ÿWPCû \¤Ú¡ƒ˜~ †NÓwÅþ?37—˜Œ¦ÈžÖ^(§V¯8¹½Š0`H¥ 8uÂýɳv &¬!ÏLo|ç!­Ë19z«Í.üÜ’Ü3þˆË=A—§2Ø2*Òsš{lI©i"G…ÿJSâD¾ZS“ˆzRÆxµ¾Gh{ó´ kiîו}<©–TùÛî ±Ì×…ø Ÿ2½(WÓEÙjÁ$l;«Q˜D'+ÖQfJ#AG•tYÀF(AV ÊD{é=§iÓ‘zL–P?ë{iUX¿½#ŠÛGÀùÜà5­Î 5™V0¡^óËu¤Väd~<%"™u+ W•C²ý³99GÜðÏ÷;ñ«d«Û/÷(Xƒ?ç‰vª.ßâtèÞ Ö®2¢ZjB¦õ jŸƒ|½çÛn&FUŸ#Eæžý23‡ L|õåÓßNEãO+×T ­–¹=®9/î/µÛ徟”!²%ózÞ óºø?« ú\Z¥¶l!nõ_rQ!ˆ’%±„8yÒÎ$¶ŒŠnï5NìŒR™ýÑÖ^:»[\HLé¯ëáàiù/r÷äÒgÅOôðBpàÝEx®ÚáÓúvñ¯ßª8¼´£hÀIô¯Ü‡ax»åÈ5a…©ÝU>¤Ìâ 0µ® 0<c 0YŸ 0_ø 0iW 0PÀÆ 0áÖ 0(· D+ß AM %W W ] 0Nm 0Æ» #Á UNBBM(”N¼^ ¾wÊ4Îâ mäô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Eric Hammel v. Madagascar, Communication No. 155/1983 (3 April 1987), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 4 U.N. Doc. Supp. No. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹23Ë$££Ý ƒ¦!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X$XXXÔÔ€X$XXX$ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(ž¦$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X0ÆXXXÔÔ€X0ÆXXX0ÆÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular‡–ù* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00 ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¦!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X$XXXÔÔ€X$XXX$ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔHammelÔ_Ô€v.€MadagascaróóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€155/1983Ð H˜ ÐÌ3€April€1987Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóEric€Ô_ÔHammelÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóthe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóMadagascar€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó1€August€1983€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó28€March€1985óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€3€April€1987;€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€155/1983€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Maitre€Eric€Ô_ÔHammelÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ ¾ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€'to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€Article€5,€Paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓ>ÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€1€August€1983€and€further€letters€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ð12€December€1983,€18€September€and€17€October€1985,€30€May€and€18€August€1986€andÐ l*¼%* Ð25€February€1987)€is€Maitre€Eric€Ô_ÔHammelÔ_Ô,€a€French€national€and€resident€of€France,Ð R+¢&+ Ðformerly€a€Ô_ÔpractisingÔ_Ô€attorney€in€Madagascar€until€his€expulsion€in€February€1982.€He€claimsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðto€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€the€State€party€of€articles€9,€13€and€14€of€the€InternationalÐ -n(- ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€He€also€alleges€a€breach€of€article€2,€paragraph€3€(b),Ð ° Ðof€the€Covenant.€Ð –æ ÐÌ2.1€Maitre€Ô_ÔHammelÔ_Ô€states€that€he€was€called€to€the€Madagascar€bar€in€May€1963€andÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€law€at€Antananarivo.€He€claims€to€have€built€up€over€a€period€of€19€years€one€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€best€law€practices€in€Madagascar€and€that€he€defended€the€principal€leaders€of€theÐ . ~ ÐMalagasy€political€opposition€as€well€as€other€political€prisoners.€He€alleges€that€on€twoÐ  d Ðoccasions,€in€1980€and€1981,€he€was€detained€by€Ô_ÔDGIDÔ_Ô€(Malagasy€political€police)€andÐ ú J Ðreleased€after€one€day€of€questioning.€On€8€February€1982,€the€political€police€arrested€himÐ à 0 Ðagain€at€his€law€office,€kept€him€in€incommunicado€detention€in€a€basement€cell€of€the€prisonÐ Æ   Ðof€the€political€police€and€subsequently€deported€him€from€Madagascar€on€11€FebruaryÐ ¬ ü  Ð1982,€giving€him€only€two€hours€to€pack€his€belongings.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ2.2€With€regard€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€alleges€that€on€1€MarchÐ ^®  Ð1982€he€applied€to€the€Malagasy€Ministry€of€the€Interior€for€the€abrogation€of€the€expulsionÐ D”  Ðorder€as€illegal€and€unfounded.€In€the€absence€of€any€response€from€the€Ministry,€the€authorÐ *z  Ðformally€applied€to€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Madagascar€on€10Ð ` ÐJune€1982€requesting€abrogation€of€the€expulsion€order.€Ð öF ÐÌ2.3€The€author€alleges€certain€interference€with€his€correspondence€by€the€Malagasy€postalÐ Â Ðservices€and€governmental€interference€in€various€court€proceedings€in€which€he€wasÐ ¨ø Ðengaged.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ2.4€It€is€claimed€that€the€proceedings€started€by€the€author€were€deliberately€Ô_ÔparalysedÔ_Ô€byÐ Zª Ðthe€Malagasy€Government€in€violation€of€domestic€laws€and€of€the€International€CovenantÐ @ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€In€this€connection€the€author€substantiates€his€allegations€asÐ &v Ðfollows:€Ð  \ ÐÌà0 4 àòò"Article€13:€óóAfter€19€years€as€a€member€of€the€Madagascar€bar,€I€was€expelled€fromÐ Ø( ÐMadagascar€as€a€French€national€by€order€of€11€February€1982,€with€24€hours'Ð ¾ Ðnotice.€I€was€notified€of€the€order€on€11€February€1982€and€there€was€a€plane€leavingÐ ¤ô Ðat€8€p.m.€I€had€two€hours€to€pack€my€baggage€at€my€home€under€surveillance€byÐ Š Ú Ðpolitical€police€officers.€I€thus€had€no€opportunity€to€avail€myself€of€any€of€theÐ p!À  Ðremedies€of€appeal€against€the€expulsion€order€that€are€provided€for€by€law.€WhenÐ V"¦! ÐI€later€applied€to€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€to€have€theÐ <#Œ" Ðexpulsion€order€repealed,€the€proceedings€...€were€thwarted€by€the€Government."€Ð"$r#4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Article€14,€paragraph€1:€The€Government€has€prevented€the€courts€and€tribunalsÐ î%>!% Ðfrom€reviewing€and€ruling€on€the€appeals€and€charges€I€have€filed€...,€although€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐCovenant€provides€that€everyone€shall€be€entitled€in€a€suit€at€law€to€a€hearing€by€theÐ º' #' Ðcompetent€tribunal."€Ð (ð#(4ü!4ü! ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€6€April€1984,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ l*¼%* Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ R+¢&+ Ðconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ 8,ˆ', Ðof€the€communication.€The€Committee€also€requested€the€State€party€to€forward€copies€ofÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôany€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.€The€deadline€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€rule€91€of€the€Committee's€provisionalÐ |Ì Ðrules€of€procedure€expired€on€14€July€1984.€No€submission€was€received€from€the€State€partyÐ b² Ðprior€to€adoption€of€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility€on€28€March€1985.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.1€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€notedÐ  d Ðthat€it€had€not€received€any€information€that€the€subject„matter€had€been€submitted€toÐ ú J Ðanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.2€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðunable€to€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€there€were€effectiveÐ ’â  Ðremedies€which€the€alleged€victim€should€have€pursued.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.€On€28€March€1985,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ D”  Ðadmissible.€In€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€StateÐ *z  Ðparty€was€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€theÐ ` Ðtransmittal€to€it€of€the€decision€on€admissibility,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifyingÐ öF Ðthe€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€might€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ7.1€By€letter€dated€18€September€1985,€the€author€submitted€further€clarification€of€the€factsÐ ¨ø Ðoutlined€in€his€original€communication,€in€particular€with€respect€to€his€arrest€on€8€FebruaryÐ ŽÞ Ðand€expulsion€on€11€February€1982.€He€describes€the€search€of€his€law€offices€carried€outÐ tÄ Ðby€the€Malagasy€political€police€on€8€February€1982€and€continues:€Ð Zª ÐÌà0 4 à"On€the€conclusion€of€the€search,€I€was€taken€away€by€officers€of€the€MalagasyÐ &v Ðpolitical€police€and€held€in€a€basement€cell€in€the€Malagasy€political€police€prisonÐ  \ Ð...€I€was€then€informed€that,€in€fact,€I€was€suspected€of€being€an€international€spy€inÐ òB Ðview€of€my€contacts€and€communications€with€Amnesty€International€and€theÐ Ø( ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€since,€according€to€the€Malagasy€political€police,€thoseÐ ¾ Ðcontacts€constituted€the€crime€of€international€espionage.€Consequently,€from€8€toÐ ¤ô Ð11€February€1982,€I€was€questioned€solely€about€that€alleged€crime€of€internationalÐ Š Ú Ðespionage€and€my€contacts€with€the€above„mentioned€organizations.€During€thatÐ p!À  Ðperiod,€I€was€detained€in€the€Malagasy€political€police€prison€(in€an€unlit,Ð V"¦! Ðunderground€cell€measuring€1.50€by€2.50€metres€with€no€sanitary€facilities€andÐ <#Œ" Ðcontaining€only€a€wooden€platform€on€which€to€sleep)€in€the€strictest€solitaryÐ "$r# Ðconfinement,€prohibited€from€contacting€a€fellow€lawyer,€the€Catholic€chaplain€orÐ %X $ Ðmy€family€and€from€receiving,€writing€or€sending€letters€...€In€the€early€afternoon€ofÐ î%>!% Ð11€February€1982,€...€I€...€was€notified€of€the€expulsion€order,€No.€737/82€of€11Ð Ô&$"& ÐFebruary€1982,€issued€against€me€....€In€the€early€evening€of€Thursday,€11€FebruaryÐ º' #' Ð1982,€I€was€escorted€back€to€my€home€and€office€where€I€was€permitted€to€pack€myÐ  (ð#( Ðbelongings€under€the€surveillance€of€two€officers€of€the€Malagasy€political€police.Ð †)Ö$) ÐHowever,€I€was€forbidden€to€contact€anyone.€I€was€then€driven€to€the€airport€atÐ l*¼%* ÐAntananarivo€in€a€Malagasy€political€police€(DGID)€vehicle€guarded€by€the€twoÐ R+¢&+ Ðpolice€officers€(reinforced€by€four€soldiers€armed€with€sub„machine„guns)€and€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimmediately€taken€on€board€the€aircraft€leaving€for€Paris€in€the€late€evening€of€11Ð -n(- ÐFebruary€1982.€Even€the€representative€of€the€French€Embassy€was€not€allowed€toÐ ° Ðcontact€me€at€the€airport€...€Although€I€was€arrested€for€so„called€conspiracy,€I€wasÐ –æ Ðimmediately€informed€that€I€was€actually€suspected€of€being€an€international€spy.Ð |Ì ÐHowever,€I€was€never€indicted€or€brought€before€a€magistrate€on€that€charge."€Ðb²4ü!4ü! ÐÌ7.2€These€facts,€the€author€alleges,€also€constitute€a€violation€of€article€9€of€the€InternationalÐ . ~ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð  d ÐÌ8.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€27Ð à 0 ÐSeptember€1985,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€arguingÐ Æ   Ðthat€domestic€remedies€had€not€yet€been€exhausted.€In€particular,€the€State€party€rejected€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðauthor's€allegations€that€the€Government€of€Madagascar€had€"deliberately€paralysed"Ð ’â  Ðòò(deliberement€paralysees),€óóthe€author's€legal€proceedings,€stating€that:€Ð xÈ  ÐÌà0 4 à"As€regards€the€two€applications€lodged€with€the€Administrative€Chamber,€theÐ D”  Ðapplication€concerning€the€Postal€Administration€will€be€placed€on€the€case€list€veryÐ *z  Ðshortly.€The€application€for€abrogation€of€the€expulsion€order€is,€however,€held€upÐ ` Ðat€the€present€time€because€Maitre€Eric€Hammel€has€not€received€the€last€memorandaÐ öF Ðfrom€the€State.€The€latter€were€returned€by€the€French€postal€service,€with€theÐ Ü, Ðenvelopes€marked€'not€resident€at€the€address€indicated€9202'.€The€Court€regardsÐ Â ÐMaitre€Eric€Hammel's€reply€to€those€memoranda€as€essential€for€the€settlement€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðdispute€...€ÐŽÞ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"These€facts€make€it€quite€clear€that€the€inquiries€into€the€cases€involving€Maitre€EricÐ Zª ÐHammel€have€always€taken€a€normal€course€without€any€move€on€the€part€of€theÐ @ ÐMalagasy€Government€to€interfere€with€them.€Ð&v4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Furthermore,€Maitre€Eric€Hammel€never€took€the€trouble€to€find€out€from€the€courtÐ òB Ðconcerned€what€stage€had€been€reached€in€the€proceedings€instituted€by€him.€If€heÐ Ø( Ðfelt€that€the€court€or€judge€was€guilty€of€gross€professional€negligence€by€failing€toÐ ¾ Ðdeal€with€his€application€or€suit,€or€that€there€was€a€denial€of€justice,€he€was€free€toÐ ¤ô Ðmake€use€of€the€procedure€for€claiming€damages€for€miscarriage€of€justice€asÐ Š Ú Ðprovided€for€under€articles€53€to€63€of€the€Malagasy€Code€of€Civil€Procedure."€Ðp!À 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ8.2€As€to€the€merits,€the€State€party€denied€the€alleged€violation€of€article€13€of€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCovenant,€arguing€that€Maitre€Hammel€had€been€expelled€in€pursuance€of€a€decision€reachedÐ "$r# Ðin€accordance€with€Malagasy€law,€i.e.,€on€the€basis€of€an€order€from€the€Minister€of€theÐ %X $ ÐInterior€acting€pursuant€to€article€14€of€Act€No.€62„006€of€6€June€1962,€which€stipulates€thatÐ î%>!% Ð"expulsion€may€be€ordered€by€decision€of€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€if€the€residence€of€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðalien€in€Madagascar€may€give€rise€to€a€breach€of€the€peace€or€threatens€public€security".€Ð º' #' ÐÌ8.3€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€article€13€that€an€alien€subject€to€expulsion€be€allowedÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€submit€the€reasons€against€his€expulsion€and€to€have€his€case€reviewed€by,€and€beÐ l*¼%* Ðrepresented€for€the€purpose€before,€the€competent€authority,€the€State€party€makes€referenceÐ R+¢&+ Ðto€articles€15€and€16€of€Act€No.€62„006,€pursuant€to€which€Maitre€Hammel€could€haveÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrequested€a€review€of€his€case:€Ð -n(- Їà0 4 à"At€no€point,€however,€did€Maitre€Eric€Hammel€make€any€such€request.€He€preferredÐ ° Ðto€make€use€of€the€administrative€remedy€and€to€apply€to€the€Minister€of€the€Interior.Ð –æ ÐIn€the€absence€of€any€response€on€the€part€of€the€latter,€he€took€his€case€directly€toÐ |Ì Ðthe€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€where€he€was€able€to€make€hisÐ b² Ðsubmissions€for€the€defence€without€restriction.€Under€Malagasy€administrative€caseÐ H˜ Ðlaw,€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€is€competent€to€question€theÐ . ~ Ðlawfulness€of€an€expulsion€measure€not€only€from€the€legal€standpoint€but€also€fromÐ  d Ðthe€standpoint€of€the€material€facts€on€the€grounds€of€which€the€Administration€tookÐ ú J Ðthe€measure."€Ðà 04ü!4ü! ÐÌ8.4€Concerning€the€alleged€violation€of€the€provisions€of€article€2,€paragraph€3€(b),€and€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€notes:€Ð ’â  ÐÌà0 4 à"This€accusation€is€unfounded€and€is€not€substantiated€by€any€evidence.€It€is€not€partÐ ^®  Ðeither€of€the€principles€or€of€the€practice€of€the€Malagasy€Government€to€obstruct€theÐ D”  Ðcourse€of€justice€in€any€way.€Not€for€the€first€time,€or€for€the€last,€has€anÐ *z  Ðadministrative€act€been€the€subject€of€appeal€and€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€theÐ ` ÐSupreme€Court€had€before€it€an€application€for€the€abrogation€of€an€administrativeÐ öF Ðdecision.€Since€attaining€independence,€the€Malagasy€State€has€always€upheld€theÐ Ü, Ðprinciple€of€legality€and€the€subordination€of€the€Administration€to€the€law.€TheÐ Â ÐAdministrative€Chamber€was€established€with€a€view€to€ensuring€supervision€ofÐ ¨ø Ðadministrative€acts;€it€has€not€hesitated€to€order€the€annulment€of€irregular€measuresÐ ŽÞ Ðon€a€number€of€occasions."€ÐtÄ4ü!4ü! ÐÌ9.1€In€his€comments,€dated€17€October€1985,€the€author€denies€the€State€party's€assertion€thatÐ @ Ðhe€had€the€possibility€of€challenging€his€expulsion€before€a€special€commission€provided€forÐ &v Ðby€Act€No.€62„006.€After€reiterating€the€circumstances€of€his€arrest€and€detention,€the€authorÐ  \ Ðindicates€that€early€in€the€afternoon€of€11€February€1982€he€was€taken€from€his€cell€to€theÐ òB Ðoffices€of€the€political€police,€where€he€was€served€a€notification€of€his€expulsion.€HeÐ Ø( Ðcontinues:€Ð ¾ ÐÌà0 4 à"I€was€then€taken€back€to€the€cell,€from€which€I€was€removed€again€at€about€6€p.m.Ð Š Ú Ðand€taken€home€under€the€supervision€of€two€inspectors€of€the€political€police€toÐ p!À  Ðpack€my€bags€and€then€taken€by€the€same€inspectors,€assisted€by€four€soldiers€armedÐ V"¦! Ðwith€sub„machine„guns,€to€the€airport€and€placed€directly€aboard€the€aircraft€aboutÐ <#Œ" Ðto€take€off€for€Paris.€In€addition,€the€expulsion€order€notified€to€me€on€Thursday,€11Ð "$r# ÐFebruary€1982,€at€2€p.m.€provided€for€a€deadline€of€24€hours,€which€was€thus€toÐ %X $ Ðexpire€on€Friday,€12€February€at€2€p.m.€There€is€a€flight€to€France€on€Thursdays€atÐ î%>!% Ð8€p.m.€and€another€on€Saturdays€at€8€p.m.€I€was€taken€òòmanu€millitari€óóto€the€aircraftÐ Ô&$"& Ðon€Thursday,€11€February,€but€it€would€obviously€have€been€impossible€for€me€toÐ º' #' Ðtake€the€Saturday€flight€since€the€expulsion€deadline€was€2€p.m.€on€Friday.€It€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðthus€materially€impossible€for€me,€as€a€result€of€the€arrangements€made€by€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðpolitical€police,€to€use€the€remedies€provided€for€by€Act€No.€62„006,€since€the€periodÐ l*¼%* Ðof€eight€days€provided€for€by€that€Act€would€have€ended€on€19€February€1982€at€2Ð R+¢&+ Ðp.m.,€whereas€the€deadline€for€expulsion€was€2€p.m.€on€12€February€1982,€and€I€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðofficially€placed€aboard€the€aircraft€by€the€political€police€on€the€evening€of€11Ð -n(- ÐFebruary€1982€and€prevented€from€communicating€with€anybody€whatsoever€fromÐ ° Ðthe€notification€of€the€expulsion€until€my€departure.€The€arrangements€made€by€theÐ –æ ÐMalagasy€political€police€had€precisely€the€purpose€of€preventing€me€from€makingÐ |Ì Ðuse€of€the€remedies€against€expulsion."€Ðb²4ü!4ü! ÐÌ9.2€Finally,€with€respect€to€the€State€party's€assertion€that€the€proceedings€were€delayed€byÐ . ~ Ðthe€author's€change€of€address€in€France,€Maitre€Hammel€encloses€as€evidence€copies€ofÐ  d Ðseven€registered€letters€with€his€letterhead€and€exact€address€(including€a€specific€indicationÐ ú J Ðas€to€his€change€of€address),€four€of€which€are€addressed€to€the€President€of€theÐ à 0 ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€(dated€17€January€1983,€7€April€1983,€2Ð Æ   ÐApril€1985€and€10€April€1985)€and€three€addressed€to€the€Dean€of€the€ExaminingÐ ¬ ü  ÐMagistrates€of€the€Antananarivo€Court€(dated€12€December€1982,€7€April€1983€and€2€AprilÐ ’â  Ð1985).€Maitre€Hammel€alleges€that€all€of€these€letters€have€remained€unanswered,€in€someÐ xÈ  Ðcases€for€more€than€three€years,€and€he€concludes€that:€Ð ^®  ÐÌà0 4 à"From€the€end€of€1982€or€the€beginning€of€1983,€the€relevant€branches€of€theÐ *z  ÐMalagasy€judiciary€had€my€exact€address€and€could€have€sent€me€or€informed€me€ofÐ ` Ðany€documents,€but€have€done€nothing€...€These€letters€are,€moreover,€requests€forÐ öF Ðinformation€concerning€the€proceedings€in€progress€and€the€argument€of€theÐ Ü, ÐMalagasy€party€that€I€had€never€taken€the€trouble€to€find€out€what€stage€had€beenÐ Â Ðreached€in€the€proceedings€is€thus€negated€by€this€evidence€which€shows,€on€theÐ ¨ø Ðcontrary,€that€the€Malagasy€judiciary€was€not€prepared€to€inform€me€of€the€stageÐ ŽÞ Ðreached€in€the€proceedings€I€had€instituted."€ÐtÄ4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.€In€its€further€observations€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€dated€13€January€1986,€the€StateÐ @ Ðparty€again€rejects€the€author's€contention€that€the€Government€of€Madagascar€tried€toÐ &v Ðparalyse€the€judicial€proceedings€commenced€by€him€and€reaffirms€the€independence€of€theÐ  \ ÐMalagasy€judiciary.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€procedural€delays€in€the€case€areÐ òB Ðattributable€to€the€fact€that€the€author€is€outside€Madagascar.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ11.€In€an€interim€decision€dated€2€April€1986€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€noting€the€StateÐ ¤ô Ðparty's€observation€that€Maitre€Hammel€could€have€sought€review€of€the€expulsion€orderÐ Š Ú Ðpursuant€to€Act€No.€62„006,€requested€the€author€to€clarify€further€why€he€did€not€pursue€thisÐ p!À  Ðremedy€from€France€during€the€week€from€12€to€19€February€1982,€i.e.€within€the€time„limitÐ V"¦! Ðprovided€for€in€the€law.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ12.€In€a€reply€dated€30€May€1986€Maitre€Hammel€explains€that€article€15€of€Act€No.€62„006Ð %X $ Ðprovides€for€an€administrative€or€voluntary€remedy€in€respect€of€a€contested€decision.€This,Ð î%>!% Ðhe€states,€involves€the€lodging€of€an€appeal€with€the€authorities€calling€for€an€administrativeÐ Ô&$"& Ðreview€of€the€decision€in€question€and,€under€Malagasy€law,€has€the€effect€of€stayingÐ º' #' Ðexecution€of€the€decision,€since€the€aim€is€to€bring€about€a€review€of€the€decision,€with€aÐ  (ð#( Ðview€to€its€repeal€before€it€is€put€into€effect..€The€administrative€appeal€thus€provides€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€individual€concerned€is€brought€before€and€is€heard€by€a€special€commission,€whichÐ l*¼%* Ðgives€an€opinion,€with€the€final€ruling€being€made€by€the€Minister€of€the€Interior.€Once€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðexpulsion€has€been€carried€out,€the€possibility€of€being€heard€by€the€commission€no€longerÐ 8,ˆ', Ðexists.€Because€of€the€circumstances€of€his€detention€and€the€rapidity€of€his€expulsion,€theÐ -n(- Ðauthor€states,€he€was€unable€to€lodge€an€appeal€under€Act€No.€62„006€before€he€was€expelledÐ ° Ðon€11€February€1982.€Upon€his€arrival€in€France€on€12€February€1982,€he€adds,€an€appealÐ –æ Ðunder€Act€No.€62„006€had€become€pointless,€as€he€could€no€longer€be€brought€before€andÐ |Ì Ðheard€by€the€commission.€Consequently,€he€opted€for€contentious€appeal€before€theÐ b² ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€to€obtain€the€cancellation€of€the€expulsionÐ H˜ Ðorder.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ13.1€In€its€interim€decision€the€Committee€also€requested€the€State€party€"to€indicate€whenÐ ú J Ðthe€proceedings€lodged€by€Maitre€Eric€Hammel€before€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€theÐ à 0 ÐSupreme€Court'€are€expected€to€be€concluded,€if€pursued€in€a€timely€fashion€by€the€parties"Ð Æ   Ðand€"further€to€inform€the€Committee€as€to€the€reasons€for€Maitre€Eric€Hammel's€expulsionÐ ¬ ü  Ðat€such€short€notice,€without€his€being€able€to€seek€review€of€the€decision€to€expel€him€priorÐ ’â  Ðto€his€expulsion."€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ13.2€By€note€of€5€July€1986€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€a€ruling€on€MaitreÐ D”  ÐHammel's€application€requesting€the€cancellation€of€the€expulsion€order€should€be€made€inÐ *z  ÐJuly€1986.€With€regard€to€the€urgency€of€the€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order,€the€StateÐ ` Ðparty€submits€that,€under€Malagasy€legislation,€an€order€for€the€expulsion€of€an€alien€mayÐ öF Ðbe€enforced€at€short€notice,€that€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€is€alone€responsible€for€decidingÐ Ü, Ðhow€soon€an€expulsion€order€will€be€enforced,€that€a€unilateral€decision€by€theÐ Â ÐAdministration€is€enforceable€as€soon€as€it€has€been€signed,€and€that€Maitre€Hammel'sÐ ¨ø Ðexpulsion€was€linked€to€a€case€of€conspiracy€against€the€security€of€the€State€tried€in€JanuaryÐ ŽÞ Ð1982.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ14.€In€a€letter€dated€20€August€1986€the€author€commented€on€the€State€party's€reply€to€theÐ @ Ðinterim€decision€as€follows:€Ð &v ÐÌà0 4 à"The€Malagasy€State€acknowledges€having€expelled€me€with€such€haste€that€I€wasÐ òB Ðprevented€from€pursuing€the€remedies€provided€for€by€law€...€The€Malagasy€StateÐ Ø( Ðmaintains€that€I€was€expelled€for€having€been€involved€in€a€plot€in€January€1982€...Ð ¾ ÐI€was€in€fact€arrested€allegedly€because€of€this€plot,€but€on€my€arrival€at€the€politicalÐ ¤ô Ðpolice€prison€I€was€informed€that€I€had€been€arrested€on€those€alleged€grounds€onlyÐ Š Ú Ðin€order€that€I€might€be€detained€without€limitation€of€time€in€the€political€policeÐ p!À  Ðprison€and€that€in€fact€I€had€been€charged€with€international€espionage€because€of€myÐ V"¦! Ðcontacts€with€Scan€MacBride,€Chairman€of€the€International€Executive€CommitteeÐ <#Œ" Ðof€Amnesty€International,€and€with€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€Geneva€..."€Ð"$r#4ü!4ü! ÐÌThe€author€further€claims€that€already€in€February€1980€the,€chief€of€the€political€police,€inÐ î%>!% Ðthe€presence€of€witnesses,€threatened€him€with€expulsion€for€"having€defended€personsÐ Ô&$"& Ðaccused€of€political€offences€and€having€obtained€their€discharge€...€I€was€summoned€on€1Ð º' #' ÐMarch€1980€...€by€the€political€police€and€questioned€the€whole€day,€before€being€releasedÐ  (ð#( Ðin€the€evening.€I€was€again€summoned€by€the€political€police€on€4€November€1980€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðquestioned€the€whole€day€before€being€released."€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ15.€In€a€further€submission€dated€13€January€1987€the€State€party,€commenting€on€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðauthor's€allegations,€observes€that€"Maitre€Hammel€continues€to€make€deceitful€andÐ -n(- Ðtendentious€assertions€with€the€intention€of€discrediting€the€Malagasy€Government€andÐ ° Ðjudicial€authorities."€The€State€party€also€enclosed€a€copy€of€the€text€of€the€decision€of€theÐ –æ ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Madagascar,€dated€13€August€1986.€AsÐ |Ì Ðto€the€grounds€for€Maitre€Hammel's€expulsion,€the€Court€observes€òòinter€alia€óóas€follows:€Ð b² ÐÌà0 4 à"Whereas€it€is€apparent€from€the€investigation€that€Mr.€Eric€Hammel,€making€useÐ . ~ Ðboth€of€his€status€as€a€corresponding€member€of€Amnesty€International€and€of€theÐ  d ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€òò[sic]€óóat€Geneva,€and€as€a€barrister,€of€his€own€free€willÐ ú J Ðtook€the€liberty€of€discrediting€Madagascar€by€making€assertions€of€such€gravity€thatÐ à 0 Ðthey€should€have€been€upheld€by€irrefutable€evidence;€whereas€this€has€not€alwaysÐ Æ   Ðbeen€the€case;€whereas€this€is€also€true€of€the€assertion€in€his€most€recentÐ ¬ ü  Ðmemorandum€that€the€camp€of€Tsiafaha,€situated€approximately€20€km€south€ofÐ ’â  ÐAntananarivo€on€the€Antsirabe€road€is€obviously€a€camp€for€political€prisoners,Ð xÈ  Ðalthough€the€person€in€question€has€not€been€able€to€supply€the€slightest€proof€for€hisÐ ^®  Ðallegations€that€any€internment€has€actually€taken€place;€whereas,€in€addition,€it€isÐ D”  Ðapparent€from€the€documents€in€the€case€file€that€the€applicant€did€not€fail€to€informÐ *z  Ðhis€acquaintances€abroad€of€the€situation€in€Madagascar,€blackening€it€to€hisÐ ` Ðconvenience,€without€any€concern€for€the€difficult€environment€prevailing€in€theÐ öF Ðcountry,€regardless€of€any€assessment€of€the€nature€of€the€regime€itself.€ÐÜ,4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Whereas€conduct€of€this€type€was€òòper€se€óóincompatible€with€the€status€of.€an€alienÐ ¨ø Ðand€gave€rise€to€the€greatest€suspicions€as€to€the€applicant's€real€intentions;€whereasÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Minister€of€the€Interior€was€therefore€right€to€have€considered€it€his€duty€toÐ tÄ Ðproceed€to€the€expulsion€of€Mr.€Eric€Hammel,€in€so€far€as€his€continued€presence€inÐ Zª ÐMadagascar€would€have€disturbed€public€order€and€security."€Ð@4ü!4ü! ÐÌThe€court€therefore€rejected€Maitre€Hammel's€application€to€quash€the€expulsion€order€of€11Ð  \ ÐFebruary€1982€and€ordered€him€to€pay€costs.€Ð òB ÐÌ16.€In€a€further€letter€of€25€February€1987,€the€author€observes€that€the€State€party€has€failedÐ ¾ Ðto€give€any€valid€reasons€for€his€expulsion€and€none€whatever€for€such€urgency€on€theÐ ¤ô Ðgrounds€of€national€security€as€could€have€justified€immediate€execution€of€the€expulsionÐ Š Ú Ðorder.€He€emphasizes€the€relevance€of€his€prior€allegation€that€the€chief€of€the€politicalÐ p!À  Ðpolice€threatened€him€with€expulsion€in€1980€because€of€his€human€rights€activities€andÐ V"¦! Ðstates€that,€in€spite€of€such€intimidation€and€two€arrests€by€the€political€police€in€1980,€heÐ <#Œ" Ðpursued€his€profession€as€a€human€rights€lawyer.€He€denies€the€State€party's€submission€thatÐ "$r# Ðhe€made€false€assertions€about€conditions€in€Madagascar,€in€particular€at€the€camp€ofÐ %X $ ÐTsiafaha,€but€admits€that€he€saw€it€as€his€duty€to€bring€to€the€attention€of€AmnestyÐ î%>!% ÐInternational€the€conditions€at€Tsiafaha€camp,€which€he€considered€violative€of€humanÐ Ô&$"& Ðrights.€He€further€states€that€the€General€Assembly€of€Malagasy€Lawyers,€in€a€resolution€ofÐ º' #' Ð3€April€1982,€protested€against€the€conditions€of€his€arrest€and€expulsion.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ17.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðall€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€Before€adopting€its€views,€the€Committee€took€into€consideration€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐState€party's€late€objection€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€but€the€Committee€canÐ -n(- Ðsee€no€justification€for€reviewing€its€decision€on€admissibility€on€the€basis€of€the€State€party'sÐ ° Ðcontention€that€the€author€had€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies.€It€is€clear€that€the€authorÐ –æ Ðwas€expelled€in€circumstances€which€excluded€an€effective€remedy€.under€Act€No.€62„006.Ð |Ì ÐThe€processing€of€the€author's€subsequent€applications€from€France€by€registeredÐ b² Ðcommunications€to€obtain€the€repeal€of€the€expulsion€order€was€delayed€for€over€four€yearsÐ H˜ Ðand,€thus,€was€unreasonably€prolonged€in€the€sense€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€theÐ . ~ ÐOptional€Protocol.€Ð  d ÐÌ18.1€The€Committee€therefore€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€areÐ à 0 Ðundisputed€or€have€not€been€refuted€by€the€State€party.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ18.2€Maitre€Hammel€is€a€French€national€and€resident€of€France,€formerly€a€practisingÐ ’â  Ðattorney€in€Madagascar€for€19€years€until€his€expulsion€on€11€February€1982.€In€FebruaryÐ xÈ  Ð1980€he€was€threatened€with€expulsion€and€was€detained€and€interrogated€on€1€March€and'Ð ^®  Ðagain€on€4€November€1980€in€this€connection.€On€8€February€1982,€he€was€arrested€at€hisÐ D”  Ðlaw€office€in€Antananarivo€by€the€Malagasy€political€police,€who€took€him€to€a€basement€cellÐ *z  Ðin€the€Malagasy€political€prison€and€kept€him€in€incommunicado€detention€until€11€FebruaryÐ ` Ð1982€when€he€was€notified€of€an€expulsion€order€against€him€issued€on€that€same€date€by€theÐ öF ÐMinister€of€the€Interior.€At€that€time€he€was€taken€under€guard€to€his€home€where€he€had€twoÐ Ü, Ðhours€to€pack€his€belongings.€He€was€deported€on€the€same€evening€to€France,€where€heÐ Â Ðarrived€on€12€February€1982.€He€was€not€indicted€nor€brought€before€a€magistrate€on€anyÐ ¨ø Ðcharge;€he€was€not€afforded€an€opportunity€to€challenge€the€expulsion€order€prior€to€hisÐ ŽÞ Ðexpulsion.€The€proceedings€concerning€his€subsequent€application€to€have€the€expulsionÐ tÄ Ðorder€revoked€ended€with€the€decision€of€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€CourtÐ Zª Ðof€Madagascar,€dated€13€August€1986,€in€which€the€Court€rejected€Maitre€Hammel'sÐ @ Ðapplication€and€found€the€expulsion€order€valid€on€the€grounds€that€Maitre€HammelÐ &v Ðallegedly€made€'use€both€of€his€status€as€a€corresponding€member€of€Amnesty€InternationalÐ  \ Ðand€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€òò[sic]€óóat€Geneva,€and€as€a€barrister'€to€discreditÐ òB ÐMadagascar.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ19.1€In€this€context,€the€Committee€observes€that€article€13€of€the€Covenant€provides,€at€anyÐ ¤ô Ðrate,€that€an€alien€lawfully€in€the€territory€of€a€State€party€'may€be€expelled€therefrom€onlyÐ Š Ú Ðin€pursuance€of€a€decision€reached€in€accordance€with€law€and€shall,€except€whereÐ p!À  Ðcompelling€reasons€of€national€security€otherwise€require,€be€allowed€to€submit€the€reasonsÐ V"¦! Ðagainst€his€expulsion€and€to€have€his€case€reviewed€by,€and€be€represented€for€the€purposeÐ <#Œ" Ðbefore,€the€competent€authority€or€a€person€or€persons€especially€designated€by€theÐ "$r# Ðcompetent€authority'.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ19.2€The€Committee€notes€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€author€was€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðgiven€an€effective€remedy€to€challenge€his€expulsion€and€that€the€State€party€has€not€shownÐ º' #' Ðthat€there€were€compelling€reasons€of€national€security€to€deprive€him€of€that€remedy.€InÐ  (ð#( Ðformulating€its€views€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€its€generalÐ †)Ö$) Ðcomment€15€(27),€a/€on€the€position€of€aliens€under€the€Covenant,€and€in€particular€pointsÐ l*¼%* Ðout€that€"an€alien€must€be€given€full€facilities€for€pursuing€his€remedy€against€expulsion€soÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€this€right€will€in€all€the€circumstances€of€his€case€be€an€effective€one".€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð19.3€The€Committee€further€notes€with€concern€that,€based€on€the€information€provided€byÐ ° Ðthe€State€party€(para.€15€above),€the€decision€to€expel€Eric€Hammel€would€appear€to€haveÐ –æ Ðbeen€linked€to€the€fact€that€he€had€represented€persons€before€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð |Ì ÐWere€that€to€be€the€case,€the€Committee€observes€that€it€would€be€both€untenable€andÐ b² Ðincompatible€with€the€spirit€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€andÐ H˜ Ðthe€Optional€Protocol€thereto,€if€States€parties€to€these€instruments€were€to€take€exceptionÐ . ~ Ðto€anyone€acting€as€legal€counsel€for€persons€placing€their€communications€before€theÐ  d ÐCommittee€for€consideration€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ú J ÐÌ19.4€The€issues€raised€in€this€case€also€relate€to€article€9,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant,€inÐ Æ   Ðthe€sense€that,€during€his€detention€preceding€expulsion,€Eric€Hammel€was€unable€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðchallenge€his€arrest.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ19.5€The€Committee€makes€no€findings€with€regard€to€the€other€claims€made€by€the€author.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ20.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ *z  ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ ` Ðfacts€as€found€by€the€Committee€disclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ öF Ðand€Political€Rights€with€respect€to:€Ð Ü, ÐÌà0 4 àArticle€9,€paragraph€4,€because€Eric€Hammel€was€unable€to€take€proceedings€beforeÐ ¨ø Ða€court€to€determine€the€lawfulness€of€his€arrest;€ÐŽÞ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 àArticle€13,€because,€for€grounds€that€were€not€those€of€compelling€reasons€ofÐ Zª Ðnational€security,€he€was€not€allowed€to€submit€the€reasons€against€his€expulsion€andÐ @ Ðto€have€his€case€reviewed€by€a€competent€authority€within€a€reasonable€time.€Ð&v4ü!4ü! ÐÌ21.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Ð òB Ðin€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€to€take€effective€measures€toÐ Ø( Ðremedy€the€violations€which€Maitre€Hammel€has€suffered€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€thatÐ ¾ Ðsimilar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌÌòòNotesóó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌa/€€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,.€Forty„first€Session,€Supplement€No.€40Ð "$r# Ðóó(A/41/40),€annex€VI.€