 0 € ŠĢ8.€€€The€Committee€would€appreciate€receiving€information,€within€90€days,€from€the€State€party€inŠ `  Šrespect€of€measures€adopted€pursuant€to€the€Committeeššs€views.Š P  ŠĢ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Š ą0  ŠĢ_______Š Ą Š*€Pursuant€to€rule€84,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Committeeššs€rules€of€procedure,€Mr.€Julio€Prado€VallejoŠ ° Šdid€not€take€part€in€the€examination€of€the€communication€and€the€adoption€of€the€CommitteeššsŠ  š Šviews.Š ą ŠĢ**€An€individual€opinion€submitted€by€Mr.€Bertil€Wennergren€is€appended.Š pĄ ŠĢĢņņÓµÓÓ  Óņ ņAppendixó óóó€Š @ ŠĢņņIndividual€opinion€of€Mr.€Bertil€Wennergren€pursuant€to€rule€94,€paragraph€3,€of€theŠ  p ŠCommitteeššs€rules€or€procedure,€concerning€the€Committeeššs€views€on€communication€No.Š ` Š277/1988€(Marieta€and€Juan€Fernando€Tern€Jijš;šn€v.€Ecuador)óóŠ P ŠÓź?ÓÓÓĢą  ąI€concur€with€the€Committeeššs€views,€with€the€exception€of€the€findings,€in€paragraph€5.4,Š ą0 Šon€Mr.€Ternššs€claim€that€he€was€forced€to€sign€10€blank€sheets€of€paper€during€the€interrogation€thatŠ Š  Štook€place€when€he€was€kept€incommunicado€in€detention€and€subjected€to€maltreatment.€€TheŠ Ą! ŠCommittee€has€expressed€the€view,€in€paragraph€5.2,€that€the€evidence€submitted€is€sufficientlyŠ °"  Šcompelling€to€justify€the€conclusion€that€Mr.€Tern€Jijš;šn€was€subjected€to€treatment€prohibited€underŠ  #š! Šarticle€7€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€he€was€not€treated€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€hisŠ $ą" Šperson€(in€violation€of€art.€10,€para.1).€However,€the€Committee€found€that€the€element€of€signingŠ €%Š # Š10€blank€sheets€of€paper€did€not€raise€an€issue€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g).€€In€that€respect,€IŠ p&Ą!$ Šdisagree.€Š `'°"% ŠĢą  ąI€first€note€that€the€State€party€has€not€addressed€Mr.€Ternššs€allegation€that€he€was€forcedŠ @)$' Što€sign€these€blank€sheets.€€In€the€circumstances,€there€is€sufficient€reason€to€believe€that€theŠ 0*€%( Šallegation€is€based€on€verifiable€events.€€I€therefore€believe€that€the€Committeeššs€findings€shouldŠ  +p&) Šhave€been€made€on€the€basis€of€these€facts€as€found.€€Pursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),Š ,`'* Ševeryone€shall,€in€the€determination€of€any€criminal€charge€against€him,€be€entitled€not€to€beŠ -P(+ Šcompelled€to€testify€against€himself€or€to€confess€guilt.€€This€means€that€during€criminalŠ š-@), Šproceedings,€neither€the€prosecutor€nor€the€judge€nor€anyone€else€may€threaten€the€accused€orŠ ° Šotherwise€try€to€exert€pressure€on€him,€so€as€to€force€him€to€testify€against€himself€or€to€confessŠ  š Šguilt.Š ą ŠĢą  ąIt€also€would€violate€the€principle€of€objectivity€and€impartiality€if€such€incidents€were€toŠ pĄ Šoccur;€it€would€further€entail€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),€if€testimony€or€a€confessionŠ ` ° Šobtained€through€compulsion€in€pretrial€interrogation€were€to€be€introduced€as€evidence.€€Article€15Š P   Šof€the€Convention€against€Torture€confirms€this€view€by€prescribing€that€each€State€party€shallŠ @  Šensure€that€any€statement€which€is€found€to€have€been€made€as€a€result€of€torture€shall€not€beŠ 0 € Šintroduced€as€evidence€in€any€judicial€proceedings,€except€against€an€individual€accused€of€torture,Š  p  Šas€evidence€that€the€statement€was€made.Š `  ŠĢą  ąNevertheless,€it€is€difficult€to€avoid€that€an€incrimination€or€confession,€in€spite€of€their€notŠ š@  Šbeing€given€any€weight€of€evidence,€cast€a€shadow€on€the€accused.€€All€attempts€to€compel€a€personŠ ą0  Što€incriminate€him€or€herself€or€to€confess€guilt€should€thus€be€prevented.€€It€is€not€unusual€that,€asŠ Š  Ša€method€of€compulsion,€an€interrogator€forces€the€accused€to€sign€blank€papers,€insinuating€thatŠ Ą Šincriminations€of€confessions€of€crimes€more€serious€than€the€ones€he€is€accused€of,€would€be€added.€Š ° ŠIn€so€doing,€the€interrogator€of€course€violates€article€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€but,€in€my€opinion,€heŠ  š Šalso€violates€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g).€€That€conclusion€follows€my€conviction€that€no€form€ofŠ ą Šcompulsion€to€make€an€individual€incriminate€him€or€herself€or€to€confess€guilt,€can€be€accepted;Š €Š Šthis€is€so€regardless€of€whether€it€is€an€express€incrimination€or€merely€a€hypothetical€one.€€ThereŠ pĄ Šis€always€the€risk€that€what€has€been€signed€or€recorded€may€exercise€undue€influence€on€the€issueŠ `° Šof€proof€in€the€determination€of€criminal€charges€at€a€subsequent€stage.Š P  ŠĢÓ`AÓÓ  ÓBertil€WENNERGRENŠ 0€ Š