ÿWPC§ U¾…„Œô1®fA.W oÚ€yz°}"‰æ 6¼zC&òBÙyô“ÅJÆý‚ÿ¹JŒL¨Nå©ÍRŠúuØl1’ÓGœJÇ©XvÚ¥Ò„h(£0èc?7ÌP1 ü¬PÀº˜5 öwÙæÐTŽÊ»5é U‰ý<ÂíiR3–žÌ×ZõYtPÄ|´!B‚šWà›++ZiøÑŽD ]V²‚@›‰ òÐ0ë‚8ô)FNÍjæˆÌ>è"ÎÈštIQo¤>:o[ MÒÛÉ_⓲zß»“á Eê] À’âèûÊ|éëßfB ƒkµÕ´Æ'ÿ ¡+ÉÁ«Úû-û-ߤ€õõ·Üé!µ™Øaõ³hIJÜæ.‚Ik×uBÞg²‰‹ 4N˜nØ´î#ý>Špòvô‚Ä`Õ󶈇sÜÙ i{ü«š5Þì~ ]²|ÐŽ6‡{«†ªQ‹³·ç7xÀʬ6á–·>Í¿?6ů‰…¬Û“xÛUTÃ6¾«, !±ü¡ÆËðîx/áMu,~O:Óram=‚ )²T$¯!m€õØ3AÒlsƤô¦/j§É|ÍÝ­´‚Ï8!ô¶Wáù6êÐËv`òû,eLÑž»`Ôc}^´rHaNΓt”n U>ÀÌþ 0µÊ 0< 0Y» 0_ 0isÆÜ 0Ñ¢ 0(s D+› AMÆ %      0N) 0¶w #Á- UNî î M<(@Nh^ jwv4zŽ mô\  `‹&Times New Roman' >Jos) Luis Garc1a Fuenzalida v. Ecuador, Communication No. 480/1991, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/57/D4U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/57/D"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2ÚÑ$££Ý ƒ†Ò!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¿¦XXXÔÔ€X¿¦XXX¿¦ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(Ž†Ò$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XµÞXXXÔÔ€XµÞXXXµÞÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular3ô* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ†Ò!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¿¦XXXÔÔ€X¿¦XXX¿¦ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔFuenzalidaÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€EcuadoróóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€480/1991*Ð H˜ ÐÌ12€July€1996Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/57/D/480/1991*Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔJosÔ_Ô€Luis€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFuenzalidaÔ_Ô€[represented€by€counsel]Ð D”  ÐÌòòVictimóó:€The€authorÐ ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€EcuadorÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€4€November€1991€[date€of€initial€letter]€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€15€March€1995óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ &v Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€12€July€1996,Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€480/1991,€submitted€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔJosÔ_Ô€Luis€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFuenzalidaÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ Š Ú ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌÓåÓòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÓCÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Jos€Luis€Garca€Fuenzalida,€a€Chilean€citizen,Ð R+¢&+ Ðcurrently€residing€in€Quito,€Ecuador.€At€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communication,€heÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwas€imprisoned€at€the€Crcel€No.€2€in€Quito.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€byÐ -n(- ÐEcuador€of€articles€3,€7,€9€and€14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ð ° ÐHe€is€represented€by€the€Ecumenical€Human€Rights€Commission,€a€non„governmentalÐ –æ Ðorganizations€in€Ecuador.Ð |Ì ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÐ H˜ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€is€a€hairdresser€by€profession.€He€was€detained€on€5€July€1989€and€chargedÐ  d Ðtwo€days€later€with€the€rape,€on€5€May€1989,€of€one€D.€K.,€a€United€States€Peace€CorpsÐ ú J Ðvolunteer.€He€claims€to€be€innocent€and€argues€that€he€has€never€had€sexual€relations€withÐ à 0 Ðany€woman.€The€author€was€tried€by€the€òòTribunal€Cuarto€de€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_Ôóó.€On€11€April€1991,Ð Æ   Ðhe€was€found€guilty€as€charged€and€sentenced,€on€30€April€1991,€to€eight€years'Ð ¬ ü  Ðimprisonment.€On€2€May€1991,€the€author€appealed€to€the€Superior€Court,€demanding€theÐ ’â  Ðnullity€and€cassation€of€the€judgement.€The€request€for€nullity€was€rejected€by€the€court€andÐ xÈ  Ðthe€appeal€on€cassation€was€not€resolved€within€the€period€of€30€days€established€by€law.Ð ^®  ÐAfter€waiting€for€two€years€and€six€months€for€a€decision€by€the€Court€of€Cassation,€theÐ D”  Ðauthor€withdrew€his€appeal€on€cassation€in€exchange€for€his€release.€He€was€released€onÐ *z  Ðparole€in€October€1994.Ð ` ÐÌ2.2€With€regard€to€his€arrest,€the€author€states€that€on€5€July€1989,€at€approximately€7€p.m.,Ð Ü, Ðhe€was€detained€by€police€officers,€thrown€on€to€the€floor€of€a€vehicle€and€blindfolded.€FromÐ Â Ðthe€submission€it€is€not€clear€whether€an€arrest€warrant€had€been€issued.€The€authorÐ ¨ø Ðapparently€did€not€know€the€reason€for€his€arrest€and€initially€supposed€it€was€in€connectionÐ ŽÞ Ðwith€drugs.€It€was€not€until€two€days€later€that€he€learned€about€the€alleged€rape.€He€wasÐ tÄ Ðinterrogated€regarding€his€whereabouts€on€the€day€of€the€rape.€He€claims€to€have€beenÐ Zª Ðsubjected€to€serious€ill„treatment,€including€being€left€shackled€to€a€bed€overnight.€It€is€alsoÐ @ Ðalleged€that,€in€contravention€of€Ecuadorian€law€and€practice,€samples€of€his€blood€and€hairÐ &v Ðwere€taken.Ð  \ ÐÌ2.3€It€is€alleged€that€during€the€evening€of€6€July€1989,€the€author€was€blindfolded€and€thatÐ Ø( Ða€brine€solution€was€poured€into€his€eyes€and€nostrils.€The€author€alleges€that€at€some€pointÐ ¾ Ðof€the€interrogation€the€blindfold€fell€from€his€eyes€and€he€was€able€to€identify€an€officerÐ ¤ô Ðwho€the€author€claims€had€a€grudge€against€him€from€a€prior€detention€on€suspicion€ofÐ Š Ú Ðmurdering€a€homosexual€friend.Ð p!À  ÐÌ2.4€That€same€evening,€he€was€taken€to€the€Criminal€Investigation€Department€of€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_ÔÐ <#Œ" Ð(SIC„P),€where€he€was€subjected€to€death€threats€until€he€consented€to€sign€an€incriminatoryÐ "$r# Ðstatement.€However,€it€is€clear€from€the€judgement€that€the€author,€during€his€trial,€deniedÐ %X $ Ðboth€the€charges€and€the€voluntariness€of€the€statement.€The€judgement€reflects€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðauthor€made€before€the€judge€a€long€and€detailed€statement€of€the€facts€concerning€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðdetention€and€confession€under€duress.Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.5€The€author€claims€that€he€learned€of€the€facts€of€the€rape€only€when€charges€were€readÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€him€on€7€July€1989,€just€before€he€was€put€on€an€identification€parade€in€which€the€victimÐ l*¼%* Ðidentified€him.€The€author€further€alleges€that,€before€he€was€put€on€the€identification€parade,Ð R+¢&+ Ðhe€was€taken€to€his€house€to€shower,€shave€and€dress,€as€instructed€by€the€police.€The€authorÐ 8,ˆ', Ðalso€claims€that€the€police€took€several€pieces€of€underwear€Ô_Ôfrom€his€house,€which€were€thenÐ -n(- Ðused€as€evidence€against€him,€despite€the€testimony€by€a€witness,€MC.€M.P.,€that€theyÐ ° Ðbelonged€to€her.Ð –æ ÐÌ2.6€Finally,€the€author€alleges€that€on€Saturday,€8€July€1989,€he€was€shot€in€the€leg€by€aÐ b² Ðpolice€officer€in€what€the€police€claimed€was€an€attempt€to€escape€and€the€author€claims€wasÐ H˜ Ða€set„up.€He€was€hospitalized€with€leg€injuries,€and€the€author€claims€that€the€psychologicalÐ . ~ Ðtorture€continued€while€he€was€in€the€hospital.€An€affidavit€given€during€the€trial€by€aÐ  d Ðmember€of€the€Ecuadorian€Human€Rights€Commission€who€visited€the€author€in€the€hospitalÐ ú J Ðstates:€"I€was€able€to€see€that€there€were€two€wounds€on€one€of€his€legs€caused€by€a€bullet.Ð à 0 ÐI€also€saw€several€cigarette€burns€on€his€chest€and€hand".€This€same€person€further€states€inÐ Æ   Ðthe€affidavit:€"I€talked€to€a€patient€who€was€in€the€bed€next€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô's€and€asked€himÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhether€it€was€true€that€a€police€officer€had€been€harassing€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô.€He€replied€that€heÐ ’â  Ðhad€indeed€heard€that€person€(the€police€officer)€threaten€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô".Ð xÈ  ÐÌ2.7€The€case€for€the€prosecution€was€that,€during€the€night€of€5€May€1989,€D.€K.€wasÐ D”  Ðabducted€by€an€assailant€and€forced€into€a€car.€The€victim€was€kept€on€the€floor€of€the€carÐ *z  Ðand€repeatedly€sexually€assaulted.€Finally,€the€victim€was€thrown€out€of€the€car€and€left€onÐ ` Ðthe€roadside.€The€victim€reported€the€incident€to€the€Consulate€of€the€United€States€ofÐ öF ÐAmerica,€which€reported€it€to€the€police.€During€the€trial€the€police€claimed€that€they€hadÐ Ü, Ðfound€the€victim's€underwear€in€the€author's€house.Ð Â ÐÌ2.8€As€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€in€respect€of€the€physical€abuse€to€which€theÐ ŽÞ Ðauthor€was€allegedly€subjected,€it€is€stated€that€a€lawyer€filed€a€complaint€against€the€policeÐ tÄ Ðofficers€on€the€author's€behalf.€There€is€no€further€information€concerning€the€status€of€theÐ Zª Ðinvestigation€of€the€complaint.Ð @ ÐÌòòThe€complaintóóÐ  \ ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€3€in€conjunction€with€articleÐ Ø( Ð26,€owing€to€the€difficulties€he€encountered€in€retaining€a€lawyer,€allegedly€because€of€hisÐ ¾ Ðhomosexuality.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ3.2€The€author€also€claims€to€have€suffered€repeated€violations€of€article€7,€because€he€wasÐ p!À  Ðsubjected€to€torture€and€ill„treatment€following€his€arrest.€This€was€corroborated€during€theÐ V"¦! Ðtrial€by€a€member€of€the€Ecuadorian€Ecumenical€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ3.3€The€author€further€claims€a€violation€of€article€9,€because€he€was€subjected€to€arbitraryÐ %X $ Ðarrest€and€detention,€since€he€claims€that€he€was€not€involved€in€the€rape.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ3.4€The€author€further€claims€that€his€trial€was€unfair€and€in€violation€of€article€14€of€theÐ º' #' ÐCovenant.€In€this€respect,€counsel€contends€that€the€accused€was€convicted€notwithstandingÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€contradictory€evidence€contained€in€the€statement€given€by€the€victim€herself,€whoÐ †)Ö$) Ðdescribed€her€assailant€as€being€very€tall€and€having€a€pock„marked€face.€The€author,€whomÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€victim€identified,€is€short,€measuring€only€1.50€Ô_ÔmetresÔ_Ô,€and€has€no€pock„marks€on€hisÐ R+¢&+ Ðface.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð3.5€The€author€also€claims€that€„€in€view€of€the€submission€by€the€victim€of€a€laboratoryÐ ° Ðreport€on€samples€(blood€and€semen)€taken€from€her€and€samples€of€blood€and€hair€takenÐ –æ Ðfrom€him€against€his€will€and€showing€the€existence€of€an€Ð |Ì ÐÌenzyme€which€the€author€does€not€have€in€his€blood€„€he€requested€the€court€to€order€anÐ H˜ Ðexamination€of€his€own€blood€and€semen,€a€request€which€the€court€denied.Ð . ~ ÐÌ3.6€Moreover,€the€author€complains€about€the€delays€in€the€judicial€proceedings,€in€particularÐ ú J Ðthe€fact€that€his€appeal€on€cassation€had€not€been€dealt€with€in€the€period€provided€for€byÐ à 0 Ðlaw,€and€that,€after€more€than€two€and€a€half€years€of€waiting€for€the€decision€of€the€CourtÐ Æ   Ðof€Cassation,€he€had€finally€had€to€abandon€this€recourse€in€order€to€obtain€his€release€onÐ ¬ ü  Ðparole.Ð ’â  ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÐ ^®  ÐÌ4.€On€26€August€1992,€the€communication€was€transmitted€to€the€State€party,€which€wasÐ *z  Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee€information€and€observations€in€respect€of€the€questionÐ ` Ðof€admissibility€of€the€communication.€Despite€two€reminders€sent€on€10€May€1993€and€9Ð öF ÐDecember€1994,€no€submission€had€been€received€from€the€State€party.Ð Ü, ÐÌ5.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ ¨ø ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€notÐ ŽÞ Ðit€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð tÄ ÐÌ5.2€The€Committee€ascertained,€as€required€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€OptionalÐ @ ÐProtocol,€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÐ &v Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.Ð  \ ÐÌ5.3€The€Committee€noted€with€concern€the€absence€of€cooperation€from€the€State€party,Ð Ø( Ðdespite€the€two€reminders€addressed€to€it.€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€theÐ ¾ ÐCommittee€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€from€considering€the€communication€underÐ ¤ô Ðarticle€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ5.4€The€Committee€considered€that€the€author€had€not€substantiated,€for€purposes€ofÐ V"¦! Ðadmissibility,€that€he€had€been€unequally€treated€owing€to€his€homosexuality€and€that€thisÐ <#Œ" Ðhad€been€the€cause€of€his€difficulty€in€retaining€a€lawyer.€This€part€of€the€communicationÐ "$r# Ðwas€therefore€declared€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð %X $ ÐÌ5.5€With€respect€to€the€author's€complaint€that€he€had€been€subjected€to€torture€and€ill„Ð Ô&$"& Ðtreatment,€in€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€as€attested€to€by€a€member€of€theÐ º' #' ÐEcuadorian€Ecumenical€Human€Rights€Commission€during€the€trial,€the€Committee€foundÐ  (ð#( Ðthat€the€facts€as€submitted€by€the€author,€which€had€not€been€contested€by€the€State€party,Ð †)Ö$) Ðmight€raise€issues€under€both€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant.€In€the€absence€of€anyÐ l*¼%* Ðcooperation€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€found€that€the€author's€claims€wereÐ R+¢&+ Ðsubstantiated,€for€the€purposes€of€admissibility.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð5.6€With€regard€to€the€allegations€that€the€author€had€been€subjected€to€arbitrary€detentionÐ ° Ðin€violation€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€found€that€the€facts€as€submittedÐ –æ Ðwere€substantiated,€for€the€purposes€of€Ð |Ì ÐÌadmissibility,€and€should€accordingly€be€considered€on€their€merits,€especially€with€regardÐ H˜ Ðto€the€warrant€of€arrest€and€the€moment€at€which€the€author€was€informed€of€the€reasons€forÐ . ~ Ðhis€arrest.Ð  d ÐÌ5.7€In€respect€of€the€author's€allegations€that€the€evidence€in€his€case€was€not€properlyÐ à 0 Ðevaluated€by€the€Court,€the€Committee€referred€to€its€prior€jurisprudence€and€reiterated€thatÐ Æ   Ðit€was€generally€for€the€appellate€courts€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€factsÐ ¬ ü  Ðand€evidence€in€a€particular€case.€Accordingly,€this€part€of€the€communication€was€declaredÐ ’â  Ðinadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€pursuant€to€articleÐ xÈ  Ð3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð ^®  ÐÌ5.8€The€author€also€submitted€information€concerning€the€procedures€at€the€trial€and€theÐ *z  Ðdelays€of€over€two€and€a€half€years€encountered€in€the€appeal€on€cassation,€which,€theÐ ` ÐCommittee€found,€raised€issues€under€article€14€of€the€Covenant€to€be€examined€on€theÐ öF Ðmerits.Ð Ü, ÐÌ6.€On€15€March€1995,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ ¨ø Ðadmissible€and€that€the€State€party€and€the€author€should€be€requested€to€submit€copies€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€arrest€warrant€and€of€any€relevant€resolutions€and€judgements€in€the€case,€as€well€asÐ tÄ Ðmedical€reports€and€information€about€investigations€into€the€alleged€physical€abuse€of€Mr.Ð Zª ÐÔ_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô.Ð @ ÐÌòòObservations€by€the€State€party€about€the€merits€of€the€case€and€comments€thereon€by€theÐ  \ ÐauthoróóÐ òB ÐÌ7.1€The€State€party,€on€18€October€1995,€submitted€to€the€Committee€some€documentsÐ ¾ Ðrelating€to€the€case,€without€submitting€a€reply€to€the€author's€communication.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ7.2€From€the€police€report,€it€appears€that€the€police€give€a€version€of€the€facts€concerningÐ p!À  Ðtorture€and€ill„treatment€which€differed€from€the€author's€version.€The€State€party€explainsÐ V"¦! Ðthat€it€was€unable€to€question€the€accused€police€officer€because€he€is€no€longer€in€the€policeÐ <#Œ" Ðforce€and€it€has€been€impossible€to€locate€him.Ð "$r# ÐÌ7.3€The€judgement€against€the€author€reveals€that€the€judge€believed€the€police€version€andÐ î%>!% Ðminimized€the€importance€of€the€statement€made€by€a€nun€who€visited€the€author€in€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðhospital,€the€content€of€which€is€referred€to€in€paragraph€2.6€of€these€Views.Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.4€With€regard€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô's€leg€wound,€the€State€party€insists€that€the€shot€was€fired€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðconnection€with€an€escape€attempt:Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ"With€regard€to€the€wound€suffered€by€the€detainee,€it€is€noted€that€during€an€investigationÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcarried€out€on€Saturday,€8€July,€in€Ô_ÔBosmedianoÔ_Ô€street,€where€the€other€person€involvedÐ -n(- Ðallegedly€lived,€he€took€advantage€of€the€inattention€of€the€officers€guarding€him€to€makeÐ ° Ða€sudden€and€precipitate€escape;€the€persons€responsible€for€the€detainee€shouted€after€himÐ –æ Ðand€then€fired€shots,€one€of€which€hit€him,€causing€a€fracture€of€the€left€femur,€as€a€result€ofÐ |Ì Ðwhich€he€was€taken€to€the€Eugenio€Espejo€hospital€for€medical€treatment;€the€wound€wasÐ b² Ðnever€inflicted€in€the€offices€of€the€former€criminal€investigation€service€of€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_Ô;€it€isÐ H˜ Ðalso€noted€that€there€is€a€statement€signed€in€the€presence€of€Dr.€Hilda€Mara€Ô_ÔArgelloÔ_Ô€L.,Ð . ~ Ðsecond€prosecutor€in€the€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_Ô€criminal€court,€on€this€incident."Ð  d ÐÌThe€documents€submitted€by€the€State€party€do€not€indicate€that€the€court€conducted€anyÐ à 0 Ðinvestigation€whatsoever€into€the€circumstances€in€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€wounded,€such€as,Ð Æ   Ðfor€example,€questioning€the€witnesses€who,€according€to€the€police,€saw€the€author€attemptÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€escape.Ð ’â  ÐÌ7.5€The€State€party€also€submitted€the€text€of€report€No.€4271„Ô_ÔSICPÔ_Ô€of€8€July€1989,€drawnÐ ^®  Ðup€by€Claudio€Ô_ÔGuerraÔ_Ô;€the€report€shows€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€arrested€on€Thursday,€6€JulyÐ D”  Ð1989,€at€10€a.m.€by€police€officers€on€the€basis€of€previous€investigations,€and€that€the€policeÐ *z  Ðconfiscated€a€woman's€undergarment,€identified€as€belonging€to€Miss€D.€K.,€in€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô'sÐ ` Ðhome.€A€copy€of€a€statement€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô,€dated€7€July€1989,€admitting€to€havingÐ öF Ðcommitted€the€rape€and€to€having€taken€Miss€K's€undergarment,€and€of€another€statementÐ Ü, Ðdated€9€July€1989€admitting€his€attempt€to€escape,€have€been€submitted,€both€statementsÐ Â Ðhaving€been€made€before€Dr.€Hilda€Ô_ÔArgelloÔ_Ô,€second€prosecutor€of€the€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_Ô€criminalÐ ¨ø Ðcourt.€A€copy€of€a€note€dated€8€July€1989€by€officer€06€is€also€attached,€describing€theÐ ŽÞ Ðescape€attempt€and€indicating€that€other€witnesses€can€confirm€the€facts,€in€particular€thatÐ tÄ Ðshots€had€first€been€fired€in€the€air€before€the€fleeing€defendant€was€wounded.€A€copy€of€theÐ Zª Ðstatement€by€Miss€D.€K.,€dated€7€July€1989,€has€been€submitted€regarding€the€identificationÐ @ Ðparade€organized€on€6€July€1989€in€which€she€immediately€identified€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€among€aÐ &v Ðgroup€of€10€men,€and€was€absolutely€sure€that€the€man€in€front€of€her€was€indeed€the€manÐ  \ Ðwho€had€raped€her.€A€medical€report€on€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô's€hospitalization€is€also€included.Ð òB ÐAnother€attached€police€report€states€that,€prior€to€the€investigation,€some€photographs€wereÐ Ø( Ðsent€to€Miss€K.,€but€the€photograph€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€first€sent€by€facsimile,€and€Miss€K.Ð ¾ Ðstated€in€a€telephone€conversation€from€the€United€States€that€"This€looks€the€most€like€himÐ ¤ô Ðof€any€of€the€photographs€I€have€seen".Ð Š Ú ÐÌ7.6€It€is€noted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€released€on€parole€on€5€October€1994€and€was€requiredÐ V"¦! Ðto€report€to€the€prison€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€every€week.€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€has€not€done€so,€and€it€has€not€beenÐ <#Œ" Ðpossible€to€locate€him,€since€he€is€not€residing€at€his€last€address.Ð "$r# ÐÌ7.7€The€State€party€submitted€documents€indicating€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€arrested€on€6€JulyÐ î%>!% Ð1989€to€be€investigated€for€the€crime€of€rape,€committed€against€Miss€D.€K.,€a€United€StatesÐ Ô&$"& Ðnational,€on€5€May€1989.€The€register€of€aliens€shows€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€married€to€anÐ º' #' ÐEcuadorian€woman.€The€State€party€has€not€sent€the€texts€of€the€arrest€warrant€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_ÔÐ  (ð#( Ðor€of€the€judgements.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ8.1€In€a€letter€of€29€December€1995€the€Ecumenical€Human€Rights€Commission,€which€isÐ R+¢&+ Ðrepresenting€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô,€refers€to€a€statement€made€by€the€author€in€the€presence€of€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðjudge€in€1989€in€which€he€maintains€that€he€is€innocent,€denies€having€tried€to€escape€andÐ -n(- Ðaccuses€officer€06€of€having€fired€at€him€in€an€interrogation€room,€after€first€placing€aÐ ° Ðhandkerchief€on€his€leg.€He€maintains€that€his€confession€was€obtained€by€means€of€torture.Ð –æ ÐThis€statement€is€found€in€the€record€of€proceedings.Ð |Ì ÐÌ8.2€It€is€argued€that€if€the€police€force€itself€is€responsible€for€carrying€out€an€investigationÐ H˜ Ðof€a€complaint€like€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô's,€the€notorious€esprit€de€corps€of€the€force€gives€rise€to€lies,Ð . ~ Ðand€the€police€are€always€vindicated€in€the€end€so€as€to€avoid€penalties.Ð  d ÐÌòòOn€the€merits€of€the€caseóóÐ à 0 ÐÌ9.1.€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€information,Ð ¬ ü  Ðmaterials€and€legal€documents€submitted€by€the€parties.€The€conclusions€it€has€reached€areÐ ’â  Ðbased€on€the€following€considerations.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ9.2€With€regard€to€the€arrest€and€imprisonment€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€has€consideredÐ D”  Ðthe€documents€submitted€by€the€State€party,€which€do€not€show€that€the€arrest€was€illegal€orÐ *z  Ðarbitrary€or€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€had€not€been€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest.Ð ` ÐConsequently,€the€Committee€cannot€make€a€determination€on€the€alleged€violation€of€articleÐ öF Ð9€of€the€Covenant.Ð Ü, ÐÌ9.3€With€regard€to€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€perpetrated€by€a€police€officer,€theÐ ¨ø ÐCommittee€observes€that€they€were€submitted€by€the€author€to€the€Cuarto€de€Ô_ÔPichinchaÔ_ÔÐ ŽÞ Ðcriminal€court,€which€rejected€them,€as€is€shown€by€the€judgement€of€30€April€1991.€InÐ tÄ Ðprinciple,€it€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€question€the€evaluation€of€the€evidence€made€byÐ Zª Ðnational€courts,€unless€that€evaluation€was€manifestly€arbitrary€or€constituted€a€denial€ofÐ @ Ðjustice.€The€materials€made€available€to€the€Committee€by€the€author€do€not€demonstrate€theÐ &v Ðexistence€of€such€shortcomings€in€the€procedure€followed€before€the€courts.Ð  \ ÐÌ9.4€The€file€does€not,€however,€reveal€any€evidence€that€the€incident€in€which€the€authorÐ Ø( Ðsuffered€a€bullet€wound€was€investigated€by€the€court.€The€accompanying€medical€reportÐ ¾ Ðneither€states€nor€suggests€how€the€wound€might€have€occurred.€Given€the€informationÐ ¤ô Ðsubmitted€by€the€author€and€the€lack€of€investigation€of€the€serious€incident€in€which€theÐ Š Ú Ðauthor€was€wounded,€the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€articles€7Ð p!À  Ðand€10€of€the€Covenant.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ9.5€With€regard€to€the€trial€in€the€court€of€first€instance,€the€Committee€finds€it€regrettableÐ "$r# Ðthat€the€State€party€has€not€submitted€detailed€observations€about€the€author's€allegations€thatÐ %X $ Ðthe€trial€was€not€impartial.€The€Committee€has€considered€the€legal€decisions€and€the€textÐ î%>!% Ðof€the€judgement€dated€30€April€1991,€especially€the€court's€refusal€to€order€expert€testimonyÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€crucial€importance€to€the€case,€and€concludes€that€this€refusal€constitutes€a€violation€ofÐ º' #' Ðarticle€14,€paragraphs€3€(e)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ9.6€With€regard€to€the€information€submitted€by€the€author€concerning€delays€in€the€judicialÐ l*¼%* Ðproceedings,€in€particular€the€fact€that€his€appeal€was€not€dealt€with€in€the€period€providedÐ R+¢&+ Ðfor€by€law,€and€that,€after€waiting€more€than€two€and€a€half€years€for€a€decision€on€hisÐ 8,ˆ', Ðappeal,€he€had€to€abandon€this€recourse€in€order€to€obtain€conditional€release,€the€CommitteeÐ -n(- Ðnotes€that€the€State€party€has€not€offered€any€explanation€or€sent€copies€of€the€relevantÐ ° Ðdecisions.€Referring€to€its€prior€jurisprudence,€the€Committee€reiterates€that,€in€accordanceÐ –æ Ðwith€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€to€ensure€that€there€isÐ |Ì Ðno€undue€delay€in€the€proceedings.€The€State€party€has€not€submitted€any€information€thatÐ b² Ðwould€justify€the€delays.€The€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€articleÐ H˜ Ð14,€paragraph€3€(c),€as€well€as€of€article€14,€paragraph€5,€since€the€author€was€obliged€toÐ . ~ Ðabandon€his€appeal€in€exchange€for€conditional€release.Ð  d ÐÌ10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€5,Ð à 0 Ðparagraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ Æ   ÐRights,€considers€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€violations€by€Ecuador€of€articles€7,€10,Ð ¬ ü  Ðparagraph€1,€and€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€(e)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.Ð ’â  ÐÌ11.€In€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ ^®  Ðparty€has€an€obligation€to€provide€an€effective€remedy€to€the€author.€In€the€Committee'sÐ D”  Ðview,€this€entails€compensation,€and€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€thatÐ *z  Ðthere€will€be€no€such€violations€in€future.Ð ` ÐÌ12.€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€hasÐ Ü, Ðrecognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€aÐ Â Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant€or€not€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ ¨ø Ðparty€has€undertaken€to€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€or€subject€to€itsÐ ŽÞ Ðjurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€and€to€provide€an€effective€andÐ tÄ Ðenforceable€remedy€in€case€a€violation€has€been€established,€the€Committee€wishes€toÐ Zª Ðreceive€from€the€State€party,€within€a€period€of€90€days,€information€on€the€measures€takenÐ @ Ðto€give€effect€to€its€Views.Ð &v ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€Spanish€being€the€original€version.€Subsequently€itÐ òB Ðwill€also€be€issued€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee's€annual€reportÐ Ø( Ðto€the€General€Assembly.]Ð ¾ ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ p!À  ÐÌ*€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ*/€In€accordance€with€rule€85€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€Mr.€Julio€Prado€VallejoÐ %X $ Ðdid€not€take€part€in€the€approval€of€the€Committee's€Views.€Ð î%>!% ÐÓºÓ