ÿWPCX8 “ßY^Sû)Jn=f®e<ˆ×ÊðoiÕ̹ME.ìcéý7xjª²=cs][cövpýLY?4úœ•‰êÀßÈsXNBÜšèûü"Ÿ±Œ Iö *|üêò#bý’püÑîÒÐÝ+qùÝKÍ‹sžv‡cø®{ª¦Ð @à¯˹m£V–”Ã}Ô9=°ºË¥w9ÄĉÕËE8× ÍTMG7{3Úž7‡æbð$çj½ÕKi íj}9ÇS”(ww‰Ž.·'ʽZ¤[ÆjæwJ„Ôýº#çý?`5µØa› [ÃÇîíYÂzk§Ê?;ø>R Ÿª‚_7 î2µ Ö¢1å <i^áj¬Yíu5f£Ó¦£kõ2® ¹@èÆ¯OµûèÖð¡·çÍ» b±žÄvù²poÊ8g+­_Ä6wÛ²Ëx¯:J ®|7?M‰Û„<ªÀåh‡@‘ ÝŸ !ÕͽPiÊÓäJ>öå¿ôj§ìñ˜8Ô…äûÌq¬+èMNa¬üat¾Ñ°!@ n-ˆ ÷9åøOý]à&°ÐÐ*òO"ïðâÆ#~~ÞÄ*¥//:A%à >³4o,¹«ô–ñz{öû‡÷“Bz S¦ H¯Øf¿/BTU >˜ÌÖ 0µ¢ 0<W 0Y“ 0_ì 0iK 0P´ Æ 0áÊ 0(« D+Ó AMþ K 0Æ[#Á!UNâ %0M6(:Nb^ dwp4tˆ mŠ 0ô¡ 0ñ• 0î† 0ët 0è_ 0åG 0â, 0ß 0Üí 0âÉ 0ß« 0ÜŠ 0Ùf 0Ö? 0Ó 0Ðè 0͸ 0Ê… 0áO! 0Þ0" 0Û# 0Øé# 0ÕÁ$ 0Ò–% 0Ïh& 0Ì7' 0É( 00Ì( 0<ü( 0¾8) 0>ö) 0v4* 0`ª* 0` + 0`j+ 0`Ê+ 0`*, 08Š, 0ÒÂ, 02”- 0üÆ- 0:Â. 0 ü. 0j0 0„p1 B*ô2 D/3 0„M3 D/Ñ4 0Î5 0Î5 0:Ö6 0^7 0<n7 0Nª7U6ø7U*.8ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Miango v. Zaire, Communication No. 194/1985 (27 October 1987), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/44oc. 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ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóSweden€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó2€December€1985€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:óó€25€March€1987€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€27€July€1988,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concluded€óóits€consideration€of€communication€No.€197/1985,€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ¾ Ðand€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:€Ð p!À  ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóó€ó óÐ "$r# ÐÓpÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€initial€letter€dated€2€December€1985€and€subsequentÐ Ô&$"& Ðletters€dated€5€and€12€November€1986)€is€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô,€a€Swedish€citizen€of€Sami€ethnicÐ º' #' Ðorigin,€born€in€1926.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€violationsÐ  (ð#( Ðby€the€Government€of€Sweden€of€articles€1€and€27€of€the€Covenant.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ2.1€It€is€stated€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€belongs€to€a€Sami€family€which€has€been€active€in€reindeerÐ R+¢&+ Ðbreeding€for€over€100€years.€On€this€basis,€the€author€claims€that€he€has€inherited€the€"civilÐ 8,ˆ', Ðright"€to€reindeer€breeding€from€his€forefathers€as€well€as€the€rights€to€land€and€water€inÐ -n(- ÐÔ_ÔSorkaitumÔ_Ô€Sami€Village.€It€appears€that€the€author€has€been€denied€the€exercise€of€theseÐ ° Ðrights€because€he€is€said€to€have€lost€his€membership€in€the€Sami€village€òò("Ô_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô",Ð –æ Ðóóformerly€òò"Ô_ÔlappbyÔ_Ô"),€óówhich€under€a€1971€Swedish€statute€is€like€a€trade€union€with€a€"closedÐ |Ì Ðshop"€rule.€A€non„member€cannot€exercise€Sami€rights€to€land€and€water.€Ð b² ÐÌ2.2€In€an€attempt€to€reduce€the€number€of€reindeer€breeders,€the€Swedish€Crown€and€the€LapÐ . ~ Ðbailiff€have€insisted€that,€if€a€Sami€engages€in€any€other€profession€for€a€period€of€threeÐ  d Ðyears,€he€loses€his€statue€and€his€name€is€removed€from€the€rolls€of€the€òòÔ_ÔlappbyÔ_Ôóó,€which€heÐ ú J Ðcannot€re„enter€except€with€special€permission.€Thus€it€is€claimed€that€the€Crown€arbitrarilyÐ à 0 Ðdenies€the€immemorial€rights€of€the€Sami€minority€and€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€is€the€victim€of€suchÐ Æ   Ðdenial€of€rights.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.3€With€respect€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€states€that€he€has€soughtÐ xÈ  Ðredress€through€all€instances€in€Sweden,€and€that€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€(HighestÐ ^®  ÐAdministrative€Court€of€Sweden)€decided€against€him€on€6€June€1985,€although€twoÐ D”  Ðdissenting€judges€found€for€him€and€would€have€made€him€a€member€of€the€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô.óó€Ð *z  ÐÌ2.4€The€author€states€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€submitted€for€examination€under€anyÐ öF Ðother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€19€March€1986,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ ¨ø Ðtransmitted€the€communication,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€to€theÐ ŽÞ ÐState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€admissibility€of€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€requested€the€State€partyÐ Zª Ðto€provide€the€Committee€with€the€text€of€the€relevant€administrative€and€judicial€decisionsÐ @ Ðpertaining€to€the€case,€including€(a)€the€decision€of€23€January€1981€of€the€Ô_ÔLansstyrelsenÔ_Ô,Ð &v ÐÔ_ÔNorrbottensÔ_Ô€òòÔ_ÔlanÔ_Ô€óó(the€relevant€administrative€authority),€(b)€the€judgement€of€17€May€1983Ð  \ Ðof€the€Ô_ÔKammarrattenÔ_Ô€(Administrative€Court€of€Appeal)€and€(c)€the€judgement€of€6€June€1985Ð òB Ðof€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€(Highest€Administrative€Court€of€Sweden)€with€dissenting€opinions.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.1€By€its€submission,€dated€12€September€1986,€the€State€party€provided€all€the€requestedÐ ¤ô Ðadministrative€and€judicial€decisions€and€observed€as€follows:€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€has€alleged€breaches€of€articles€1€and€27€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ V"¦! Ðand€Political€Rights.€The€Government€has€understood€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€complaint€under€articleÐ <#Œ" Ð27€thus:€that€he€„€through€Swedish€legislation€and€as€a€result€of€Swedish€court€decisions€„€hasÐ "$r# Ðbeen€prevented€from€exercising€his€'reindeer€breeding€rights'€and€consequently€denied€theÐ %X $ Ðright€to€enjoy€the€culture€of€the€Sami.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"With€respect€to€the€author's€complaint€under€article€I€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€partyÐ º' #' Ðobserves€that€it€is€not€certain€whether€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€claims€that€the€Sami€as€a€people€shouldÐ  (ð#( Ðhave€the€right€to€self„determination€as€set€forth€in€article€1,€paragraph€1,€or€whether€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðcomplaint€should€be€considered€to€be€limited€to€paragraph€2€of€that€article,€an€allegation€thatÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€Sami€as€a€people€have€been€denied€the€right€freely€to€dispose€of€their€natural€wealth€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðresources.€However,€as€can€be€seen€already€from€the€material€presented€by€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_ÔÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhimself,€the€issue€concerning€the€rights€of€the€Sami€to€land€and€water€and€questionsÐ -n(- Ðconnected€hereto,€is€a€matter€of€immense€complexity.€The€matter€has€been€the€object€ofÐ ° Ðdiscussions,€consideration€and€decisions€ever€since€the€Swedish€Administration€started€toÐ –æ Ðtake€interest€In€the€areas€in€northern€Sweden,€where€the€Sami€live.€As€a€matter€of€fact,€someÐ |Ì Ðof€the€issues€with€respect€to€the€Sami€population€are€currently€under€consideration€by€theÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔSamerattsutredningenÔ_Ô€(Swedish€Commission€on€Sami€Issues)€appointed€by€the€GovernmentÐ H˜ Ðin€1983.€For€the€time€being,€the€Government€refrains€from€further€comments€on€this€aspectÐ . ~ Ðof€the€application.€Suffice€it€to€say€that,€in€the€Government's€opinion,€the€Sami€do€notÐ  d Ðconstitute€a€'people'€within€the€meaning€given€to€the€word€in€article€1€of€the€Covenant€...Ð ú J ÐThus,€the€Government€maintains€that€article€1€is€not€applicable€to€the€case.€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô'sÐ à 0 Ðcomplaints€therefore€should€be€declared€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ Æ   Ðto€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€as€being€incompatible€withÐ ¬ ü  Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant."€Ð ’â  ÐÌ4.2€With€respect€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€27,€the€State€party€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"admits€that€the€Sami€form€an€ethnic€minority€in€Sweden€and€that€persons€belonging€to€thisÐ *z  Ðminority€are€entitled€to€protection€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€Indeed,€the€SwedishÐ ` ÐConstitution€goes€somewhat€further.€Chapter€1,€article€2,€fourth€paragraph,€prescribes:€'TheÐ öF Ðpossibilities€for€ethnic,€linguistic€or€religious€minorities€to€preserve€and€develop€a€culturalÐ Ü, Ðand€social€life€of€their€own€should€be€promoted.'€Chapter€2,€article€15,€prescribes|€'No€lawÐ Â Ðor€other€decree€may€imply€discrimination€against€any€citizen€on€the€ground€of€his€belongingÐ ¨ø Ðto€a€minority€on€account€of€his€race,€skin€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô€or€ethnic€origin.'€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ"The€matter€to€be€considered€with€regard€to€article€27€is€whether€Swedish€legislation€andÐ Zª ÐSwedish€court€decisions€have€resulted€in€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€being€deprived€of€his€right€to€carry€outÐ @ Ðreindeer€husbandry€and,€if€this€is€the€case,€whether€this€implies€that€article€27€has€beenÐ &v Ðviolated.€The€Government€would,€in€this€context,€like€to€stress€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€himself€hasÐ  \ Ðobserved€before€the€legal€instances€in€Sweden€that€the€only€question€at€issue€in€his€case€isÐ òB Ðthe€existence€of€such€special€reasons€as€enable€the€authorities€to€grant€him€admission€as€aÐ Ø( Ðmember€of€the€Ô_ÔSorkaitumÔ_Ô€Sami€community€despite€the€Sami€community's€refusal€...€Ð ¾ ÐÌ"The€reindeer€grazing€legislation€had€the€effect€of€dividing€the€Sami€population€of€SwedenÐ Š Ú Ðinto€reindeer„herding€and€non„reindeer„herding€Sami,€a€distinction€which€is€still€veryÐ p!À  Ðimportant.€Reindeer€herding€is€reserved€for€Sami€who€are€members€of€a€Sami€villageÐ V"¦! Ðòò(Ô_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô),€óówhich€is€a€legal€entity€under€Swedish€law.€(The€expression€'Sami'€community'€isÐ <#Œ" Ðalso€used€as€an€English€translation€of€òò'Ô_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô'.)€óóThese€Sami,€today€numbering€about€2,500,Ð "$r# Ðalso€have€certain€other€rights,€for€example,€as€regards€hunting€and€fishing.€Other€Sami,Ð %X $ Ðhowever€„€the€great€majority,€since€the€Sami€population€in€Sweden€today€numbers€someÐ î%>!% Ð15,000€to€20,000€„€have€no€special€rights€under€the€present€law.€These€other€Sami€have€foundÐ Ô&$"& Ðit€more€difficult€to€maintain€their€Sami€identity€and€many€of€them€are€today€assimilated€inÐ º' #' ÐSwedish€society.€Indeed,€the€majority€of€this€group€does€not€even€live€within€the€area€whereÐ  (ð#( Ðreindeer„herding€Sami€live.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"The€rules€applicable€on€reindeer€grazing€are€laid€down€in€the€1971€Reindeer€Husbandry€ActÐ R+¢&+ Ð[hereinafter€the€'Act'].€The€òòratio€legisóó€for€this€legislation€is€to€improve€the€living€conditionsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfor€the€Sami€who€have€reindeer€husbandry€as€their€primary€income,€and€to€make€theÐ -n(- Ðexistence€of€reindeer€husbandry€safe€for€the€future.€There€had€been€problems€in€achievingÐ ° Ðan€income€large€enough€to€support€a€family€living€on€reindeer€husbandry.€From€theÐ –æ Ðlegislative€history€it€appears€that€it€was€considered€a€matter€of€general€importance€thatÐ |Ì Ðreindeer€husbandry€be€made€more€profitable.€Reindeer€husbandry€was€considered€necessaryÐ b² Ðto€protect€and€preserve€the€whole€culture€of€the€Sami€...€Ð H˜ ÐÌ"It€should€be€stressed€that€a€person€who€is€a€member€of€a€Sami€village€also€has€a€right€to€useÐ  d Ðland€and€water€belonging€to€other€people€for€the€maintenance€of€himself€and€his€reindeer.Ð ú J ÐThis€is€valid€for€State€property€as€well€as€private€land€and€also€encompasses€the€right€to€huntÐ à 0 Ðand€fish€within€a€large€part€of€the€area€in€question.€It€thus€appears€that€the€Sami€in€relationÐ Æ   Ðto€other€Swedes€have€considerable€benefits.€However,€the€area€available€for€reindeer€grazingÐ ¬ ü  Ðlimits€the€total€number€of€reindeer€to€about€300,000.€Not€more€than€2,500€Sami€can€supportÐ ’â  Ðthemselves€on€the€basis€of€these€reindeer€and€additional€incomes.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"The€new€legislation€led€to€a€reorganization€of€the€old€existing€Sami€villages€into€largerÐ D”  Ðunits.€The€Sami€villages€have€their€origin€in€the€old€òòÔ_ÔsiidaÔ_Ô,€óówhich€originally€formed€the€baseÐ *z  Ðof€Sami€society,€consisting€of€a€community€of€families€which€migrated€seasonally€from€oneÐ ` Ðhunting,€fishing€and€trapping€area€to€another,€and€which€later€on€came€to€work€with€andÐ öF Ðfollow€a€particular€self„contained€herd€of€reindeer€from€one€seasonal€grazing€area€to€another.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ"Prior€to€the€present€legislation,€the€Sami€were€organized€in€Sami€communities€òò(Ô_ÔlappbyarÔ_Ô).Ð ¨ø ÐóóDecision€to€grant€membership€of€these€villages€was€made€by€the€Ô_ÔLandsstyrelsenÔ_Ô€(CountyÐ ŽÞ ÐAdministrative€Board).€Under€the€present€legislation,€membership€in€a€Sami€village€isÐ tÄ Ðgranted€by€the€members€of€the€Sami€village€themselves.€Ð Zª ÐÌ"A€person€who€has€been€denied€membership€in€a€Sami€village€can€appeal€against€such€aÐ &v Ðdecision€to€the€County€Administrative€Board.€Appeals€against€the€Board's€decision€in€theÐ  \ Ðmatter€can€be€made€to€the€Ô_ÔKammarrattenÔ_Ô€(Administrative€Court€of€Appeal)€and€finally€to€theÐ òB ÐÔ_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€(Highest€Administrative€Court€of€Sweden).€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"An€appeal€against€a€decision€of€a€Sami€community€to€refuse€membership€may,€however,Ð ¤ô Ðbe€granted€only€if€there€are€special€reasons€for€allowing€such€membership€(see€sect.€12,€pars.Ð Š Ú Ð2,€of€the€1971€Act).€According€to€the€legislative€history€of€the€Act,€the€CountyÐ p!À  ÐAdministrative€Board's€right€to€grant€an€appeal€against€a€decision€made€by€the€SamiÐ V"¦! Ðcommunity€should€be€exercised€very€restrictively.€It€is€thus€required€that€the€reindeerÐ <#Œ" Ðhusbandry€which€the€applicant€intends€to€carry€out€within€the€community€be€in€an€essentialÐ "$r# Ðway€useful€to€the€community€and€that€it€be€of€no€inconvenience€to€its€other€members.€AnÐ %X $ Ðimportant€factor€in€this€context€is€that€the€pasture€areas€remain€constant,€while€additionalÐ î%>!% Ðmembers€means€more€reindeers.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ"There€seems€to€be€only€one€previous€judgement€from€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€concerningÐ  (ð#( Ðsection€12€of€the€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act.€However,€the€circumstances€are€not€quite€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðsame€as€in€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€case€...€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ"The€case€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€has€brought€to€the€courts€is€based€on€the€'€content€of€section€12,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act.€The€Ô_ÔLandsstyrelsenÔ_Ô€and€the€courts€have€thusÐ -n(- Ðhad€to€make€decisions€only€upon€the€question€whether€there€were€any€special€reasons€withinÐ ° Ðthe€meaning€of€the€Act€to€allow€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€membership€in€the€Sami€community.€TheÐ –æ ÐÔ_ÔLandsstyrelsenÔ_Ô€found€that€there€were€no€such€reasons,€nor€did€the€Ô_ÔKammarrattenÔ_Ô€or€theÐ |Ì Ðmajority€of€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€...€Ð b² ÐÌ"When€deciding€upon€the€question€whether€article€27€of€the€Covenant€has€been€violated,€theÐ . ~ Ðfollowing€must€be€considered.€It€is€true€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€has€been€denied€membership€in€theÐ  d ÐSami€community€of€Ô_ÔSorkaitumÔ_Ô.€Normally,€this€would€have€meant€that€he€also€had€beenÐ ú J Ðdeprived€of€any€possibility€of€carrying€out€reindeer€husbandry.€However,€in€this€case€theÐ à 0 ÐBoard€of€the€Sami€community€declared€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô,€as€an€owner€of€domesticatedÐ Æ   Ðreindeer,€can€be€present€when€calves€are€marked,€reindeer€slaughtered€and€herds€are€roundedÐ ¬ ü  Ðup€and€reassigned€to€owners,€all€this€in€order€to€safeguard€his€interests€as€a€reindeer€ownerÐ ’â  Ðin€Sami€society,€albeit€not€as€a€member€of€the€Sami€community.€He€is€also€allowed€to€huntÐ xÈ  Ðand€fish€free€of€charge€in€the€community's€pasture€area.€These€facts€were€also€decisive€inÐ ^®  Ðenabling€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€to€reach€a€conclusion€when€judging€the€matter.€Ð D”  ÐÌ"The€Government€contends€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€in€practice€can€still€continue€his€reindeerÐ ` Ðhusbandry,€although€he€cannot€exercise€this€right€under€the€same€safe€conditions€as€theÐ öF Ðmembers€of€the€Sami€community.€Thus,€it€cannot€be€said€that€he€has€been€prevented€fromÐ Ü, Ð'enjoying€his€own€culture'.€For€that€reason€the€Government€maintains€that€the€complaintÐ Â Ðshould€be€declared€inadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€Covenant."€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.3€Should€the€Committee€arrive€at€another€opinion,€the€State€party€submits€that:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ"As€is€evident€from€the€legislation,€the€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act€aims€at€protecting€andÐ @ Ðpreserving€the€Sami€culture€and€reindeer€husbandry€as€such.€The€conflict€that€has€occurredÐ &v Ðin€this€case€is€not€so€much€a€conflict€between€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€as€a€Sami€and€the€State,€but€ratherÐ  \ Ðbetween€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€and€other€Sami.€As€in€every€society€where€conflicts€occur,€a€choice€has€to€beÐ òB Ðmade€between€what€is€considered€to€be€in€the€general€interest€on€the€one€hand€and€theÐ Ø( Ðinterests€of€the€individual€on€the€other.€A€special€circumstance€here€is€that€reindeerÐ ¾ Ðhusbandry€is€so€closely€connected€to€the€Sami€culture€that€it€must€be€considered€part€of€theÐ ¤ô ÐSami€culture€itself.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"In€this€case€the€legislation€can€be€said€to€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô€the€Sami€community€in€order€to€makeÐ V"¦! Ðreindeer€husbandry€economically€viable€now€and€in€the€future.€The€pasture€areas€for€reindeerÐ <#Œ" Ðhusbandry€are€limited,€and€it€is€simply€not€possible€to€let€all€Sami€exercise€reindeerÐ "$r# Ðhusbandry€without€jeopardizing€this€objective€and€running€the€risk€of€endangering€theÐ %X $ Ðexistence€of€reindeer€husbandry€as€such.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"In€this€case€it€should€be€noted€that€it€is€for€the€Sami€community€to€decide€whether€a€personÐ º' #' Ðis€to€be€allowed€membership€or€not.€It€is€only€when€the€community€denies€membership€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€matter€can€become€a€case€for€the€courts.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"Article€27€guarantees€the€right€of€persons€belonging€to€minority€groups€to€enjoy€their€ownÐ R+¢&+ Ðculture.€However,€although€not€explicitly€provided€for€in€the€text€itself,€such€restrictions€onÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€exercise€of€this€right€...€must€be€considered€justified€to€the€extent€that€they€are€necessaryÐ -n(- Ðin€a€democratic€society€in€view€of€public€interests€of€vital€importance€or€for€the€protectionÐ ° Ðof€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€In€view€of€the€interests€underlying€the€reindeerÐ –æ Ðhusbandry€legislation€and€its€very€limited€impact€on€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€possibility€of€'enjoying€hisÐ |Ì Ðculture',€the€Government€submits€that€under€all€the€circumstances€the€present€case€does€notÐ b² Ðindicate€the€existence€of€a€violation€of€article€27.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ"For€these€reasons€the€Government€contends€that,€even€if€the€Committee€should€come€to€theÐ  d Ðconclusion€that€the€complaint€falls€within€the€scope€of€article€27,€there€has€been€no€breachÐ ú J Ðof€the€Covenant.€The€complaint€should€in€this€case€be€declared€inadmissible€as€manifestlyÐ à 0 Ðill„founded."€Ð Æ   ÐÌ5.1€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission€under€rule€91,€the€author,€in€submissionsÐ ’â  Ðdated€5€and€12€November€1986,€contends€that€his€allegations€with€respect€to€violations€ofÐ xÈ  Ðarticles€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô€and€27€are€well„founded.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ5.2€With€regard€to€article€1€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€states:€Ð *z  ÐÌ"The€old€Lapp€villages€must€be€looked€upon€as€small€realms,€not€States,€with€their€ownÐ öF Ðborders€and€their€government€and€with€the€right€to€neutrality€in€war.€This€was€the€SwedishÐ Ü, Ðposition€during€the€Vasa€reign€and€is€well€expressed€in€the€royal€letters€by€Ô_ÔGustavusÔ_Ô€VasaÐ Â Ðof€1526,€1543€and€1551.€It€was€also€confirmed€by€Ô_ÔGustavusÔ_Ô€Adolphus€in€1615€and€by€a€royalÐ ¨ø Ðjudgement€that€year€for€Ô_ÔSuondavareÔ_Ô€Lapp€village€...€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ"In€Sweden€there€is€no€theory,€as€there€is€in€some€other€countries,€that€the€King€or€the€StateÐ Zª Ðwas€the€first€owner€of€all€land€within€the€State's€borders.€In€addition€to€that,€there€was€noÐ @ ÐState€border€between€Sweden€and€Norway€until€1751€in€Lapp€areas.€In€Sweden€there€is€theÐ &v Ðnotion€of€Ô_ÔallodialÔ_Ô€land€rights,€meaning€land€rights€existing€before€the€State.€These€Ô_ÔallodialÔ_ÔÐ  \ Ðland€rights€are€acknowledged€in€the€òòÔ_ÔtravauxÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpreparatoiresÔ_Ô€óóof€the€1734€law„book€for€Sweden,Ð òB Ðincluding€even€Finnish€territory.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"Sweden€has€difficulty€in€understanding€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€complaint€under€article€1.€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€positionÐ ¤ô Ðunder€article€1,€paragraph€1,€is€that€the€Sami€people€has€the€right€to€self„determination€...€IfÐ Š Ú Ðthe€world€Sami€population€is€about€65,000,€40,000€live€in€Norway,€20,000€in€Sweden,€4,000Ð p!À  Ðto€5,000€in€Finland€and€the€rest€in€the€Soviet€Union.€The€number€of€Swedish€Sami€in€theÐ V"¦! Ðheartlands€between€the€vegetation„line€and€the€Norwegian€border€is€not€exactly€known,Ð <#Œ" Ðbecause€Sweden€has€denied€the€Sami€the€right€to€a€census.€If€the€number€is€tentatively€putÐ "$r# Ðat€5,000,€this€population€in€Swedish€Sami€land€should€be€entitled€to€the€right€to€self„Ð %X $ Ðdetermination.€The€existence€of€Sami€in€other€countries€should€not€be€allowed€to€diminishÐ î%>!% Ðthe€right€to€self„determination€of€the€Swedish€Sami.€The€Swedish€Sami€cannot€have€a€lesserÐ Ô&$"& Ðright€because€there€are€Sami€in€other€countries€...".€Ð º' #' ÐÌ5.3€With€respect€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€states:€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"The€1928€law€was€unconstitutional€and€not€consistent€with€international€law€or€withÐ R+¢&+ ÐSwedish€civil€law.€The€1928€statute€said€that€a€non„òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ôóó„member€like€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€hadÐ 8,ˆ', Ðreindeer€breeding,€hunting€and€fishing€rights€but€was€not€entitled€to€use€those€rights.€ThisÐ -n(- Ðis€a€most€extraordinary€statute,€forbidding€a€person€to€use€civil€rights€in€his€possession.€TheÐ ° Ðidea€was€to€make€room€for€the€Sami€who€had€been€displaced€to€the€north,€by€reducing€theÐ –æ Ðnumber€of€Sami€who€could€use€their€inherited€land€and€water€rights€....€Ð |Ì ÐÌ"The€result€is€that€there€are€two€categories€of€Sami€in€the€Sami€heartlands€in€the€north€ofÐ H˜ ÐSweden€between€the€vegetation„line€of€1873€and€the€Norwegian€1751€border.€One€categoryÐ . ~ Ðis€the€full€Sami,€i.e.,€the€village€Sami;€the€other€is€the€half„Sami,€i.e.,€the€non„village€SamiÐ  d Ðliving€in€the€Sami€village€area,€having€land€and€water€rights,€but€prohibited€by€statute€to€useÐ ú J Ðthose€rights.€As€this€prohibition€for€the€half„Sami€is€contrary€to€international€and€domesticÐ à 0 Ðlaw,€the€1928„1971€statute€is€invalid€and€cannot€forbid€the€half„Sami€from€exercising€hisÐ Æ   Ðreindeer€breeding,€hunting€and€fishing€rights.€As€a€matter€of€fact,€the€half„Sami€haveÐ ¬ ü  Ðexercised€their€hunting€and€fishing€rights,€especially€fishing€rights,€without€the€permissionÐ ’â  Ðrequired€by€statute.€This€has€been€common€in€the€Swedish€Sami€heartlands€and€was€validÐ xÈ  Ðuntil€the€Ô_ÔRegeringsrattenÔ_Ô€rendered€its€decision€on€6€June€1965€in€the€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€case€...Ð ^®  ÐÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô's€position€is€that€he€is€denied€the€right€to€enjoy€the€culture€of€the€Sami€as€he€is€just€aÐ D”  Ðhalf„Sami,€whereas€the€Sami€village€members€are€full€Sami€...€The€Swedish€Government€hasÐ *z  Ðadmitted€that€reindeer€breeding€is€an€essential€element€in€the€Sami€culture.€When€SwedenÐ ` Ðnow€contends€that€the€majority€of€the€Swedish€Sami€have€no€special€rights€under€the€existingÐ öF Ðlaw,€this€is€not€true.€Sweden€goes€on€to€say€'these€other€Sami€have€found€it€more€difficult€toÐ Ü, Ðmaintain€their€Sami€identity€and€many€of€them€are€today€assimilated€in€Swedish€society.Ð Â ÐIndeed,€the€majority€of€this€group€does€not€even€live€within€the€area€where€reindeer„herdingÐ ¨ø ÐSami€live'.€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€comments€that€he€speaks€for€the€estimated€5,000€Sami€who€live€in€theÐ ŽÞ ÐSwedish€Sami€heartlands€and€of€whom€only€2,000€are€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô€óómembers.€The€mechanism€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô€óó...€diminishes€the€number.€of€reindeer„farming€Sami€from€year€to€year;€there€areÐ Zª Ðnow€only€2,000€persons€who€are€active€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô€óómembers€living€in€Swedish€Sami€heartlands.Ð @ ÐWhen€Sweden€says€that€these€other€Sami€are€assimilated,€it€seems€that€Sweden€confirms€itsÐ &v Ðown€violation€of€article€27.€Ð  \ ÐÌ"The€important€thing€for€the€Sami€people€is€solidarity€among€the€people€òò(Ô_ÔfolksolidaritetÔ_Ô)€óóandÐ Ø( Ðnot€industrial€solidarity€òò(Ô_ÔnaringssolidaritetÔ_Ô).€óóThis€was€the€great€appeal€of€the€Sami€leaders,Ð ¾ ÐÔ_ÔGustafÔ_Ô€Park,€Israel€Ô_ÔRuongÔ_Ô€and€others.€Sweden€has€tried€hard,€however,€to€promote€industrialÐ ¤ô Ðsolidarity€among€the€Swedish€Sami€and€to€divide€them€into€full€Sami€and€half„Sami€...€It€isÐ Š Ú Ðcharacteristic€that€the€1964€Royal€Committee€wanted€to€call€the€Lapp€village€'reindeerÐ p!À  Ðvillage'€òò(Ô_ÔrenbyÔ_Ô)€óóand€wanted€to€make€the€òòÔ_ÔrenbyÔ_Ôóó€an€entirely€economic€association€withÐ V"¦! Ðincreasing€voting€power€for€the€big€reindeer€owners.€This€has€also€been€achieved€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðpresent€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ôóó,€where€members€get€a€new€vote€for€every€extra€100€reindeer.€It€is€becauseÐ "$r# Ðof€this€organization€of€the€voting€power€that€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€was€not€admitted€into€his€fatherlandÐ %X $ ÐÔ_ÔSorkaitumÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLappbyÔ_Ô.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"Among€the€approximately€3,000€non„òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ôóó€members€who€are€entitled€to€carry€outÐ º' #' Ðreindeer€farming€and€live€in€Swedish€Sami€heartland€there€are€only€a€few€today€who€areÐ  (ð#( Ðinterested€in€taking€up€reindeer€farming.€In€order€to€maintain€the€Sami€ethnic„linguisticÐ †)Ö$) Ðminority,€it€is,€however,€very€important€that€such€Sami€are€encouraged€to€join€the€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô."óó€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ5.4€In€conclusion,€it€is€stated€that€the€author,€as€a€half„Sami,€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"cannot€enjoy€his€own€culture€because€his€reindeer„farming,€hunting€and€fishing€rights€canÐ ° Ðbe€removed€by€an€undemocratic€graduated€vote€and€as€a€half„Sami€he€is€forced€to€pay€4,000Ð –æ Ðto€5,000€Swedish€krona€annually€as€a€fee€to€the€Ô_ÔSorkaitumÔ_Ô€òòÔ_ÔsamebyÔ_Ô€óóassociation€that€the€fullÐ |Ì ÐSami€do€not€pay€to€that€association.€This€is€a€stigma€on€half„Sami."€Ð b² ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ . ~ ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ  d Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð ú J ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€noted€that€the€State€party€did€not€claim€that€the€communication€wasÐ Æ   Ðinadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€With€regard€to€article€5,Ð ¬ ü  Ðparagraph€2€(a),€the€Committee€observed€that€the€matters€complained€of€by€Ivan€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€wereÐ ’â  Ðnot€being€examined€and€had€not€been€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ xÈ  Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€the€Committee€wasÐ ^®  Ðunable€to€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€there€were€effectiveÐ D”  Ðremedies€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case€to€which€the€author€could€still€resort.€Ð *z  ÐÌ6.3€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€submission€that€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ öF Ðinadmissible€as€incompatible€with€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol€or€as€"manifestly€ill„Ð Ü, Ðfounded",€the€Committee€observed€that€the€author,€as€an€individual,€could€not€claim€to€beÐ Â Ðthe€victim€of€a€violation€of€the€right€of€self„determination€enshrined€in€article€1€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐCovenant.€Whereas€the€Optional€Protocol€provides€a€recourse€procedure€for€individualsÐ ŽÞ Ðclaiming€that€their€rights€have€been€violated,€article€I€of€the€Covenant€deals€with€rightsÐ tÄ Ðconferred€upon€peoples,€as€such.€However,€with€regard€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ Zª ÐCommittee€observed€that€the€author€had€made€a€reasonable€effort€to€substantiate€hisÐ @ Ðallegations€that€he€was€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€his€right€to€enjoy€the€same€rights€enjoyedÐ &v Ðby€other€members€of€the€Sami€community.€Therefore,€it€decided€that€the€issues€before€it,€inÐ  \ Ðparticular€the€scope€of€article€27,€should€be€examined€with€the€merits€of€the€case.€Ð òB ÐÌ6.4€The€Committee€noted€that€both€the€author€and€the€State€party€had€already€made€extensiveÐ ¾ Ðsubmissions€with€regard€to€the€merits€of€the€case.€However,€the€Committee€deemed€itÐ ¤ô Ðappropriate€at€that€juncture€to€limit€itself€to€the€procedural€requirement€of€deciding€on€theÐ Š Ú Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€It€noted€that,€if€the€State€party€should€wish€to€add€to€itsÐ p!À  Ðearlier€submission€within€six€months€of€the€transmittal€to€it€of€the€decision€on€admissibility,Ð V"¦! Ðthe€author€of€the€communication€would€be€given€an€opportunity€to€comment€thereon.€If€noÐ <#Œ" Ðfurther€submissions€were€received€from€the€State€party€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ "$r# ÐOptional€Protocol,€the€Committee€would€proceed€to€adopt€its€final€views€in€the€light€of€theÐ %X $ Ðwritten€information€already€submitted€by€the€parties.€Ð î%>!% ÐÔ_ÔÌ6.5€On€25€March€1987,€the€Committee€therefore€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ º' #' Ðadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€raised€issues€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€and€requested€theÐ  (ð#( ÐState€party,€should€it€not€intend€to€make€a€further€submission€in€the€case€under€article€4,Ð †)Ö$) Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€so€inform€the€Committee,€so€as€to€permit€an€earlyÐ l*¼%* Ðdecision€on€the€merits.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ7.€By€a€note€dated€2€September€1987,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€it€did€notÐ -n(- Ðintend€to€make€a€further€submission€in€the€case.€No€further€submission€has€been€receivedÐ ° Ðfrom€the€author.€Ð –æ ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€merits€of€the€communication€in€the€lightÐ b² Ðof€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraphÐ H˜ Ð1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€facts€of€the€case€are€not€in€dispute.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ9.1€The€main€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€author€of€the€communication€isÐ ú J Ðthe€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant€because,€as€he€alleges,€he€is€arbitrarilyÐ à 0 Ðdenied€immemorial€rights€granted€to€the€Sami€community,€in€particular,€the€right€toÐ Æ   Ðmembership€of€the€Sami€community€and€the€right€to€carry€out€reindeer€husbandry.€InÐ ¬ ü  Ðdeciding€whether€or€not€the€author€of€the€communication€has€been€denied€the€right€to€"enjoyÐ ’â  Ð[his]€own€culture",€as€provided€for€in€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€and€whether€section€12,Ð xÈ  Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€1971€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act,€under€which€an€appeal€against€a€decisionÐ ^®  Ðof€a€Sami€community€to€refuse€membership€may€only€be€granted€if€there€are€special€reasonsÐ D”  Ðfor€allowing€such€membership,€violates€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€bases€itsÐ *z  Ðfindings€on€the€following€considerations.€Ð ` ÐÌ9.2€The€regulation€of€an€economic€activity€is€normally€a€matter€for€the€State€alone.€However,Ð Ü, Ðwhere€that€activity€is€an€essential€element€in€the€culture€of€an„ethnic€community,€itsÐ Â Ðapplication€to€an€individual€may€fall€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€which€provides:€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ"In€those€States€in€which€ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€exist,€persons€belongingÐ tÄ Ðto€such€minorities€shall€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€the€other€members€ofÐ Zª Ðtheir€group,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€profess€and€Ô_ÔpractiseÔ_Ô€their€own€religion,€or€to€useÐ @ Ðtheir€own€language."€Ð &v ÐÌ9.3€The€Committee€observes,€in€this€context,€that€the€right€to€enjoy€one's€own€culture€inÐ òB Ðcommunity€with€the€other€members€of€the€group€cannot€be€determined€òòin€Ô_ÔabstractoÔ_Ô€óóbut€hasÐ Ø( Ðto€be€placed€in€context.€The€Committee€is€thus€called€upon€to€consider€statutory€restrictionsÐ ¾ Ðaffecting€the€right€of€an€ethnic€Sami€to€membership€of€a€Sami€village.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ9.4€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€argument€that€the€conflict€in€the€present€case€is€not€soÐ p!À  Ðmuch€a€conflict€between€the€author€as€a€Sami€and€the€State€party,€but€rather€between€theÐ V"¦! Ðauthor€and€the€Sami€community€(see€para.€4.3€above),€the€Committee€observes€that€the€StateÐ <#Œ" Ðparty's€responsibility€has€been€engaged,€by€virtue€of€the€adoption€of€the€Reindeer€HusbandryÐ "$r# ÐAct€of€1971,€and€that€it€is€therefore€State€action€that€has€been€challenged.€As€the€State€partyÐ %X $ Ðitself€points€out,€an€appeal€against€a€decision€of€the€Sami€community€to€refuse€membershipÐ î%>!% Ðcan€only€be€granted€if€there€are€special€reasons€for€allowing€such€membership;€furthermore,Ð Ô&$"& Ðthe€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€right€of€the€Ô_ÔLandsstyrelsenÔ_Ô€to€grant€such€an€appealÐ º' #' Ðshould€be€exercised€very€restrictively.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ9.5€According€to€the€State€party,€the€purposes€of€the€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act€are€to€restrictÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€number€of€reindeer€breeders€for€economic€and€ecological€reasons€and€to€secure€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðpreservation€and€well„being€of€the€Sami€minority.€Both€parties€agree€that€effective€measuresÐ 8,ˆ', Ðare€required€to€ensure€the€future€of€reindeer€breeding€and€the€livelihood€of€those€for€whomÐ -n(- Ðreindeer€farming€is€the€primary€source€of€income.€The€method€selected€by€the€State€partyÐ ° Ðto€secure€these€objectives€is€the€limitation€of€the€right€to€engage€in€reindeer€breeding€toÐ –æ Ðmembers€of€the€Sami€villages.€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€all€these€objectives€andÐ |Ì Ðmeasures€are€reasonable€and€consistent€with€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€Ð b² ÐÌ9.6€The€Committee€has€none€the€less€had€grave€doubts€as€to€whether€certain€provisions€ofÐ . ~ Ðthe€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act,€and€their€application€to€the€author,€are€compatible€with€articleÐ  d Ð27€of€the€Covenant.€Section€11€of€the€Reindeer€Husbandry€Act€provides€that:€Ð ú J ÐÌ"A€member€of€a€Sami€community€is:€Ð Æ   ÐÌ"1.€A€person€entitled€to€engage€in€reindeer€husbandry€who€participates€in€reindeer€husbandryÐ ’â  Ðwithin€the€pasture€area€of€the€community.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"2.€A€person€entitled€to€engage€in€reindeer€husbandry€who€has€participated€in€reindeerÐ D”  Ðhusbandry€within€the€pasture€area€of€the€village€and€Who€has€had€this€as€his€permanentÐ *z  Ðoccupation€and€has€not€gone€over€to€any€other€main€economic€activity.€Ð ` ÐÌ"3.€A€person€entitled€to€engage€in€reindeer€husbandry€who€is€the€husband€or€child€Ô_ÔlivlngÔ_Ô€atÐ Ü, Ðhome€of€a€member€as€qualified€in€subsection€1€or€2€or€who€is€the€surviving€husband€or€minorÐ Â Ðchild€of€a€deceased€member."€Ð ¨ø ÐÌSection€12€of€the€Act€provides€that:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ"A€Sami€community€may€accept€as€a€member€a€person€entitled€to€engage€in€reindeerÐ @ Ðhusbandry€other€than€as€specified€in€section€11,€if€he€intends€to€carry€on€reindeer€husbandryÐ &v Ðwith€his€own€reindeer€within€the€pasture€area€of€the€community.€Ð  \ ÐÌ"If€the€applicant€should€be€refused€membership,€the€Ô_ÔLandsstyrelsenÔ_Ô€may€grant€himÐ Ø( Ðmembership,€if€special€reasons€should€exist."€Ð ¾ ÐÌ9.7€It€can€thus€be€seen€that€the€Act€provides€certain€criteria€for€participation€in€the€life€of€anÐ Š Ú Ðethnic€minority€whereby€a€person€who€is€ethnically€a€Sami€can€be€held€not€to€be€a€Sami€forÐ p!À  Ðthe€purposes€of€the€Act.€The€Committee€has€been€concerned€that€the€ignoring€of€objectiveÐ V"¦! Ðethnic€criteria€in€determining€membership€of€a€minority,€and€the€application€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_ÔÐ <#Œ" Ðof€the€designated€rules,€may€have€been€disproportionate€to€the€legitimate€ends€sought€by€theÐ "$r# Ðlegislation.€It€has€further€noted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€has€always€retained€some€links€with€the€SamiÐ %X $ Ðcommunity,€always€living€on€Sami€lands€and€seeking€to€return€to€full„time€reindeer€farmingÐ î%>!% Ðas€soon€as€it€became€financially€possible,€in€his€particular€circumstances,€for€him€to€do€so.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ9.8€In€resolving€this€problem,€in€which€there€is€an€apparent€conflict€between€the€legislation,Ð  (ð#( Ðwhich€seems€to€protect€the€rights€of€the€minority€as€a€whole,€and€its€application€to€a€singleÐ †)Ö$) Ðmember€of€that€minority,€the€Committee€has'€been€guided€by€the€òòratio€Ô_ÔdecidendiÔ_Ô€óóin€theÐ l*¼%* ÐLovelace€case€(No.€24/1977,€òòLovelace€óóv.€Canada),€d/€namely,€that€a€restriction€upon€the€rightÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€an€individual€member€of€a€minority€must€be€shown€to€have€a€reasonable€and€objectiveÐ 8,ˆ', Ðjustification€and€to€be€necessary€for€the€continued€viability€and€welfare€of€the€minority€asÐ -n(- Ða€whole.€After€a€careful€review€of€all€the€elements€involved€in€this€case,€the€Committee€isÐ ° Ðof€the€view€that€there€is€no€violation€of€article€27€by€the€State€party.€In€this€context,€theÐ –æ ÐCommittee€notes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€is€permitted,€albeit€not€as€of€right,€to€graze€and€farm€hisÐ |Ì Ðreindeer,€to€hunt€and€to€fish.€Ð b² ÐÌÌ__________Ð  d ÐÌd/€€€Communication€No.€24/1977€(previously€Communication€No.€R.6/24);€òòSandra€LovelaceÐ à 0 Ðv.€Canadaóó,€submitted€on€29€December€1977;€admissibility€decision€on€14€August€1979;Ð Æ   Ðviews€adopted€on€30€July€1981.