ÿWPCƒ ¨?ä¨äŒ ºSöt "ÊMéšÂ3þìùÛ3ýÍD܉ßÏ“R‚þ¦º¿—†ØzDÈ©Uꔦµµ{ £“sl³¯V€#‡39‘ó‚·ÞÃ4^Ö¥¸€AE®¶¬#`å#K.Lêz(Qøð YôIêð0Añõ{{i©"&‚"Fb]‡µâ ÑÌ\‰>>ßÍ\&U€r G_ò[) cYð¢ uó§~hõL@®« ™zszã–8ôQ|âTyw›áMff,pÅ庄SÁÛ/Lû"ý»&Ežf>h2)ØzÇœñœ6Œ¤ÒEx—Mõ¦ëõµ/n¼UØà<×µ´øBœ?%·M‰2ð÷ÇâzAþ—-q 'f’}ÔÇÄŽ3êp~Ö®å†}(û37°uŽÈú02>}2÷n S¼«¨³!J!/F#ÔºuyìêÇEè.¦ü%O´˜3Zp<¯,>“øˆow¶.zécir>`a 6ƒR‹ç­¸hÒï;š§eSê 3÷¡'þÐYoGŒÒï»'¡¢þWçäµá¢ Å÷ZˆÝˆgcò6«N(®ìüݺ„ ¥”½ªÇ³Ø©Â7€p‡yµVÝuÚm0JÆïx®â1ƒ|AiU>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Andre A1phonse Mpaka-Nsusu v. Zaire, Communication No. 157/1983 (26 March 1986), U.N. Doc.4arch 1986), U.N. Doc."Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2³H$££Ý ƒµ´!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XxÏXXXÔÔ€XxÏXXXxÏÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žµ´$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xi'XXXÔÔ€Xi'XXXi'ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX\‹ô* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒµ´!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XxÏXXXÔÔ€XxÏXXXxÏÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMpakaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔNsusuÔ_Ô€v.€ZaireóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€157/1983Ð H˜ ÐÌ26€March€1986Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóAndre€Alphonse€Ô_ÔMpakaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔNsusuÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóZaire€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó15€August€1983€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:óó€28€March€1985óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€26€March€1986;€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€157/1983€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Andre€Alphonse€Ô_ÔMpakaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔNsusuÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ ¾ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€noting€that€no€substantive€information€has€been€received€from€the€StateÐ V"¦! Ðparty€concerned;€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð %X $ ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ º' #' ÐÓÓÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€15€August€1983€and€further€lettersÐ l*¼%* Ðdated€8€January€and€8€May€1984)€is€Andre€Alphonse€Ô_ÔMpakaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔNsusuÔ_Ô,€a€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€national€atÐ R+¢&+ ÐPresent€living€in€exile.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€breaches€by€Zaire€of€articles€1,€9,€14€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ð26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Be€is€represented€by€anÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôattorney.€Ð ° ÐÌ1.2€The€facts€as€described€by€the€author€are€as€follows:€on€21€November€1977€he€presentedÐ |Ì Ðhis€candidacy€for€the€presidency€of€the€Mouvement€populaire€de€Ia€revolution€(MPR)€and,Ð b² Ðat€the€same€time,€for€the€presidency€of€Zaire€in€conformity€with€existing€Zairian€law.€AfterÐ H˜ Ðthe€rejection€of€his€candidacy€„€which€he€alleges€was€in€contravention€of€law€No.€77„029Ð . ~ Ð(concerning€the€organization€of€presidential€elections)€„€Mr.€Mpaka„Nsusu,€on€31€DecemberÐ  d Ð1977,€submitted€a€proposal€to€the€Government€requesting€recognition€of€a€second,Ð ú J Ðconstitutionally€permissible,€party€in€Zaire,€the€Federal€Nationalist€Party€(PANAFE).€Ð à 0 ÐÌ1.3€He€claims€that€he€acted€in€accordance€with€article€4€of€the€Constitution€of€24€June€1967Ð ¬ ü  Ðwhich€envisages€a€two„party€system,€but€despite€this€he€was€arrested€on€1€July€1979€andÐ ’â  Ðdetained€without€trial€until€31€January€1981€in€the€prison€of€the€State€Security€PoliceÐ xÈ  Ð(CNRI).€He€claims€that€his€detention€was€based€on€unfounded€charges€of€subverting€StateÐ ^®  Ðsecurity.€After€being€released€from€prison,€he€was€banished€to€his€village€of€origin€for€anÐ D”  Ðindefinite€period.€This€banishment€ended€òòde€facto€óóon€15€February€1983€when€he€fled€theÐ *z  Ðcountry.€Ð ` ÐÌ1.4€The€author€states€that€although€he€filed€a€suit€on€1€October€1981€before€the€SupremeÐ Ü, ÐCourt€of€Justice€of€Zaire€((i)€contesting€the€legality€of€the€Institutionalization€of€MPR€as€soleÐ Â Ðparty€as€being€counter€to€the€dual€party€structure€set€out€in€the€Constitution;€(ii)€thereforeÐ ¨ø Ðrequesting€that€parts€of€laws€go.€74„020€of€15€August€1974€and€No.€80„012€of€15€NovemberÐ ŽÞ Ð1980€be€declared€Unconstitutional€(modifying€by€ordinary€law€constitutional€Provisions);Ð tÄ Ðand€(iii)€seeking€reparation€for€damages€suffered€during€detention),€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ Zª ÐJustice€refused€to€consider€it.€Furthermore,€the€author€notes€that€individuals€nave€no€accessÐ @ Ðto€the€Constitutional€Court€of€Zaire.€Accordingly,€the€author€contends€that€he€has€exhaustedÐ &v Ðall€domestic€remedies€available€to€him.€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.€By€its€decision€of€9€November€1983,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ Ø( Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ ¾ Ðconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€communication€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€9,€25€and€26€Of€theÐ Š Ú ÐCovenant.€The€Committee€also€requested€the€State€party€to€transmit€to€the€Committee€anyÐ p!À  Ðcopies€of€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case.€Furthermore,€the€CommitteeÐ V"¦! Ðrequested€the€author€to€provide€more€detailed€information€concerning€the€grounds€forÐ <#Œ" Ðalleging€violations€of€article€1€of€the€Covenant.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ3.€In€response€to€the€Committee's€request,€the€author,€by€a€letter€dated€8€January€1984,Ð î%>!% Ðexplained€that€the€people€of€Zaire,€in€a€constitutional€referendum€held€from€4€to€24€JuneÐ Ô&$"& Ð1967,€had€declared€themselves€in€favour€of€a€bipartisan€constitutional€system.€He€assertedÐ º' #' Ðthat€it€was€contrary€to€the€Constitution€of€Zaire,€in€particular€article€39,€to€prohibit€theÐ  (ð#( Ðestablishment€of€a€second€political€party,€and€that€he€had€been€a€victim€of€persecutionÐ †)Ö$) Ðbecause€of€his€political€activities€as€leader€of€PANAFE.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ4.€By€a€note€dated€18€January€1984,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€an€inquiryÐ 8,ˆ', Ðinto€the€case€of€Mr.€Mpaka„Nsusu€was€in€progress€in€Zaire€and€that€a€reply€would€beÐ -n(- Ðforwarded€to€the€Committee€by€the€end€of€February€1984.€By€a€note€dated€6€April€1984,€theÐ ° ÐState€party€informed€the€Committee€that€the€inquiry€had€not€yet€been€completed€and€that€aÐ –æ Ðreply€would€be€submitted€by€the€end€of€April.€No€further€submission€from€the€State€partyÐ |Ì Ðhas€been€received,€despite€repeated€reminders.€Ð b² ÐÌ5.€Before€considering€a€communication€on€the€merits,€the€Committee€must€ascertain€whetherÐ . ~ Ðit€fulfils€all€conditions€relating€to€its€admissibility€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€With€regardÐ  d Ðto€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€had€not€received€anyÐ ú J Ðinformation€that€the€subject„matter€had€been€submitted€to€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ à 0 Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€the€communication€wasÐ Æ   Ðnot€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€CommitteeÐ ¬ ü  Ðwas€also€unable€to€conclude€that€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case€there€were€effectiveÐ ’â  Ðremedies€available€to€the€alleged€victim€which€he€had€failed€to€exhaust.€Accordingly,€theÐ xÈ  ÐCommittee€found€that€the€communication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraphÐ ^®  Ð2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð D”  ÐÌ6.€On€28€March€1985,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided€that€theÐ ` Ðcommunication€was€admissible,€and€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ öF ÐOptional€Protocol,€reguested€the€State€party€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€monthsÐ Ü, Ðof€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€it€of€the€Committee's€decision,€'written€explanations€orÐ Â Ðstatements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€might€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ7.1€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ tÄ ÐOptional€Protocol€expired€on€2€November€1985.€No€submission€has€been€received€from€theÐ Zª ÐState€party„€Ð @ ÐÌ7.2€No€further€submission€has€been€received€from€the€author.€Ð  \ ÐÌ8.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€lightÐ Ø( Ðof€all€the€information€made€available€to€it,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ¾ ÐOptional€Protocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€have€notÐ ¤ô Ðbeen€contested€by€the€State€party.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ8.2€Mr.€Andre€Alphonse€Mpaka„Nsusu€is€a€Zairian€national€at€present€living€in€exile.€InÐ V"¦! Ð1977,€he€presented€his€candidacy€for€the€presidency€of€Zaire€in€conformity€with€existingÐ <#Œ" ÐZairian€law.€His€candidacy,€however,€was€rejected.€On€1€July€1979,€he€was€arrested€andÐ "$r# Ðsubsequently€detained€in€the€prison€of€the€State€Security€Police€without€trial.€until€31Ð %X $ ÐJanuary€1981.€After€being€released€from€prison€he€was€banished€to€his€village€of€origin€forÐ î%>!% Ðan€indefinite€period.€He€fled€the€country€on€15€February€1983.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ9.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€the€failureÐ  (ð#( Ðof€the€State€party€to€furnish€any€information€and€clarifications€necessary€for€the€Committee,Ð †)Ö$) Ðto€facilitate€its€tasks.€In€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author'sÐ l*¼%* Ðallegations.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€StateÐ R+¢&+ Ðparty€has€the€duty€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€CovenantÐ 8,ˆ', Ðmade€against€it€and€its€authorities,€and€to€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€information€availableÐ -n(- Ðto€it.€~he€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€despite€its€repeated€requests€and€reminders€andÐ ° Ðdespite€the€State€party's€obligation€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€noÐ –æ Ðsubmission€has€been€received€from€the€State€party€in€the€present€case,€other€than€two€notesÐ |Ì Ðof€January€and€April€1984€informing€the€Committee€that€an€inquiry€into€the€case€of€Mr.Ð b² ÐMpaka„Nsusu€was€in€progress.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ9.2€The€Committee€observes€that€the€information€before€it€does€not€Justify€a€finding€as€toÐ  d Ðthe€alleged€violation€of€article€1€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ú J ÐÌ10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ Æ   ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theseÐ ¬ ü  Ðfacts€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant,€with€respect€to:€Ð ’â  ÐÌArticle€9,€paragraph€1,€because€Andre€Alphonse€Mpaka„Nsusu€was€arbitrarily€arrested€onÐ ^®  Ð1€July€1979,€and€detained€without€trial€until€31€January€1981;€Ð D”  ÐÌArticle€12,€paragraph€1,€because€he€was€banished€to€his€village€of€origin€for€an€indefiniteÐ ` Ðperiod;€Ð öF ÐÌArticle€19,€because€he€suffered€persecution€for€his€political€opinions;€Ð  ÐÌArticle€25,€because,€notwithstanding€the€entitlement€to€stand€for€the€presidency€underÐ ŽÞ ÐZairian€law,€he€was€not€so€permitted.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ11.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Ð @ Ðin€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€to€provide€Mr.€Mpaka„NsusuÐ &v Ðwith€effective€remedies,€including€compensation,€for€the€violations€that€he€has€suffered,€andÐ  \ Ðto€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.