ÿWPC ‚E¢öÕGÏ@ÖuÅϸð À½cX†Õ”I’™êͮ֡+ u<,ü[Cl̪ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_À 0iƈ 0ÑN 0( D+G AMr ¿ 0¶Ï #Á… UNF %” Mš (ž NÆ ^ È wÔ 4Ø ì mî ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' L. P. v. Canada, Communication No. 2/1976 (14 August 1979), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 at 21 (14 CCPR/C/OP/1 at 21 (1"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2LA$££Ý ƒUg!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X%XXXÔÔ€X%XXX%ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ŽUg$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X(ÿXXXÔÔ€X(ÿXXX(ÿÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX{¥<) ã…7)´ëÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒUg!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X%XXXÔÔ€X%XXX%ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòL.€P.€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€2/1976€Ð H˜ ÐÌ14€August€1979Ð  d ÐÌÌÔ_ÔADMISSIBLITYÔ_Ôó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€L.€P.€on€25€November€1976€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Canada€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€14€August€1979€(seventh€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òòòDecision€on€Admissibilityóóó óÐ ŽÞ ÐÓ¿ÓÌÌÓ  ÓThe€author€of€the€communication€(initial€telegram€dated€25€November€1976,€letters€datedÐ @ Ð4€December€1977€and€20€March€1978€and€further€submissions€dated€14€July€and€23€AugustÐ &v Ð1978)€is€a€North€American€native€Indian,€social€worker,€member€of€the€American€IndianÐ  \ ÐMovement€for€National€Liberation,€formerly€domiciled€at€the€Pine€Ridge€Reservation,€SouthÐ òB ÐDakota,€United€States€of€America.€He€claims€to€have€been€unlawfully€extradited€fromÐ Ø( ÐCanada€to€the€United€States€on€the€basis€of€false€evidence,€fabricated€either€by€the€UnitedÐ ¾ ÐStates€law€enforcement€agents€in€collaboration€with€Canadian€Government€officials,€or€byÐ ¤ô Ða€Canadian€Government€official€who,€in€accordance€with€an€administrative€arrangementÐ Š Ú Ðbetween€the€Governments€of€Canada€and€the€United€States€of€America,€assisted€the€latterÐ p!À  ÐGovernment€during€the€extradition€proceedings.€He€also€alleges€that€his€extradition€wasÐ V"¦! Ðunlawful,€inasmuch€as€he€claims€that€the€Government€of€Canada€should€have€rejected€theÐ <#Œ" Ðextradition€request€of€the€United€States€of€America,€since€the€alleged€acts€on€which€it€wasÐ "$r# Ðbased€had€taken€place€on€the€territory€of€the€independent€Lakota€nation,€whose€sovereigntyÐ %X $ ÐCanada€has€failed€to€recognize.€He€further€alleges€that€during€his€detention€in€Canada€fromÐ î%>!% Ð6€February€1976€until€he€was€extradited€11€months€later€(on€18€December€1976),€he€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðsubjected€to€ill„treatment€and€denied€the€opportunity€to€prepare€his€case€for€the€extraditionÐ º' #' Ðhearings€property.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌThe€decision€ordering€the€author's€extradition€was€rendered€by€the€extradition€judge€on€18Ð l*¼%* ÐJune€1976€and€upheld€on€appeal€by€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€on€27€October€1976.€TheÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthor€thereupon€addressed€himself€to€the€Minister€of€Justice,€asking€him€to€determine€thatÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€offences€for€which€his€extradition€was€sought€were€of€a€political€character€and€to€order,Ð -n(- Ðunder€the€power€granted€him€by€law,€that€he€should€not€be€extradited€to€the€United€States€ofÐ ° ÐAmerica.€The€Minister€of€Justice€came€to€the€conclusion€that€the€author's€extradition€was€notÐ –æ Ðsought€for€political€of€fences.€Ð |Ì ÐÌThe€author€claims€that€his€appeal€to€the€Minister€of€Justice€exempted€him€from€availingÐ H˜ Ðhimself€of€the€opportunity€to€appeal€the€decision€of€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€to€theÐ . ~ ÐSupreme€Court€of€Canada.€He€thus€claims€to€have€exhausted€domestic€remedies,€as€far€asÐ  d Ðhis€extradition€was€concerned.€In€respect€of€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€while€in€custodyÐ ú J Ðin€Canada,€he€claims€to€have€exhausted€domestic€remedies€by€filing€a€civil€action€on€6Ð à 0 ÐAugust€1976€against€the€prison€authorities€concerned€and€the€Government€of€the€ProvinceÐ Æ   Ðof€British€Columbia.€He€states€that€this€action€was€"terminated€as€moot",€when€the€MinisterÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€Justice€let€the€extradition€order€stand.€Ð ’â  ÐÌThe€author€alleges€that€the€facts€complained€of€constitute€breaches€by€the€State€party€of€theÐ ^®  Ðfollowing€articles€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights:€articles€1€(1)Ð D”  Ðand€(3);€2€(1)€and€(3)€(a);€3;€7;€9€(1);€10;€13;€14€(3)€(b);€18€(1);€19€(1)€and€26.€The€CommitteeÐ *z  Ðobserves€that€the€author's€reference€to€some€of€these€articles€seems€to€be€secondary€to€theÐ ` Ðmain€complaints,€deriving€from€the€same€facts.€Ð öF ÐÌThe€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€Canada€on€19€August€1976.€Ð  ÐÌBy€its€submissions,€dated€29€May€1978€and€7€March€1979,€respectively,€furnished€inÐ ŽÞ Ðresponse€to€the€Committee's€request€for€information€and€observations€relevant€to€theÐ tÄ Ðquestion€of€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€rejects€the€allegations€putÐ Zª Ðforward€by€the€author.€Ð @ ÐÌIn€respect€of€the€extradition€proceedings,€it€denies€any€responsibility€for€the€alleged€falseÐ  \ Ðevidence€introduced€at€the€extradition€hearings€and€observes€that€any€evidence€adduced€wasÐ òB Ðsubmitted€by€or€on€behalf€of€the€requesting€State,€the€United€States€of€America.€It€furtherÐ Ø( Ðrejects€the€contention€that€the€Canadian€civil€servant,€who,€for€the€purpose€of€the€extraditionÐ ¾ Ðhearings€acted€on€behalf€of€the€United€States€of€America€in€accordance€with€the€terms€of€aÐ ¤ô Ðbilateral€treaty€between€Canada€and€the€United€States€of€America,€had€any€part€in€the€allegedÐ Š Ú Ðfabrication€of€false€evidence,€or€any€reason€to€believe€that€the€evidence€adduced€wasÐ p!À  Ðfabricated.€The€State€party€further€observes€that€L.€P.€'s€extradition€was€sought€on€fiveÐ V"¦! Ðdifferent€counts€and€that€four€of€these€were€regarded€by€the€extradition€judge€as€warrantingÐ <#Œ" Ðcommittal.€The€alleged€false€evidence,€consisting€of€two€affidavits,€purportedly€made€andÐ "$r# Ðsigned€by€an€eyewitness,€pertained€to€two€of€the€five€counts,€on€the€basis€of€whichÐ %X $ Ðextradition€was€sought.€These€affidavits€were€introduced€at€the€extradition€hearings€asÐ î%>!% Ðevidence€of€murder€of€two€agents€of€the€United€States€Federal€Bureau€of€Investigation,€nearÐ Ô&$"& ÐÔ_ÔOglalaÔ_Ô,€South€Dakota,€on€26€June€1975.€Subsequent€to€the€extradition€hearing,€a€thirdÐ º' #' Ðaffidavit,€made€by€the€same€person,€and€preceding€in€time€the€two€adduced€at€the€hearings,Ð  (ð#( Ðcame€to€light.€This€affidavit,€which,€for€one€reason€or€another€Ô_Ôwas€not€tendered€at€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðextradition€hearings,€although€in€the€possession€of€United€States€authorities€at€that€time,€wasÐ l*¼%* Ðthoroughly€inconsistent€with€the€other€two.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€decision€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðcommit€L.€P.€for€extradition€was€taken,€and€reviewed,€by€competent,€independent€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimpartial€tribunals€and€that€this€fact€has€not€been€challenged€by€him.€The€State€party€furtherÐ -n(- Ðargues€that€L.€P.€failed€to€seek€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€and€that€heÐ ° Ðalso€failed€to€apply€for€a€writ€of€habeas€corpus€to€have€the€legality€of€his€committalÐ –æ Ðadjudicated.€Thus,€the€State€party€contends,€L.€P.€failed€to€exhaust€all€available€domesticÐ |Ì Ðremedies,€as€far€as€his€extradition€was€concerned.€Ð b² ÐÌIn€respect€of€L.€P.'s€claim€that€he€was€subjected€to€Ô_ÔilltreatmentÔ_Ô€while€in€custody€in€Canada,Ð . ~ Ðwhich€claim€concerns€his€confinement€in€an€isolation€cell,€physical€restraint€by€mechanicalÐ  d Ðmeans€(the€use€of€leg€irons)€lack€of€physical€exercise€and€lack€of€hygienic€facilities,€the€StateÐ ú J Ðparty€submits€that€two€of€his€three€complaints€before€the€appropriate€Canadian€authorities,Ð à 0 Ðfiled€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€Canada,€namely€on€19€February€andÐ Æ   Ð15€April€1976,€were€examined€by€these€authorities€and€remedied€as€far€as€they€were€foundÐ ¬ ü  Ðjustified.€His€third€complaint,€a€court€action€against€the€Province€of€British€Columbia,Ð ’â  Ðinstituted€on€6€August€1976,€i.e.,€also€before€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€Canada,Ð xÈ  Ðwas€never€adjudicated,€the€State€party€submits,€because€of€failure€by€L.€P.€to€pursue€theÐ ^®  Ðaction.€Ð D”  ÐÌIn€respect€of€the€claim€that€L.P.€was€denied€the€possibility€of€preparing€the€case€regardingÐ ` Ðhis€extradition€properly,€the€State€party€rejects€the€claim€as€unsubstantiated€and€observes€thatÐ öF ÐL.€P.€was€afforded€privileges€going€beyond€those€normally€enjoyed€by€persons€detained€inÐ Ü, Ðprison€and€that€he€had€numerous€visits€from€his€lawyers€(including€72€visits€from€the€timeÐ Â Ðthe€Covenant€entered€into€force,€until€he€was€extradited);€moreover,€it€observes€that€he€neverÐ ¨ø Ðmade€that€complaint€before€the€Canadian€authorities.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌThe€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€the€information€and€observations€furnished€by€theÐ Zª ÐState€party€deal€both€with€issues€concerning€the€merits€of€L.€P.'s€claims,€inasmuch€as€allegedÐ @ Ðbreaches€of€the€Covenant€are€concerned,€as€well€as€issues€of€direct€relevance€to€the€questionÐ &v Ðof€admissibility€of€his€communication€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€State€party€contendsÐ  \ Ðthat€L.€P.€'s€communication€should€be€declared€inadmissible€under€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ òB Ðbecause€it€is:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ(a)€Partly€incompatible€with€the€Covenant€(i.e.€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô)€as€concerning€matters€notÐ ¤ô Ðcovered€by€it,€and€partly€abusive€(on€particular€grounds€referred€to€by€the€State€party);€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ(b)€Partly€not€directed€against€Canada€(i.e.€incompatible€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€personae)€but€in€fact€againstÐ V"¦! Ðthe€United€States€of€America;€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ(c)€Partly€concerned€with€events€prior€to€the€date€of€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€forÐ %X $ ÐCanada€(i.e.€incompatible€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ô);€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ(d)€Lacking€in€respect€of€the€requirement€set€out€in€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,Ð º' #' Ðto€the€effect€that€the€alleged€victim€of€a€violation€must,€before€submitting€a€claim€forÐ  (ð#( Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee,€have€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌòòOn€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concludesóó:€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ1.€In€so€far€as€L.€P.€complains€about€his€extradition€and€alleges€violations€of€articles€13€andÐ -n(- ÐI€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€not€necessary€to€decide€whether€any€of€these€provisions€might€beÐ ° Ðapplicable€or€whether€the€facts€could€be€seen€to€raise€issues€in€that€regard,€this€part€of€hisÐ –æ Ðcomplaint€being€inadmissible€because€the€author,€by€not€seeking€leave€to€appeal€before€theÐ |Ì ÐSupreme€Court€of€Canada,€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€article€5€(2)Ð b² Ð(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.€In€so€far€as€the€author€complains€that€he€was€subjected€to€various€forms€of€mistreatmentÐ  d Ðin€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€again€not€necessary€to€decide€whetherÐ ú J Ðthe€alleged€facts€could€raise€any€issue€under€these€provisions,€this€part€of€his€complaint€beingÐ à 0 Ðinadmissible€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ô€as€far€as€events€alleged€to€have€taken€place€prior€to€19€AugustÐ Æ   Ð1976€are€concerned,€and,€for€any€later€events,€being€inadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaustÐ ¬ ü  Ðdomestic€remedies,€since€he€did€not€pursue€the€civil€action€introduced€by€him,€his€subsequentÐ ’â  Ðextradition€from€Canada€not€being€a€sufficient€reason€for€this€failure;€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ3.€In€so€far€as€the€author€also€appears€to€complain€that€he€was€arbitrarily€arrested€andÐ D”  Ðdetained,€and€refers€in€this€respect€to€article€9€(1),€again€this€part€of€his€complaint€isÐ *z  Ðinadmissible€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔternporisÔ_Ô€as€far€as€his€arrest€and€his€detention€prior€to€19€August€1976Ð ` Ðare€concerned,€and€with€respect€to€his€detention€after€that€date,€inadmissible€for€failure€toÐ öF Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies,€e.g.€by€way€of€habeas€corpus€proceedings;€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.€In€so€far€as€the€author€complains€under€article€14€(3)€(b)€of€an€alleged€denial€of€access€toÐ ¨ø Ðcounsel€and€insufficient€time€and€facilities€to€prepare€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô,€and€even€assuming€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€said€provision,€or€article€13,€or€any€other€provision€of€the€Covenant€might€be€applicableÐ tÄ Ðto€extradition€proceedings,€this€complaint€is€in€any€event€partly€inadmissible€as€being€out€ofÐ Zª Ðtime€(for€the€period€prior€to€19€August€1976)€and€otherwise€for€failure€to€exhaust€domesticÐ @ Ðremedies,€as€it€has€not€been€shown€that€this€complaint€was€ever€raised€before€the€competentÐ &v ÐCanadian€authorities.€Ð  \ ÐÌThe€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð Ø( ÐÌThe€communication€is€inadmissible.€Ð ¤ô ÐÓÓ