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ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25J ÿÿ0_levnl7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22J ÿÿ0_levnl8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/J ÿÿ0_levnl9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÝ ƒ Ń!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X|ÐXX XÔÔ€X|ÐXX X|ÐÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€v.€SwedenóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€39/1996Ð H˜ ÐÌ28€April€1997Ð  d ÐÌCAT/C/18/D/39/1996Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Gorki€Ernesto€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Sweden€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€19€January€1996€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€of€admissibilityóó:€8€May€1996€óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ &v ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€28€April€1997,€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€39/1996,€submitted€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€against€Torture€by€Mr.€Ernesto€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€under€article€22€of€the€ConventionÐ Š Ú Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌÓžÓò òòòÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionóóó ó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÓÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Gorki€Ernesto€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô,€a€Peruvian€citizen,Ð R+¢&+ Ðborn€on€5€October€1965,€at€present€residing€in€Sweden,€where€he€is€seeking€recognition€asÐ 8,ˆ', Ða€refugee.€He€claims€that€his€forced€return€to€Peru€would€constitute€a€violation€by€SwedenÐ -n(- Ðof€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€DegradingÐ ° ÐTreatment€or€Punishment.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð –æ ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó€Ð b² ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€since€1989€he€has€been€a€member€of€Shining€Path,€an€organizationÐ . ~ Ðof€the€Communist€Party€of€Peru.€On€2€April€1989,€he€was€arrested€during€a€Ô_ÔrazziaÔ_Ô€at€theÐ  d Ðuniversity€where€he€was€studying.€He€was€taken€to€the€police€station€for€identification€andÐ ú J Ðreleased€after€24€hours.€On€1€November€1989,€the€author€participated€in€a€demonstration€atÐ à 0 Ðwhich€he€handed€out€leaflets€and€handmade€bombs.€The€police€arrested€about€40€persons,Ð Æ   Ðamong€them€the€leader€of€the€author's€cell.€According€to€the€author,€this€person€was€forcedÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€reveal€the€names€of€the€other€cell€members.€The€same€day,€the€author's€house€wasÐ ’â  Ðallegedly€searched€by€the€police€and€the€author€decided€to€go€into€hiding€until€24€June€1990,Ð xÈ  Ðwhen€he€left€Peru€with€a€valid€passport€issued€on€5€April€1990.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.2€The€author€states€that€he€is€a€cousin€of€Ô_ÔJosÔ_Ô€Abel€Ô_ÔMalpartidaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô,€a€member€of€ShiningÐ *z  ÐPath,€who€was€arrested€and€allegedly€killed€by€the€police€in€1989,€and€of€Ernesto€CastilloÐ ` ÐÔ_ÔPaezÔ_Ô,€who€disappeared€on€21€October€1990.€The€author's€mother€and€the€father€of€theÐ öF Ðmissing€Ernesto€Castillo€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€obtained€assistance€from€a€Peruvian€lawyer€to€investigate€hisÐ Ü, Ðwhereabouts.€The€lawyer€subsequently€received€a€letter€bomb,€which€seriously€injured€him,Ð Â Ðupon€which€he€fled€the€country€and€was€granted€asylum€in€Sweden.€Several€members€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðauthor's€family€have€fled€Peru;€some€of€them€were€granted€asylum€in€Sweden€or€theÐ ŽÞ ÐNetherlands.òò€1óó€The€author's€brother€has€filed€an€application€with€the€European€CommissionÐ tÄ Ðof€Human€Rights,€which€was€declared€admissible€on€18€April€1996.€On€6€December€1996,Ð Zª Ðthe€Commission€adopted€its€report€in€which€it€found€that€the€applicant's€expulsion€to€PeruÐ @ Ðwould€not€violate€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð &v ÐÌ2.3€The€author€arrived€in€Sweden€on€26€June€1990€and€applied€for€political€asylum€on€6Ð òB ÐAugust€1990.€On€30€March€1993,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€rejected€his€applicationÐ Ø( Ðfor€political€asylum,€considering€that€the€author€had€participated€in€serious€non„politicalÐ ¾ Ðcriminality.€On€16€December€1994,€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€found€that€the€author€hadÐ ¤ô Ðundoubtedly€been€politically€active€but€that€he€could€not€be€regarded€as€a€refugee€accordingÐ Š Ú Ðto€chapter€3,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Aliens€Law.€The€Appeal€Board€considered€that,€althoughÐ p!À  Ðthe€author€could€be€seen€as€a€de€facto€refugee,€his€armed€political€activities€fell€within€theÐ V"¦! Ðframework€of€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€andÐ <#Œ" Ðtherefore€particular€reasons€existed€not€to€grant€him€asylum.€The€Appeal€Board€forwardedÐ "$r# Ðthe€case€to€the€Swedish€Government€for€decision.€On€12€October€1995,€the€GovernmentÐ %X $ Ðconfirmed€the€earlier€decision€not€to€grant€the€author€asylum.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð º' #' ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€his€return€to€Peru€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðarticle€3€of€the€Convention;€the€author€states€that€the€police€usually€torture€people€in€casesÐ l*¼%* Ðconcerning€"terrorism€and€treason".€The€author€asks€the€Committee€to€request€Sweden€notÐ R+¢&+ Ðto€expel€him€while€his€communication€is€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ô3.2€In€support€of€the€author's€claim,€reference€is€made€to€an€enclosed€letter,€dated€18€AugustÐ ° Ð1994,€from€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Refugees'€regionalÐ –æ Ðoffice€concerning€the€author's€mother.€The€letter€states€that€the€mother's€"subjective€fear€ofÐ |Ì Ðpersecution€can€be€supported€by€objective€elements".€Reference€is€also€made€to€a€letter€byÐ b² ÐHuman€Rights€Watch€of€26€October€1995,€concerning€another€Peruvian€refugee€claimant,Ð H˜ Ðwhich€states€that€"returnees€from€Sweden€are€now€considered€to€be€de€facto€Shining€PathÐ . ~ Ðguerrillas".€Finally,€reference€is€made€to€an€enclosed€copy€of€a€July€1995€report€by€HumanÐ  d ÐRights€Watch€attesting€to€the€practice€of€torture€in€Peru.€Ð ú J ÐÌ3.3€It€is€stated€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€submitted€for€examination€under€any€otherÐ Æ   Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóó€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.€On€15€February€1996,€the€Committee,€through€its€Special€Rapporteur,€transmitted€theÐ D”  Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€for€comments€and€requested€it€not€to€expel€the€authorÐ *z  Ðwhile€his€communication€was€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.1€By€its€submission€of€12€April€1996,€the€State€party€challenges€the€admissibility€of€theÐ Ü, Ðcommunication€but€also€addresses€the€merits€of€the€case.€It€requests€the€Committee,€shouldÐ Â Ðit€not€find€the€communication€inadmissible,€to€examine€the€communication€on€its€merits€asÐ ¨ø Ðsoon€as€possible.€It€informs€the€Committee€that€its€national€Immigration€Board€has€stayedÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€until€25€May€1996.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ5.2€As€regards€domestic€procedures,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€basic€provisionsÐ @ Ðconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€and€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€contained€in€the€1989Ð &v ÐAliens€Act.€For€the€determination€of€refugee€status€there€are€normally€two€instances,€theÐ  \ ÐSwedish€Immigration€Board€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€In€exceptional€cases,€anÐ òB Ðapplication€is€referred€to€the€Government€by€either€of€the€two€boards.€Chapter€8,€section€1,Ð Ø( Ðof€the€Act€corresponds€to€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€states€that€an€alienÐ ¾ Ðwho€has€been€refused€entry€or€who€is€to€be€expelled€may€never€be€sent€to€a€country€whereÐ ¤ô Ðthere€is€firm€reason€to€believe€that€he€or€she€would€be€in€danger€of€suffering€capital€orÐ Š Ú Ðcorporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€to€torture,€nor€to€a€country€where€he€is€notÐ p!À  Ðprotected€from€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€he€would€be€in€such€danger.€Further,€underÐ V"¦! Ðchapter€2,€section€5,€subsection€3,€of€the€Act,€an€alien€who€is€to€be€refused€entry€or€expelledÐ <#Œ" Ðcan€apply€for€a€residence€permit€if€the€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€notÐ "$r# Ðpreviously€been€examined€in€the€case€and€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€SwedenÐ %X $ Ðor€it€will€otherwise€be€in€conflict€with€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€onÐ î%>!% Ðrefusal€of€entry€or€expulsion.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.3€As€regards€the€facts€of€the€author's€story,€the€State€party€emphasizes€that€he€was€able€toÐ  (ð#( Ðleave€his€country€with€a€valid€passport,€issued€after€the€police€allegedly€were€looking€forÐ †)Ö$) Ðhim.€The€author€has€never€claimed€to€have€bribed€officials€into€giving€him€a€passport,Ð l*¼%* Ðindicating,€according€to€the€State€party,€that€the€author€was€not€being€sought€by€the€policeÐ R+¢&+ Ðwhen€he€legally€left€the€country€in€June€1990.€Further,€the€State€party€emphasizes€thatÐ 8,ˆ', Ðaccording€to€the€author's€own€statements,€he€was€never€arrested,€detained,€prosecuted€orÐ -n(- Ðsentenced€for€his€activities€for€Shining€Path.€The€only€time€he€was€arrested,€in€April€1989,Ð ° Ðhe€was€released€after€24€hours€without€having€been€tortured.€Ð –æ ÐÌ5.4€The€State€party€explains€that€the€Government,€when€deciding€that€the€author€should€notÐ b² Ðbe€granted€asylum€in€Sweden,€also€took€into€account€whether€the€enforcement€of€theÐ H˜ Ðexpulsion€order€would€violate€chapter€8,€section€1,€of€the€Aliens€Act.€The€Government,€afterÐ . ~ Ðhaving€carefully€examined€all€elements€of€the€author's€case,€concluded€that€it€would€not.€Ð  d ÐÌ5.5€The€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€theÐ à 0 Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention,€for€lacking€the€necessary€substantiation.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ6.1€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sÐ ’â  Ðjurisprudence€in€the€case€of€òòÔ_ÔMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó,òò€2óó€and€the€criteria€established€by€theÐ xÈ  ÐCommittee,€first,€that€a€person€must€personally€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€and,Ð ^®  Ðsecond,€that€such€torture€must€be€a€necessary€and€foreseeable€consequence€of€the€return€ofÐ D”  Ðthe€person€to€his€or€her€country.€Ð *z  ÐÌ6.2€As€regards€the€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€Peru,€the€State€party,€aware€of€theÐ öF Ðinformation€collected€by€international€human€rights€organizations,€submits€that€politicalÐ Ü, Ðviolence€in€the€country€has€decreased.€The€State€party€further€submits€that€a€number€ofÐ Â Ðrefugee€claimants,€allegedly€members€of€Shining€Path,€have€been€deported€to€Peru€fromÐ ¨ø ÐSweden€and€that€no€substantiated€reports€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€of€those€persons€uponÐ ŽÞ Ðtheir€return€to€Peru€exist.€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€points€out€that€its€embassy€inÐ tÄ ÐLima€has€been€in€contact€with€some€of€the€deportees€and€that€no€incidents€have€beenÐ Zª Ðreported.€The€State€party€argues€that€the€author€will€not€be€in€a€worse€situation€than€that€ofÐ @ Ðthose€who€were€deported€earlier.€The€State€party€notes€that€no€consistent€pattern€of€gross,Ð &v Ðflagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€exists€in€Peru.€Ð  \ ÐÌ6.3€The€State€party€further€recalls€the€terrorist€character€of€Shining€Path€and€contends€thatÐ Ø( Ðcrimes€committed€in€the€name€of€that€organization€should€not€constitute€a€reason€forÐ ¾ Ðgranting€asylum.€The€State€party€refers€in€this€context€to€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€ConventionÐ ¤ô Ðrelating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ6.4€The€State€party€refers€to€its€own€legislation,€which€reflects€the€same€principle€as€that€ofÐ V"¦! Ðarticle€3€of€the€Convention.€The€State€party's€authorities€thus€apply€the€same€test€as€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCommittee€in€deciding€on€the€return€of€a€person€to€his€or€her€country.€The€State€party€recallsÐ "$r# Ðthat€the€mere€possibility€of€a€person€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€country€of€originÐ %X $ Ðdoes€not€suffice€to€prohibit€his€or€her€return€as€being€incompatible€with€article€3€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐConvention.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ6.5€The€State€party€explains€its€reasons€for€concluding€that€there€are€no€substantial€groundsÐ  (ð#( Ðfor€believing€that€the€author€would€personally€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponÐ †)Ö$) Ðhis€return€to€Peru.€It€recalls€that€the€author€has€been€arrested€only€once,€in€April€1989€andÐ l*¼%* Ðwas€released€after€24€hours,€and€that€there€are€no€indications€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture.Ð R+¢&+ ÐFurther,€the€author€was€able€to€obtain€a€valid€passport€and€to€use€it€to€leave€Peru.€It€appearsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthat€he€is€not€wanted€by€the€police€for€terrorist€or€other€acts.€There€is€no€indication€that€hisÐ -n(- Ðactivities€for€Shining€Path€are€known€to€the€authorities.€Moreover,€the€State€party€argues€thatÐ ° Ðeven€someone€wanted€by€the€police€for€criminal€acts€does€not€necessarily€risk€beingÐ –æ Ðsubjected€to€torture.€According€to€the€State€party's€sources,€such€a€person€will€be€arrested€atÐ |Ì Ðthe€airport€upon€arrival,€transported€to€a€detention€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€and€placed€under€the€supervisionÐ b² Ðof€a€public€prosecutor.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€risk€of€torture€in€a€detention€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_ÔÐ H˜ Ðis€very€limited.€Finally,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€author€is€free€to€leave€Sweden€at€anyÐ . ~ Ðtime€to€a€country€of€his€choice.€Ð  d ÐÌ6.6€With€reference€to€the€arguments€summarized€above,€the€State€party€argues€that€noÐ à 0 Ðsufficient€evidence€exists€to€demonstrate€that€the€risk€of€the€author€being€tortured€is€aÐ Æ   Ðforeseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€his€return.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòCounsel's€commentsóó€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ7.1€In€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€challenges€the€State€party'sÐ D”  Ðinterpretation€of€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees€andÐ *z  Ðargues€that€the€author's€membership€of€Shining€Path€does€not€suffice€to€exclude€him€fromÐ ` Ðthe€protection€of€that€Convention.€Ð öF ÐÌ7.2€As€regards€the€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€Peru,€counsel€refers€to€the€UnitedÐ Â ÐStates€Department€of€State€Country€Report€on€Human€Rights€Practices€for€1995,€whichÐ ¨ø Ðstates€that€torture€and€brutal€treatment€of€detainees€are€common€and€that€GovernmentÐ ŽÞ Ðsecurity€forces€still€routinely€torture€suspected€subversives€at€military€and€police€detentionÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔcentresÔ_Ô.€Ð Zª ÐÌ7.3€As€regards€the€author's€valid€passport,€counsel€states€that€this€was€indeed€obtainedÐ &v Ðthrough€bribes,€without€further€specifying€her€contention.€She€claims€that€it€is€possible€toÐ  \ Ðobtain€a€passport€and€leave€the€country€despite€serious€problems€with€the€authorities.€Ð òB ÐÌ7.4€As€regards€the€State€party's€statement€that€it€is€not€aware€of€any€case€in€which€reliableÐ ¾ Ðinformation€exists€that€a€person€was€tortured€upon€being€returned€from€Sweden€to€Peru,Ð ¤ô Ðcounsel€refers€to€the€case€of€Napoleon€Ô_ÔAponteÔ_Ô€Inga,€who,€upon€his€return,€was€arrested€atÐ Š Ú Ðthe€airport€and€accused€of€having€been€a€terrorist€ambassador€in€Europe.€He€was€brought€toÐ p!À  Ðtrial,€acquitted€after€four€months€and€then€released.€According€to€counsel,€during€hisÐ V"¦! Ðdetention€he€was€subjected€to€torture.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ7.5€Counsel€concludes€that€the€State€party€underestimates€the€risk€of€the€author€beingÐ %X $ Ðsubjected€to€torture€upon€his€return.€She€refers€to€reports€indicating€that€torture€is€widelyÐ î%>!% ÐÔ_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€in€Peru€and€states€that€the€author€belongs€to€a€well„known€family,€one€of€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðcousins€having€been€killed€by€security€forces€and€another€cousin€having€disappeared.€Ð º' #' ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€admissibility€decisionóó€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ8.€At€its€sixteenth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€the€communicationÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€found€that€no€obstacles€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€existed.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð9.€The€Committee€noted€that€both€the€State€party€and€author's€counsel€forwardedÐ ° Ðobservations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication€and€that€the€State€party€had€requested€theÐ –æ ÐCommittee,€if€it€were€to€find€the€communication€admissible,€to€proceed€to€the€examinationÐ |Ì Ðof€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€considered€that€theÐ b² Ðinformation€before€it€was€not€sufficient€to€enable€it€to€adopt€its€Views.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ10.1€In€particular,€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€from€author's€counsel€more€precise€andÐ  d Ðdetailed€information€and€substantiation€of€the€claim€that€the€author's€house€was€searched€byÐ ú J Ðthe€police€on€1€November€1989,€in€particular€whether€there€were€witnesses€to€this€search€andÐ à 0 Ðhow€the€author€found€out€about€it.€The€Committee€also€wished€to€be€informed€whether€theÐ Æ   Ðpolice€returned€to€the€house€to€look€for€the€author€on€further€occasions€and€when€and€underÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhat€circumstances€the€author€went€into€hiding.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ10.2€With€regard€to€the€author's€passport,€counsel€was€requested€to€elaborate€on€how€theÐ ^®  Ðauthor€obtained€his€passport€on€1€April€1990€and€by€whom€the€passport€was€issued.€TheÐ D”  ÐCommittee€further€appreciated€receiving€information€as€to€the€precise€date€on€which€theÐ *z  Ðauthor€left€his€country€and€his€means€of€transportation.€Counsel€was€requested€to€explainÐ ` Ðwhether€the€author€took€any€precautions€and,€if€so,€what€ones,€so€as€to€not€be€stopped€at€theÐ öF Ðborder,€since€he€was€Ô_ÔtravellingÔ_Ô€under€his€own€name.€Finally,€the€Committee€wished€to€knowÐ Ü, Ðwhat€indications€the€author€had€that€the€police€were€looking€for€him€at€the€present€time€andÐ Â Ðwhy€he€believed€that€if€he€were€returned€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ10.3€The€Committee€also€wished€to€receive€from€the€State€party€more€detailed€informationÐ tÄ Ðregarding€its€statement€that€it€was€not€aware€of€returnees€from€Sweden€being€tortured€or€ill„Ð Zª Ðtreated€upon€return.€The€Committee€would€appreciate€it€if€the€State€party€would€clarify€whyÐ @ Ðthe€author's€mother€and€his€sisters€were€allowed€to€stay€in€Sweden€but€not€the€author.€InÐ &v Ðparticular,€the€Committee€would€like€to€know€whether€the€distinction€between€the€author€andÐ  \ Ðhis€mother€and€sisters€was€based€solely€on€the€exception€under€article€1€F.€of€the€1951Ð òB ÐConvention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€or€whether€additional€grounds€existed€to€giveÐ Ø( Ðthe€mother€and€sisters€protection,€but€not€the€author.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ11.€Accordingly,€on€8€May€1996,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ Š Ú Ðadmissible.€Ð p!À  ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€on€the€meritsóó€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ12.1€By€its€submission€of€12€September€1996,€the€State€party€explains€that€its€conclusionÐ %X $ Ðthat€no€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€exists€in€PeruÐ î%>!% Ðis€based€on€recent€information€received€from€the€embassy€in€Lima.€The€embassy€referred,Ð Ô&$"& Ðòòinter€aliaóó,€to€the€1995€report€of€the€local€Peruvian€human€rights€organization,€LaÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔCoordinadoraÔ_Ô,€which€supports€the€State€party's€conclusion€that€it€is€mostly€poor€people,Ð  (ð#( Ðpeasants€and€young€criminals€who€are€exposed€to€torture€during€police€interrogations.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ12.2€The€State€party€reiterates€that€there€are€no€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthor€personally€would€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€Peru,€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ðstates€that€this€conclusion€is€based€on€information€from€its€embassy€in€Lima€with€regard€toÐ -n(- Ðthe€treatment€of€returned€Peruvians,€who€have€unsuccessfully€requested€asylum€abroad€byÐ ° Ðreferring€to€activities€they€carried€out€for€the€benefit€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô.€The€embassy€hasÐ –æ Ðobtained€this€information€through€interviews€and€contacts€with€well„informed€persons€andÐ |Ì Ðhuman€rights€organizations€in€Peru.€The€State€party€does€not€reveal€its€sources€for€reasonsÐ b² Ðof€protection.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ12.3€The€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€author's€mother€and€sisters€have€been€given€deÐ  d Ðfacto€refugee€status€because€they€belong€to€a€family€the€members€of€which€have€beenÐ ú J Ðinvolved€with€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô.€The€State€party€adds€that€the€author's€mother€and€sistersÐ à 0 Ðhad€been€given€the€benefit€of€the€doubt.€The€author,€however,€has€himself€been€active€forÐ Æ   ÐSendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€an€organization€to€which€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Status€of€Refugees€applies.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€explains€that€it€was€not€theÐ ’â  Ðmembership€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€that€was€decisive€but€the€author's€own€statementsÐ xÈ  Ðaccording€to€which€he€had€handed€out€home„made€bombs€in€November€1989,€which€wereÐ ^®  Ðactually€used€against€the€police.€According€to€the€State€party,€there€was€no€reason€why€theÐ D”  Ðauthor€should€be€allowed€to€stay€in€the€country€and€there€were€no€obstacles€to€theÐ *z  Ðenforcement€of€the€expulsion€order.€Ð ` ÐÌ12.4€The€State€party€reiterates€that€there€is€no€indication€that€the€authorities€attempted€toÐ Ü, Ðprevent€the€author€from€leaving€Peru,€which€supports€the€State€party's€view€that€he€is€of€noÐ Â Ðinterest€to€the€Peruvian€police.€The€State€party€submits€that€it€has€requested€its€embassy€inÐ ¨ø ÐLima€to€investigate€the€matter€and€that€the€embassy,€on€14€August€1996,€reported€that€theÐ ŽÞ Ðauthor€has€not€been€and€is€not€wanted€by€the€police€for€terrorist€or€similar€acts€in€Peru.Ð tÄ ÐÌ12.5€The€State€party€further€questions€the€author's€trustworthiness,€since€he€has€not€been€ableÐ @ Ðto€mention€his€cell€leader's€name€or€the€name€of€the€friend€who€informed€him€that€he€wasÐ &v Ðwanted€by€the€police.€Ð  \ ÐÌ12.6€The€State€party€maintains€that€the€author€has€not€substantiated€his€assertion€that€anÐ Ø( Ðenforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€to€Peru€would€violate€article€3€of€the€Convention.€In€thisÐ ¾ Ðcontext,€the€State€party€observes€that€it€is€a€general€principle€that€the€burden€of€proof€liesÐ ¤ô Ðwith€the€person€submitting€a€claim.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòCounsel's€observationsóó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ13.1€By€its€submission€of€16€September€1996,€counsel€explains€that€on€1€November€1990,Ð "$r# Ðwhen€the€author's€home€was€searched,€his€mother€and€his€brother€were€present.€At€7€p.m.,Ð %X $ Ðthe€door€was€banged€on€by€two€men€in€civilian€clothes€who€asked€for€the€author.€When€theyÐ î%>!% Ðwere€told€that€he€was€not€at€home,€they€searched€his€room€and€took€books€and€otherÐ Ô&$"& Ðdocuments€with€them.€During€the€search,€a€car€without€registration€plates€was€parked€outsideÐ º' #' Ðthe€house,€occupied€by€two€armed€men.€When€the€men€left,€they€told€the€author's€mother€toÐ  (ð#( Ðtell€him€to€present€himself€the€following€day€at€DIRCOTE,€the€anti„terrorist€police€force,€asÐ †)Ö$) Ðthey€wanted€to€question€him€about€his€university€friends.€They€added€that€if€he€did€notÐ l*¼%* Ðappear,€things€would€be€worse€for€him.€After€the€police€left,€the€author's€brother€went€to€seeÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€author's€friends€and€asked€them€to€tell€him€not€to€return€home.€Counsel€adds€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpolice€did€not€come€again€to€the€house€to€look€for€the€author.€Ð -n(- Ї13.2€As€regards€the€author's€passport,€counsel€states€that€it€was€issued€by€the€Ô_ÔDireccið;ðnÔ_Ô€deÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔMigracionesÔ_Ô€in€Lima€and€that€the€author's€friend€did€all€the€work€for€him.€Counsel€explainsÐ –æ Ðthat,€at€the€time,€everybody€could€obtain€a€legal€passport€without€a€problem.€One€could€alsoÐ |Ì Ðuse€Ô_ÔtramitadoresÔ_Ô,€who€would€apply€for€passports€in€the€name€of€others€for€a€fixed€fee.Ð b² ÐCounsel€refers€to€a€letter€from€Amnesty€International,€Swedish€section,€of€10€May€1995,Ð H˜ Ðaddressed€to€the€Swedish€Government,€which€stated€that€the€fact€that€a€Peruvian€asylumÐ . ~ Ðseeker€has€left€the€country€legally€with€a€passport€should€not€be€considered€very€importantÐ  d Ðwhen€considering€his€case.€Ð ú J ÐÌ13.3€The€author€left€the€country€on€24€June€1990€by€plane€(Aeroflot).€Friends€bribed€aÐ Æ   Ðperson€at€the€airport,€and€for€protection€the€author€was€accompanied€by€a€member€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðparliament€(of€the€Ô_ÔUnið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔIzquierdaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRevolucionariaÔ_Ô)€and€former€member€of€the€Ô_ÔComisið;ðnÔ_ÔÐ ’â  Ðde€Ô_ÔJusticiaÔ_Ô€y€Ô_ÔDerechosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHumanosÔ_Ô€in€Peru.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ13.4€Counsel€maintains€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€if€returned€to€Peru.€She€bases€thisÐ D”  Ðon€the€fact€that€two€of€his€cousins€have€been€victims€of€severe€persecutions.€In€this€context,Ð *z  Ðcounsel€recalls€that€one€of€the€author's€cousins€disappeared€and€another€was€killed.€Since€heÐ ` Ðbelongs€to€a€politically€active€family,€the€author€has€every€reason€to€fear€for€his€security€ifÐ öF Ðhe€were€to€return€to€Peru.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ13.5€Counsel€adds€that€the€author's€fears€have€grown€because€of€newspaper€articles€in€PeruÐ ¨ø Ðabout€the€case€of€his€brother€which€is€before€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights,Ð ŽÞ Ðin€which€it€is€mentioned€that€his€brother€is€a€member€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ13.6€In€a€further€submission€of€24€October€1996,€counsel€refers€to€a€publication€by€HumanÐ @ ÐRights€Watch/Helsinki€of€September€1996,€entitled€"Swedish€asylum€policy€in€a€globalÐ &v Ðhuman€rights€perspective".€In€the€publication,€criticism€is€expressed€about€Swedish€policyÐ  \ Ðtowards€Peruvian€asylum€seekers.€According€to€Human€Rights€Watch,€reforms€in€Peru€haveÐ òB Ðbeen€minimal,€travel€documents€can€be€easily€obtained€by€bribing€officials€and€facelessÐ Ø( Ðcourts€continue€to€prosecute€civilians.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ13.7€According€to€counsel,€the€Human€Rights€Watch/Helsinki€reports€show€how€badlyÐ Š Ú Ðinformed€the€Swedish€authorities€are€about€the€situation€in€Peru.€She€refers€to€three€cases€ofÐ p!À  ÐÔ_ÔrefoulementÔ_Ô€which€suggest,€according€to€counsel,€that€the€primary€aim€of€the€Swedish€policyÐ V"¦! Ðis€to€limit€immigration.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ13.8€As€regards€the€State€party's€claim€that€the€author€would€not€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ %X $ Ðtortured€upon€his€return€to€Peru,€counsel€notes€that€the€State€party€bases€itself€on€unrevealedÐ î%>!% Ðsources.€Counsel€argues€that€the€State€party's€mere€reference€to€a€non„provided€report€doesÐ Ô&$"& Ðnot€suffice€as€proof€and€requests€a€copy€of€the€written€report€by€the€embassy,€with€the€nameÐ º' #' Ðof€the€sources€deleted€if€necessary.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ13.9€Counsel€also€refers€to€information€provided€by€the€Swedish€embassy€in€Lima€in€theÐ l*¼%* Ðcase€of€the€author's€mother,€which€proved€to€be€wrong€on€the€facts.€This,€she€claims,€meansÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€information€provided€by€the€Swedish€embassy€must€be€treated€with€caution.€CounselÐ 8,ˆ', Ðalso€refers€to€the€case€of€Napoleon€Ô_ÔAponteÔ_Ô€Inga€(who€was€tortured€upon€his€return€to€Peru),Ð -n(- Ðof€which€the€Swedish€embassy€seems€to€be€unaware,€although€he€was€finally€granted€deÐ ° Ðfacto€asylum€in€Sweden.€Ð –æ ÐÌ13.10€Counsel€submits€that,€while€the€situation€in€Peru€may€have€improved€as€regardsÐ b² Ðdisappearances€and€judicial€killings,€the€use€of€torture€is€still€widespread€and€systematic.€SheÐ H˜ Ðrefers€to€a€report€of€Human€Rights€Watch/Americas€of€August€1996,€which€indicates€thatÐ . ~ Ðtorture€is€generally€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€in€cases€involving€terrorism€and€thus€contradicts€the€StateÐ  d Ðparty's€argument€that€it€is€mainly€poor€people,€peasants€and€young€criminals€who€sufferÐ ú J Ðtorture.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ13.11€Counsel€contests€the€State€party's€argument€that€the€author€is€untrustworthy€becauseÐ ¬ ü  Ðhe€cannot€name€the€leader€of€his€cell.€She€refers€to€her€submission€of€7€November€1990€toÐ ’â  Ðthe€Immigration€Board€in€which€she€disclosed€the€name€of€the€cell€leader.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ13.12€Finally,€the€author€refers€to€the€importance€attached€by€the€Office€of€the€UnitedÐ D”  ÐNations€High€Commissioner€for€Refugees€to€the€experience€of€relatives.€In€this€context,€sheÐ *z  Ðrecalls€that€two€of€the€author's€cousins€were€killed€for€political€reasons€and€another€cousinÐ ` Ðwas€granted€political€asylum€in€the€Netherlands.€Counsel€also€submits€that€although€theÐ öF Ðauthor€has€been€active€for€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€he€himself€never€committed€any€crime€againstÐ Ü, Ðpeace,€a€war€crime€or€a€crime€against€humanity,€and€therefore€he€should€not€be€excludedÐ Â Ðfrom€protection€under€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð tÄ ÐÌ14.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationÐ @ Ðmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theÐ &v ÐConvention.€Ð  \ ÐÌ14.2€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€1,€whether€there€areÐ Ø( Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€Mr.€Tapia€Paez€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjectedÐ ¾ Ðto€torture€upon€return€to€Peru.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€intoÐ ¤ô Ðaccount€all€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existenceÐ Š Ú Ðof€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theÐ p!À  Ðdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€beÐ V"¦! Ðpersonally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldÐ <#Œ" Ðreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÐ "$r# Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forÐ %X $ Ðdetermining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponÐ î%>!% Ðhis€return€to€that€country;€additional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€individualÐ Ô&$"& Ðconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossÐ º' #' Ðviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€dangerÐ  (ð#( Ðof€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ14.3€The€Committee€notes€that€the€facts€on€which€the€author's€asylum€claim€are€based€areÐ R+¢&+ Ðnot€in€dispute.€The€author€is€a€member€of€Sendero€Luminoso€and€on€1€November€1989Ð 8,ˆ', Ðparticipated€in€a€demonstration€where€he€handed€out€leaflets€and€distributed€handmadeÐ -n(- Ðbombs.€Subsequently,€the€police€searched€his€house€and€the€author€went€into€hiding€and€leftÐ ° Ðthe€country€to€seek€asylum€in€Sweden.€It€is,€further,€beyond€dispute€that€the€author€comesÐ –æ Ðfrom€a€politically€active€family,€that€one€of€his€cousins€disappeared€and€another€was€killedÐ |Ì Ðfor€political€reasons,€and€that€his€mother€and€sisters€have€been€granted€de€facto€refugee€statusÐ b² Ðby€Sweden.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ14.4€It€appears€from€the€State€party's€submission€and€from€the€decisions€by€the€immigrationÐ  d Ðauthorities€in€the€instant€case,€that€the€refusal€to€grant€the€author€asylum€in€Sweden€is€basedÐ ú J Ðon€the€exception€clause€of€article€1€F.€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€ofÐ à 0 ÐRefugees.€This€is€illustrated€by€the€fact€that€the€author's€mother€and€sisters€were€granted€deÐ Æ   Ðfacto€asylum€in€Sweden,€since€it€was€feared€that€they€may€be€subjected€to€persecutionÐ ¬ ü  Ðbecause€they€belong€to€a€family€which€is€connected€to€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô.€No€ground€hasÐ ’â  Ðbeen€invoked€by€the€State€party€for€its€distinction€between€the€author,€on€the€one€hand,€andÐ xÈ  Ðhis€mother€and€sisters,€on€the€other,€other€than€the€author's€activities€for€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ14.5€The€Committee€considers€that€the€test€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€is€absolute.Ð *z  ÐWhenever€substantial€grounds€exist€for€believing€that€an€individual€would€be€in€danger€ofÐ ` Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture€upon€expulsion€to€another€State,€the€State€party€is€under€obligationÐ öF Ðnot€to€return€the€person€concerned€to€that€State.€The€nature€of€the€activities€in€which€theÐ Ü, Ðperson€concerned€engaged€cannot€be€a€material€consideration€when€making€a€determinationÐ Â Ðunder€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ14.6€In€the€circumstances€of€the€instant€case,€as€set€out€in€paragraph€14.3€above,€theÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€grounds€invoked€by€the€State€party€to€justify€its€decision€toÐ Zª Ðreturn€the€author€to€Peru€do€not€meet€the€requirements€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð @ ÐÌ15.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that,€in€the€prevailingÐ  \ Ðcircumstances,€the€State€party€has€an€obligation€to€refrain€from€forcibly€returning€Mr.€GorkiÐ òB ÐErnesto€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€to€Peru.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ___________Ð ¤ô ÐÌ1/€€€His€brother's€application€was€refused€in€Sweden,€while€his€mother€and€two€sisters€haveÐ p!À  Ðbeen€granted€asylum€as€de€facto€refugees.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ2/€€€Communication€No.€13/1993,€òòÔ_ÔMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó;€Views€adopted€on€27€AprilÐ "$r# Ð1994.Ð %X $ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÓ†Ó