’WPC  õ°m$Dyż č¾I‚@ZN@‘hĀŅŽAN*FüQ‚Sö”ł“&’Ży>‘ÉŹ@ƒNŗ×&$ŠĮ\µšąšīń×z™c”§„Vųl/ńš ńqÆ0śą„›[Dß6EÄiܓųżn«£å«1ś5“Ą&Ģ %Lƒ§K˜¢gR ‹ÜīāU¼q£“śé”§ v®ZǼѱR.R dš,`ø‘šü#*L8yEHEi~L”=„1ŽVˆOłųx ė\Ź|`€Iī›’’č‰p`ć» x5÷p-G2ŌK6“¾b׌±‚å¼#‡ {É÷÷vżc¾Īäź<9]ŻpĀ/Å:T’ų‚”…ŌŸ…?o.õ±>eæø <ń€#+ŃŌ‰ŁĢ¾¾Ś<c˜7æ‘Lė1ŒD‹±×Ķ£Q”ŲW/Ś‹‰µŽngßŅ%X®mĻģµŁŒĮ Ę0ģ™Ćō¢ęvpķžŽŽŸéŒ¤yhEēœLžå×óĢ-Ēš¢£HSƒTė¶Ó÷Jž*ōol7€Ä߁‡_÷0Ö=R 6Ql¾oJzr/µĢĪÜøó…ŃˆZ–gŃRŒzÖBR1zź¹:ćY&ņ™Ź§_CÓ|ÉųA;DŻ$?U>BĢ€ 0nL 0iŗ 0Y# 0_| 0&ŪU6 %7 = 0ĘM #Į UNŌ Ō M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ō\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <’’:Default ParaŌ€ōōōŌŌ€XXXŌ< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō<qy’’:HTML TypewriŌ€ōōōŌŌK€<ž6X9`(‹Courier NewKŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌŌS€ō\  `‹&Times New RomanSŌŌ  Ō<ž6X9`(‹Courier New X#|x(žåØ$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€ XgŌXX XŌŌ€XgŌXX XgŌŌŌԘHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular‹¬ś* Äpģ* MPQ ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ åØ!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€ X{pXX XŌŌ€X{pXX X{pŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREŠ ° ŠĢņņBlanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€v.€SpainóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No€59/1996Š H˜ ŠĢ14€May€1998Š  d ŠĢCAT/C/20/D/59/1996Š ą 0 ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ ’ā  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€Ō_ŌEncarnaciš;šnŌ_Ō€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€(represented€by€counsel)€Š D”  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Š ` ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€Spain€Š Ü, ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€12€February€1996€Š Øų ŠĢņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€28€April€1997€óóŠ tÄ ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstŠ &v ŠTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Š  \ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€14€May€1998,€Š Ų( ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€59/1996,€submitted€to€theŠ ¤ō ŠCommittee€against€Torture€by€Mrs.€Ō_ŌEncarnaciš;šnŌ_Ō€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€under€article€22€of€theŠ Š Ś ŠConvention,€Š p!Ą  ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ <#Œ" Šcommunication€and€the€State€party,€Š "$r# ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€its€Š ī%>!% ŠĢĢӁÓņņņ ņÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóŠ  (š#( ŠÓ§ÓÓÓĢĢ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Ō_ŌEncarnaciš;šnŌ_Ō€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō,ņņ€1óó€a€Spanish€citizen.€SheŠ R+¢&+ Šclaims€to€be€the€victim€of€violations€by€Spain€of€articles€12,€13€and€15€of€the€ConventionŠ 8,ˆ', Šagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€She€isŠ -n(- Šrepresented€by€counsel.€Š ° ŠĢņņThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó€Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.1€The€author€was€detained€along€with€her€husband,€Ō_ŌJosuŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌEguskizaŌ_Ō,€on€29€January€1992€byŠ H˜ Šofficers€of€the€Ō_ŌGuardiaŌ_Ō€Civil€for€alleged€involvement€in€activities€on€behalf€of€the€armedŠ . ~ Šgang€ETA.€She€alleges€that€she€was€mistreated€between€29€January€and€2€February€1992,Š  d Šwhen€she€was€kept€incommunicado€under€anti„terrorist€legislation.€Š ś J ŠĢ2.2€Brought€before€Madrid€Court€of€Criminal€Investigation€No.€44€for€preliminaryŠ Ę   Šinvestigation€No.€205/92€on€13€March€1992,€the€author€described€the€mistreatment€andŠ ¬ ü  Štorture€to€which€she€had€been€subjected€while€in€the€custody€of€the€Ō_ŌGuardiaŌ_Ō€Civil.€TheŠ ’ā  Špreliminary€investigation€had€been€instituted€by€the€court€upon€receiving,€from€the€DirectorŠ xČ  Šof€Ō_ŌCarabanchelŌ_Ō€Women's€Penitentiary€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō,€the€report€of€the€doctor€who€had€examined€theŠ ^®  Šauthor€and€observed€bruises€upon€her€entry€into€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€on€3€February€1992.€Š D”  ŠĢ2.3€On€2€February€1993€the€court€ordered€a€stay€of€proceedings,€not€considering€the€incidentŠ ` Šreported€to€be€a€penal€offence.€Following€an€appeal,€Court€No.€44€granted€permission€on€13Š öF ŠOctober€1994€to€continue€with€criminal€proceedings.€The€judge€handed€down€an€order€datedŠ Ü, Š4€April€1994€to€shelve€proceedings€definitively.€The€Provincial€High€Court€confirmed€thisŠ Ā Šdecision€by€order€dated€5€September€1995.€An€application€for€remedy€of€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€filed€withŠ Øų Šthe€Constitutional€Court€against€the€Provincial€High€Court's€order€was€dismissed€on€29Š ŽŽ ŠJanuary€1996.€Š tÄ ŠĢņņState€party's€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communicationóó€Š @ ŠĢ3.1€In€its€submission€of€17€January€1997,€the€State€party€pointed€out€that€since€3€FebruaryŠ  \ Š1992€Mrs.€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€had€been€assigned€up€to€seven€lawyers€to€represent€and€defend€her.Š ņB ŠDespite€this,€Mrs.€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€had€not€formally€reported€any€mistreatment.€It€submitted€thatŠ Ų( Šthe€legal€proceedings€were€set€in€train€by€the€official€transmission€to€the€court€of€the€reportŠ ¾ Šof€the€medical€check„up€on€the€author€conducted€when€she€entered€the€Madrid€PenitentiaryŠ ¤ō ŠŌ_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€on€3€February€1992.€That€is,€the€only€legal€investigations€of€alleged€mistreatmentŠ Š Ś Šwere€instituted€not€in€response€to€a€report€by€the€individual€concerned,€nor€by€her€family,Š p!Ą  Šnor€by€any€of€her€seven€lawyers,€but€rather€as€the€result€of€an€official€procedure€enshrinedŠ V"¦! Šin€the€regulations€to€safeguard€human€rights.€Not€until€30€May€1994,€two€years€and€threeŠ <#Œ" Šmonths€after€the€event,€did€the€author€send€a€written€communication€to€Court€ofŠ "$r# ŠInvestigation€No.€44€designating€three€legal€representatives.€Š %X $ ŠĢ3.2€The€State€party€admitted€that,€with€the€decision€of€the€Constitutional€Court€on€29€JanuaryŠ Ō&$"& Š1996,€all€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ3.3€In€reference€to€article€13€of€the€Convention,€the€State€party€confirmed€that€by€letter€ofŠ †)Ö$) Š9€September€1994,€Mrs.€Blanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō's€counsel€had€appealed€against€the€stay€of€theŠ l*¼%* Šofficially€instituted€investigations.€On€13€October€1994€Court€No.€44€annulled€the€stay€ofŠ R+¢&+ Šproceedings,€allowing€them€to€continue,€and€called€for€an€expert€report€to€be€prepared.€Mrs.Š 8,ˆ', ŠBlanco€Ō_ŌAbadŌ_Ō€did€not€appeal€against€the€examination€authorized;€neither€did€she€insist€onŠ -n(- ŠŌ_Ōother€investigations.€The€medical€examiner€submitted€his€report€on€22€November€1994.€OnŠ ° Š4€April€1995,€Court€No.€44€issued€an€order€which€gave€a€detailed€account€of€the€medicalŠ –ę Štests€conducted€and€concluded€with€the€decision€to€shelve€the€proceedings€definitively.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ3.4€The€State€party€submitted€that€from€9€September€1994,€when€Mrs.€Blanco€Abad€appliedŠ H˜ Šin€writing€for€the€stay€to€be€revoked,€up€to€the€aforementioned€order€to€shelve€the€caseŠ . ~ Šdefinitively,€the€record€shows€not€a€single€written€communication€from€Mrs.€Blanco€AbadŠ  d Šcalling€for€an€investigation€or€presenting€any€evidence.€Š ś J ŠĢ3.5€On€19€April€1995,€Mrs.€Blanco€Abad€applied€for€reconsideration€of€the€earlier€decisionŠ Ę   Što€shelve€the€proceedings.€On€19€May€1995€Court€No.€44€turned€the€application€down.€OnŠ ¬ ü  Š5€September€1995€the€Provincial€High€Court€in€Madrid€also€rejected€the€appeal.€On€6Š ’ā  ŠOctober€1995€Mrs.€Blanco€Abad€applied€for€a€remedy€of€ņņamparoóó€before€the€ConstitutionalŠ xČ  ŠCourt,€emphasizing€the€subjective€evaluation€of€the€medical€examinations.€TheŠ ^®  ŠConstitutional€Court€considered€the€judicial€decisions€in€question€and€pronounced€themŠ D”  Šwell„founded,€with€reasoning€that€could€"not€be€challenged€as€manifestly€unreasonable€orŠ *z  Šarbitrary".€Š ` ŠĢ3.6€The€State€party€pointed€out€that€less€than€15€months€had€elapsed€between€the€reopeningŠ Ü, Šof€the€investigation€and€the€Constitutional€Court's€decision.€The€investigation€had€beenŠ Ā Šreopened€for€six€months,€and€during€those€six€months€Mrs.€Blanco€Abad€neither€took€anyŠ Øų Šaction€nor€submitted€anything€at€all€in€writing.€The€remaining€nine€months€were€taken€upŠ ŽŽ Šwith€the€application€for€reconsideration,€the€appeal€before€the€High€Court€and€the€ņņamparoóóŠ tÄ Šproceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ3.7€For€the€above€reasons,€it€was€submitted€that€Mrs.€Blanco€Abad's€representations,€overŠ &v Štwo€years€after€the€event,€in€investigations€instituted€in€response€to€an€official€act,€had€beenŠ  \ Špromptly€and€impartially€examined.€The€State€party€therefore€submits€that€no€violation€ofŠ ņB Šarticle€13€of€the€Convention€has€occurred.€Š Ų( ŠĢņņComments€by€the€authoróó€Š ¤ō ŠĢ4.1€In€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€stated€that€by€decision€of€theŠ p!Ą  ŠNational€High€Court€dated€26€December€1995,€she€was€sentenced€to€seven€years'€ordinaryŠ V"¦! Šimprisonment€and€a€fine.€The€judgement€observes:€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ"The€defence€initially€sought€annulment€and€suspension€of€the€judgement€on€the€grounds€ofŠ %X $ Šthe€torture€undergone€by€the€accused€during€detention€and€while€being€held€at€the€policeŠ ī%>!% Šstations.€The€Criminal€Division,€in€view€of€the€abundant€and€always€detailed€testimonyŠ Ō&$"& Šoffered€not€only€by€the€accused€but€also€by€the€witnesses€called,€acknowledges€that€thisŠ ŗ' #' Šmight€have€occurred.€Hence€its€decision€to€take€no€account€of€the€statements€to€the€police,Š  (š#( Šwhich€are€invalid."€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ4.2€The€author€argued€that€the€only€evidence€against€her€were€the€pleas€entered€by€two€co„Š R+¢&+ Šdefendants,€her€husband,€Mr.€Josu€Eguskiza,€and€Mr.€Juan€Ramš;šn€Rojo,€which€incriminatedŠ 8,ˆ', Šher,€and€that,€notwithstanding€the€view€of€the€National€High€Court,€which€found€them€valid,Š -n(- Šthey€were€obtained€by€means€of€mistreatment€and€torture,€and€stemmed€directly€from€theŠ ° Šstatements€to€the€police€that€had€been€declared€void.€Š –ę ŠĢ4.3€The€author€indicated€that€on€2€February€1992,€she€made€a€statement€to€the€investigatingŠ b² Šmagistrate€without€being€able€to€consult€a€lawyer,€not€even€the€duty€counsel,€and€thatŠ H˜ Šalthough€the€official€record€mentioned€the€lawyer€designated€by€her,€he€was€not€able€toŠ . ~ Šattend€until€the€accused's€statement€had€been€finalized.€The€record€showed€that,€respondingŠ  d Što€the€first€question€put€to€her,€she€"neither€said€nor€confirmed€in€her€statement€to€theŠ ś J ŠGuardia€Civil",€that€she€belonged€to€or€had€collaborated€with€ETA.€She€also€related€thatŠ ą 0 Šwhile€on€Guardia€Civil€premises€she€was€mistreated.€In€particular,€she€said€she€had€beenŠ Ę   Šstruck€with€a€telephone€directory,€had€a€bag€put€over€her€head€and€electrodes€on€her€body,Š ¬ ü  Šhad€been€forced€to€undress€and€had€been€threatened€with€rape.€She€also€claimed€to€have€beenŠ ’ā  Šforced€to€stand€for€long€periods€against€a€wall€with€her€arms€raised€and€legs€apart€whileŠ xČ  Šbeing€struck€from€time€to€time€about€the€head€and€genitals,€and€receiving€all€manner€ofŠ ^®  Šinsults.€Š D”  ŠĢ4.4€The€author€submitted€that€the€medical€examinations€she€underwent€while€detainedŠ ` Šincommunicado€were€superficial€checks,€and€that€not€even€her€vital€signs€were€measured.Š öF ŠThere€was€no€assessment€of€her€nervous€state,€and€she€was€not€asked€about€the€kind€ofŠ Ü, Šthreats€and€insults€to€which€she€had€been€subjected;€the€conclusion€was€that€she€bore€noŠ Ā Šsigns€of€violence.€The€doctor€put€in€her€report€that€the€detainee€reported€not€having€slept,Š Øų Šhaving€been€beaten,€and€having€been€forced€to€remain€naked.€Despite€this,€she€concludedŠ ŽŽ Šthat€the€author€was€in€a€suitable€physical€and€mental€condition€to€make€a€statement.€Only€onŠ tÄ Š3€February€1992,€in€prison,€the€author€said,€was€any€medical€evidence€of€maltreatment€foundŠ ZŖ Šon€her€person,€when€three€bruises€were€discovered.€In€this€connection,€the€author€refers€toŠ @ Ša€June€1994€report€by€the€European€Committee€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€illustrating€theŠ &v Šsuperficiality€of€the€reports€drawn€up€by€doctors€attached€to€the€National€High€Court.€Š  \ ŠĢ4.5€The€author€stated€that€there€was€no€impartial€and€independent€inquiry€during€the€conductŠ Ų( Šof€the€preliminary€investigation,€which€was€instituted€as€a€result€of€what€she€had€told€theŠ ¾ Šdoctor€at€the€penitentiary€centre.€The€three€specialized€medical€reports€ordered€by€the€courtŠ ¤ō Šwere€clearly€at€odds€over€the€dating€of€her€bruises€by€their€colour€(between€four€hours€andŠ Š Ś Šsix€days),€which€was€crucial€to€the€outcome€of€the€inquiry.€She€said€that€no€statements€wereŠ p!Ą  Štaken€from€those€who€might€have€been€responsible€for€the€alleged€offence.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ4.6€The€only€investigation€that€was€done€after€the€partial€retraction€of€the€stay€of€proceedingsŠ "$r# Šordered€as€a€result€of€the€remedy€filed€by€the€author€on€9€September€1994€took€the€form€ofŠ %X $ Ša€third€specialized€report€by€the€medical€examiner€attached€to€the€Court€of€Investigation€onŠ ī%>!% Šwhether€the€mistreatment€alleged€by€the€author€would€have€left€traces€that€could€be€detectedŠ Ō&$"& Šby€a€doctor€on€examination,€hours€or€days€later.€This€last€medical€report,€dated€22€NovemberŠ ŗ' #' Š1994,€stated€that€"the€acts€of€aggression€reported€should€have€left€objectively€observableŠ  (š#( Šinjuries€in€the€parts€of€the€body€allegedly€concerned,€particularly€the€scalp€and€the€genitals,Š †)Ö$) Šunless€the€injuries€were€extremely€slight.€When€a€person€is€beaten€unconscious,€there€willŠ l*¼%* Švery€probably€be€subsequent€injuries,€not€only€to€the€back€and€shoulders€but€to€other€areasŠ R+¢&+ Šas€well."€This€opinion,€combined€with€the€National€High€Court€doctor's€lack€of€rigour€inŠ 8,ˆ', Šestimating€the€date€of€her€injuries,€led€the€court€to€declare€the€case€definitively€shelved.€Š -n(- Ї4.7€The€author€pointed€out€that€the€shelving€order€referred€to€the€impossibility€of€furnishingŠ ° Šproof€of€any€of€the€acts€of€aggression€recounted,€which€included€blows€to€the€head,€kicks€toŠ –ę Šthe€genitals,€hair„pulling€and€loss€of€consciousness.€She€emphasized€that€the€kinds€ofŠ |Ģ Šviolence€she€related€do€not€leave€physical€marks€on€the€victim,€and€that€neither€any€of€theŠ b² Škinds€of€psychological€and€sexual€torture€she€alleged,€nor€most€of€the€physical€tortureŠ H˜ Š("bagging",€"hooding"€and€low„voltage€electric€shocks),€leaves€external€signs€of€injury€onŠ . ~ Šthe€body.€She€submitted€that,€while€a€victim's€testimony€was€not€in€itself€always€enough€toŠ  d Šsecure€a€conviction,€it€was€nonetheless€true€that€such€testimony,€in€cases€where€objectiveŠ ś J Štests€were€not€possible€and€there€was€no€reason€to€doubt€its€veracity,€had€sufficed€in€manyŠ ą 0 Šinstances€to€bring€in€a€guilty€verdict€when€the€following€stipulations€had€been€met:€absenceŠ Ę   Šof€reasonable€doubt,€verisimilitude€corroborated€by€circumstantial€evidence,€and€consistencyŠ ¬ ü  Šin€the€charges.€She€stressed€that€no€statements€were€taken€from€the€officers€on€guard,€andŠ ’ā  Šthat€the€person€who€had€shared€the€cell€with€her€while€she€was€being€held€incommunicadoŠ xČ  Šhad€not€even€been€called€as€a€witness€to€describe€how€she€had€been€held€in€custody.€Š ^®  ŠĢ4.8€The€author€concluded€that€there€had€been€breaches€of€articles€12€and€13€of€theŠ *z  ŠConvention€against€Torture.€She€submitted€that€current€"anti„terrorist"€legislationŠ ` Šencouraged€torture,€infringing€the€basic€right€to€counsel,€hampering€the€collection€ofŠ öF Ševidence€that€torture€had€been€employed€and,€ultimately,€guaranteeing€that€torture€would€goŠ Ü, Šunpunished.€In€her€view,€that€legislation€runs€counter€to€the€spirit€of€article€2€of€theŠ Ā ŠConvention€against€Torture.€Š Øų ŠĢ4.9€She€also€submitted€that€the€action€taken€against€her€on€account€of€her€presumedŠ tÄ Šinvolvement€with€an€armed€gang€served€to€show€that€the€only€evidence€against€her€was€thatŠ ZŖ Šobtained€under€torture€and€duress€from€Mr.€Eguskiza€and€Mr.€Rojo,€in€breach€of€article€15Š @ Šof€the€Convention€against€Torture.€Š &v ŠĢņņThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóó€Š ņB ŠĢ5.1€At€its€eighteenth€session€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theŠ ¾ Šcommunication€and€ascertained€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been,€and€was€not€being,Š ¤ō Šexamined€under€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€It€observedŠ Š Ś Šthat€the€State€party€had€raised€no€objection€regarding€admissibility€and€considered€that€theŠ p!Ą  Šavailable€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ5.2€The€Committee€considered€that€the€communication€might€raise€issues€under€articles€12Š "$r# Šand€13€of€the€Convention,€notably€in€relation€to€the€period€of€over€a€month€that€elapsedŠ %X $ Šbetween€when€the€court€received€the€medical€report€and€when€it€heard€the€author,€and€whatŠ ī%>!% Šthe€court€was€doing€during€the€almost€11€months€that€separated€the€author's€statement€fromŠ Ō&$"& Šthe€stay€of€proceedings.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ5.3€As€to€the€author's€allegation€that€her€conviction€violated€article€15€of€the€Convention,€theŠ †)Ö$) ŠCommittee€noted€the€comment€in€the€judgement€of€the€National€High€Court€that€theŠ l*¼%* Šstatements€made€to€the€police€by€the€accused€(including€the€author)€had€not€been€taken€intoŠ R+¢&+ Šconsideration€because€of€the€possibility€that€torture€had€been€used.€The€author's€conventionŠ 8,ˆ', Šwas€based€on€other,€uncompromised,€voluntary€statements€made€when€the€accused€had€beenŠ -n(- Šaccompanied€by€counsel€of€their€own€choosing.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€foundŠ ° Šthat€the€author's€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€15€lacked€the€requisite€corroboration,Š –ę Šrendering€it€incompatible€with€article€22€of€the€Convention.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ5.4€The€Committee€therefore€decided€that€the€communication€was€admissible€inasmuch€asŠ H˜ Šit€raised€issues€relating€to€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention.€Š . ~ ŠĢņņSubmission€of€the€State€party€on€the€meritsóó€Š ś J ŠĢ6.1€In€a€submission€of€10€November€1997€the€State€party€reiterated€that,€although€the€authorŠ Ę   Šhad€been€assisted€by€seven€lawyers€in€the€proceedings€against€her,€not€a€single€complaint€orŠ ¬ ü  Šreport€of€maltreatment€had€been€presented€via€the€domestic€means€of€redress€and€that€CourtŠ ’ā  ŠNo.€44€had€initiated€the€investigation€without€any€application€from€the€individual€concerned,Š xČ  Šwho€was€not€even€represented€in€court€as€an€interested€party€when€the€compulsory€offer€ofŠ ^®  Šrecourse€was€made€to€her.€This€attitude€on€the€part€of€the€author€was€curious€since€at€theŠ D”  Šsame€time€she€reported€the€alleged€maltreatment€to€several€international€bodies.€From€9Š *z  ŠSeptember€1994,€the€date€on€which€she€requested€the€revocation€of€the€stay€of€proceedings,Š ` Šuntil€4€April€1995,€when€the€shelving€order€was€made,€the€author€did€not€request€anyŠ öF Šinvestigation€or€produce€any€evidence.€Her€report€of€alleged€maltreatment€was€inconsistentŠ Ü, Šwith€this€passive€behaviour€„€not€taking€any€action€via€the€domestic€means€of€redress,€notŠ Ā Šbeing€represented€as€a€party€directly€involved€in€the€official€investigation,€and€reactivatingŠ Øų Šan€investigation€but€taking€no€part€in€it€for€six€months.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢ6.2€The€State€party€submitted,€with€respect€to€article€13€of€the€Convention,€that€insofar€asŠ ZŖ Šthis€article€refers€to€the€right€to€complain,€its€application€in€the€present€case€would€be€limitedŠ @ Što€the€period€beginning€with€the€author's€representations€to€Court€of€Investigation€No.€44Š &v Šfollowing€the€order€for€a€stay€of€proceedings,€representations€which€marked€the€reopeningŠ  \ Šof€the€investigation.€Less€than€15€months€elapsed€between€the€reopening€of€the€investigationŠ ņB Šand€the€decision€of€the€Constitutional€Court.€The€investigation€was€in€progress€for€six€ofŠ Ų( Šthese€months,€and€during€theses€six€months€the€author,€assisted€by€lawyers,€did€not€submitŠ ¾ Ša€single€document€to€the€Court€and€did€not€produce€or€propose€any€evidence.€In€theŠ ¤ō Šremaining€nine€months€after€the€shelving€order,€the€applications€to€the€Court€ofŠ Š Ś ŠInvestigation,€the€Provincial€High€Court€and€the€Constitutional€Court€were€submitted,€heardŠ p!Ą  Šand€ruled€upon.€Accordingly,€the€State€party€did€not€fail€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€articleŠ V"¦! Š13€of€the€Convention.€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ6.3€With€regard€to€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€State€party€submitted€that€the€SpanishŠ %X $ Šsystem€of€protection€against€maltreatment€has€procedures€for€safeguarding€that€right,Š ī%>!% Šincluding€in€cases,€such€as€the€present€one,€when€the€party€concerned€takes€no€action.€WhenŠ Ō&$"& Šthe€author€entered€the€Penitentiary€Centre€on€3€February€1992,€she€was€given€a€medicalŠ ŗ' #' Šexamination.€The€findings€of€this€examination€reached€the€High€Court€of€Madrid€on€13Š  (š#( ŠFebruary€for€distribution.€On€17€February€they€were€delivered€to€Court€of€Investigation€No.Š †)Ö$) Š44.€On€21€February€Court€No.€44€issued€an€order€to€begin€a€preliminary€investigation€andŠ l*¼%* Šsent€an€official€letter€to€the€Director€of€the€Penitentiary€Centre€ordering€the€author€to€appearŠ R+¢&+ Šon€7€March.€She€did€not€appear€on€that€date,€and€on€9€March€a€new€summons€was€issued€forŠ 8,ˆ', Š13€March.€On€13€March€the€author€made€a€statement€and€the€offer€of€recourse€was€made€toŠ -n(- Šher.€On€that€same€date€the€Judge€authorized€an€application€to€Central€Court€of€InvestigationŠ ° ŠNo.€2€of€the€National€High€Court€for€official€copies€of€the€records€of€the€medicalŠ –ę Šexaminations€carried€out€by€the€forensic€medicine€staff€of€that€Court.€On€30€April,€whenŠ |Ģ Šthese€copies€had€still€not€been€received,€the€Judge€sent€an€urgent€reminder.€The€papers€wereŠ b² Šdelivered€on€13€May.€On€2€June€the€Judge€requested€the€medical€examiner€of€her€Court€toŠ H˜ Šmake€a€report;€this€report€was€delivered€on€28€July.€On€3€August€the€Judge€summoned€theŠ . ~ Šmedical€examiner€who€had€attended€the€author€during€her€detention.€On€30€October€theŠ  d ŠJudge€set€the€date€of€17€November€for€receipt€of€the€statement€of€the€medical€examiner€andŠ ś J Šalso€authorized€an€application€for€information€from€the€Penitentiary€Centre€about€the€timeŠ ą 0 Šat€which€the€author€had€been€examined€and€the€development€of€the€injuries.€On€23Š Ę   ŠDecember€the€Penitentiary€Centre€delivered€the€requested€information.€On€2€February€theŠ ¬ ü  ŠJudge€issued€the€shelving€order.€Š ’ā  ŠĢ6.4€These€facts€show€that€there€was€no€tardiness€or€delay€in€the€conduct€of€the€investigation.Š ^®  ŠAt€no€time€did€the€author€complain€through€the€domestic€channels€about€delays€in€theŠ D”  Špreliminary€investigation,€either€before€or€after€the€temporary€shelving€order,€once€she€hadŠ *z  Šbecome€represented€in€the€proceedings.€Š ` ŠĢņņComments€by€the€authoróó€Š Ü, ŠĢ7.1€In€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€maintains€that€in€the€fiveŠ Øų Šforensic€examinations€she€underwent€during€the€more€than€100€hours€for€which€she€was€heldŠ ŽŽ Šincommunicado€she€indicated€that€she€had€been€subjected€to€maltreatment.€The€authorŠ tÄ Šencloses€copies€of€the€five€medical€reports€which€were€prepared.€In€the€first€it€is€stated€thatŠ ZŖ Š"she€does€not€mention€physical€ill„treatment,€although€she€was€kept€hooded€for€many€hours".Š @ ŠAccording€to€the€second,€"she€does€not€mention€physical€ill„treatment€although€does€speakŠ &v Šof€threats€and€insults".€In€the€third€"the€person€concerned€says€that€she€is€very€nervous,€hasŠ  \ Šnot€slept€and€has€not€received€food.€She€mentions€having€received€ill„treatment€consistingŠ ņB Šof€blows€to€the€head,€but€there€are€no€signs€of€violence".€The€fourth€says€that€"she€mentionsŠ Ų( Šill„treatment€consisting€of€blows,€but€there€are€no€signs€of€violence".€In€the€fifth€"sheŠ ¾ Šmentions€ill„treatment€consisting€of€blows€and€of€having€been€kept€undressed.€No€signs€ofŠ ¤ō Šviolence€are€apparent€upon€examination".€Š Š Ś ŠĢ7.2€In€her€statement€to€Court€of€Investigation€No.€2€of€the€National€High€Court€on€2Š V"¦! ŠFebruary€1992,€the€author€spoke€of€having€sustained€many€blows,€having€had€a€bag€put€overŠ <#Œ" Šher€head€until€she€nearly€suffocated,€of€the€use€of€electrodes,€threats€and€insults,€and€ofŠ "$r# Šhaving€been€forced€to€undress.€Notwithstanding,€the€judge€did€not€automatically€arrange€forŠ %X $ Šthe€competent€judicial€authorities€to€investigate€the€complaints.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ7.3€The€action€of€Court€of€Investigation€No.€44€consisted€in€issuing€various€instructions€forŠ ŗ' #' Šthe€medical€reports€on€the€examinations€carried€out€during€the€period€of€incommunicadoŠ  (š#( Šdetention,€as€well€details€of€the€examination€conducted€in€prison,€to€be€entered€in€the€record.Š †)Ö$) ŠIn€addition,€two€expert€appraisals€were€obtained€on€28€July€and€20€November€1992,Š l*¼%* Šrespectively.€The€first€was€by€the€forensic€physician€of€the€examining€court€and€the€secondŠ R+¢&+ Šby€the€official€forensic€expert€of€Court€of€Investigation€No.€2.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š7.4€The€author€indicated€that€the€forensic€reports€made€available€by€Court€of€InvestigationŠ ° ŠNo.€2€did€not€include€the€one€for€31€January€1992,€which€is€not€to€be€found€in€the€record€andŠ –ę Šhas€therefore€not€been€appraised€by€the€experts.€The€judicial€proceedings€also€failed€toŠ |Ģ Šdetermine€the€exact€time€of€the€prison€medical€examination€on€3€February,€although€theŠ b² Šcertificate€sent€by€the€penitentiary€centre€to€the€author's€counsel€suggests€that€it€took€placeŠ H˜ Šin€the€morning.€Š . ~ ŠĢ7.5€The€order€definitively€shelving€the€proceedings€states€that€"it€is€necessary€to€establish,Š ś J Šon€the€one€hand,€the€impossibility€of€furnishing€proof€of€any€of€the€acts€of€aggressionŠ ą 0 Šrecounted€by€the€complainant,€i.e.€blows€to€the€head,€the€placing€of€a€plastic€bag€over€theŠ Ę   Šhead,€kicks€to€the€genitals,€hair„pulling€and€loss€of€consciousness,€since€they€were€notŠ ¬ ü  Šconfirmed€in€any€medical€examination€and€yet€should€have€left€some€kind€of€palpable€injury,Š ’ā  Šaccording€to€the€forensic€medical€report,€and,€on€the€other€hand,€the€existence€of€otherŠ xČ  Šinjuries€as€described€for€the€first€time€in€the€medical€report€of€3€February".€It€also€indicatesŠ ^®  Šthat€it€is€not€possible€to€reach€any€conclusion€regarding€whether€the€cause€of€the€injuriesŠ D”  Šdescribed€"was€accidental,€intentional€or€self„inflicted,€since€the€three€possibilities€areŠ *z  Šcompatible€with€the€objective€findings,€and€the€statement€of€the€complainant,€whichŠ ` Šconstitutes€the€other€source€of€information,€is€not€supported€by€the€chronology€of€the€injuriesŠ öF Šestablished€by€the€existing€medical€reports.€In€view€of€the€impossibility€of€establishing€theŠ Ü, Šcause€of€the€injuries,€no€offence€can€be€said€to€have€been€committed€and€the€proceedingsŠ Ā Šmust€therefore€be€shelved".€Š Øų ŠĢ7.6€This€decision€was€challenged€in€an€appeal€based,€among€other€things,€on€the€followingŠ tÄ Šarguments:€Š ZŖ ŠĢ„€With€regard€to€virtually€all€the€acts€of€aggression€described€by€the€author€(blows€to€theŠ &v Šhead,€kicks€to€the€genitals,€hair„pulling€and€loss€of€consciousness),€it€was€argued€that€theseŠ  \ Šinvolved€the€use€of€methods€intended€to€leave€no€physical€marks€on€the€victim.€Neither€theŠ ņB Šalleged€forms€of€psychological€or€sexual€torture,€nor€most€of€the€physical€torture€("bagging",Š Ų( Š"hooding"€and€low„voltage€electric€shocks)€left€external€signs€of€injury€on€the€body;€Š ¾ ŠĢ„€With€regard€to€the€dating€of€the€various€bruises,€the€complainant€adduced€the€theory€putŠ Š Ś Šforward€by€the€first€expert,€defining€two€of€them€as€between€two€and€six€days€old,€while€theŠ p!Ą  Šother€two€were€said€to€be€more€recent.€The€fact€that€the€bruises€had€not€been€detected€earlierŠ V"¦! Šcould€have€been€due€to€a€defective€physical€examination€or€to€the€poor€light;€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ„€With€regard€to€the€value€of€the€victim's€testimony€considering€the€lack€of€objectiveŠ %X $ Ševidence,€reference€was€made€to€the€case€law€of€the€Supreme€Court,€according€to€whichŠ ī%>!% Šaccount€should€be€taken€of€the€absence€of€reasonable€doubt,€verisimilitude€corroborated€byŠ Ō&$"& Šcircumstantial€evidence,€and€consistency€in€the€charges.€Furthermore,€in€the€course€of€theŠ ŗ' #' Špolice€raid€on€29€January€1992€many€detainees€complained€of€ill„treatment€to€the€forensicŠ  (š#( Šphysician€and€the€examining€magistrate.€The€complainant€therefore€called€for€statements€toŠ †)Ö$) Šbe€taken€from€the€person€with€whom€she€had€shared€a€cell€while€in€detention,€as€well€as€fromŠ l*¼%* Šthe€officers€on€guard.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ7.7€On€5€September€1995€the€Provincial€High€Court€dismissed€the€appeal.€On€28€SeptemberŠ -n(- Š1995€the€author€made€an€application€for€ņņamparoóó€to€the€Constitutional€Court€as€sheŠ ° Šconsidered€that€the€Provincial€High€Court's€decision€violated€articles€15€(right€to€physicalŠ –ę Šand€moral€integrity)€and€24€(right€to€the€protection€of€the€courts)€of€the€Constitution,€theŠ |Ģ Šlatter€on€the€ground€of€failure€to€allow€the€submission€of€evidence€proposed€by€the€author,Š b² Šnamely,€a€statement€by€the€prison€doctor€who€noted€the€injuries€and€statements€by€theŠ H˜ Šmembers€of€the€Guardia€Civil€responsible€for€custody.€Š . ~ ŠĢ7.8€On€29€January€1996€the€Constitutional€Court€rejected€the€application€for€ņņamparoóó,Š ś J Šholding€that€"the€right€to€bring€an€action€at€law€does€not€in€turn€imply€an€absolute€right€toŠ ą 0 Šthe€institution€and€full€conduct€of€a€criminal€proceeding,€but€entails€only€the€right€to€aŠ Ę   Šreasoned€judicial€decision€on€the€claims€made,€which€may€well€be€to€stay€or€dismiss€theŠ ¬ ü  Šproceedings€or,€indeed,€to€declare€the€complaint€inadmissible".€Š ’ā  ŠĢņņExamination€of€the€meritsóó€Š ^®  ŠĢ8.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationŠ *z  Šmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theŠ ` ŠConvention.€Š öF ŠĢ8.2€The€committee€observes€that,€under€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€authorities€have€theŠ Ā Šobligation€to€proceed€to€an€investigation€ex€officio,€wherever€there€are€reasonable€groundsŠ Øų Što€believe€that€acts€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€have€been€committed€and€whatever€the€originŠ ŽŽ Šof€the€suspicion.€Article€12€also€requires€that€the€investigation€should€be€prompt€andŠ tÄ Šimpartial.€The€Committee€observes€that€promptness€is€essential€both€to€ensure€that€the€victimŠ ZŖ Šcannot€continue€to€be€subjected€to€such€acts€and€also€because€in€general,€unless€the€methodsŠ @ Šemployed€have€permanent€or€serious€effects,€the€physical€traces€of€torture,€and€especiallyŠ &v Šof€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment,€soon€disappear.€Š  \ ŠĢ8.3€The€Committee€observes€that€when€she€appeared€before€the€National€High€Court€on€2Š Ų( ŠFebruary€1992,€after€having€been€held€incommunicado€since€29€January,€the€author€statedŠ ¾ Šthat€she€had€been€subjected€to€physical€and€mental€ill„treatment,€including€the€threat€of€rape.Š ¤ō ŠThe€Court€had€before€it€five€reports€of€the€forensic€physician€attached€to€the€National€HighŠ Š Ś ŠCourt€who€had€examined€her€daily,€the€first€four€examinations€having€taken€place€onŠ p!Ą  ŠGuardia€Civil€premises€and€the€last€on€the€premises€of€the€National€High€Court€prior€to€theŠ V"¦! Šabove„mentioned€court€appearance.€These€reports€note€that€the€author€complained€of€havingŠ <#Œ" Šbeen€subjected€to€ill„treatment€consisting€of€insults,€threats€and€blows,€of€having€been€keptŠ "$r# Šhooded€for€many€hours€and€of€having€been€forced€to€remain€naked,€although€she€displayedŠ %X $ Šno€signs€of€violence.€The€Committee€considers€that€these€elements€should€have€sufficed€forŠ ī%>!% Šthe€initiation€of€an€investigation,€which€did€not€however€take€place.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ8.4€The€Committee€also€observes€that€when,€on€3€February,€the€physician€of€the€penitentiaryŠ  (š#( Šcentre€noted€bruises€and€contusions€on€the€author's€body,€this€fact€was€brought€to€theŠ †)Ö$) Šattention€of€the€judicial€authorities.€However,€the€competent€judge€did€not€take€up€the€matterŠ l*¼%* Šuntil€17€February€and€Court€No.€44€initiated€preliminary€proceedings€only€on€21€February.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ8.5€The€Committee€finds€that€the€lack€of€investigation€of€the€author's€allegations,€which€wereŠ -n(- Šmade€first€to€the€forensic€physician€after€the€first€examination€and€during€the€subsequentŠ ° Šexaminations€she€underwent,€and€then€repeated€before€the€judge€of€the€National€High€Court,Š –ę Šand€the€amount€of€time€which€passed€between€the€reporting€of€the€facts€and€the€initiation€ofŠ |Ģ Šproceedings€by€Court€No.€44€are€incompatible€with€the€obligation€to€proceed€to€a€promptŠ b² Šinvestigation,€as€provided€for€in€article€12€of€the€Convention.€Š H˜ ŠĢ8.6€The€Committee€observes€that€article€13€of€the€Convention€does€not€require€either€theŠ  d Šformal€lodging€of€a€complaint€of€torture€under€the€procedure€laid€down€in€national€law€orŠ ś J Šan€express€statement€of€intent€to€institute€and€sustain€a€criminal€action€arising€from€theŠ ą 0 Šoffence,€and€that€it€is€enough€for€the€victim€simply€to€bring€the€facts€to€the€attention€of€anŠ Ę   Šauthority€of€the€State€for€the€latter€to€be€obliged€to€consider€it€as€a€tacit€but€unequivocalŠ ¬ ü  Šexpression€of€the€victim's€wish€that€the€facts€should€be€promptly€and€impartiallyŠ ’ā  Šinvestigated,€as€prescribed€by€this€provision€of€the€Convention.€Š xČ  ŠĢ8.7€The€Committee€notes,€as€stated€above,€that€the€author's€complaint€to€the€judge€of€theŠ D”  ŠNational€High€Court€was€not€examined€and€that,€while€Court€No.€44€examined€theŠ *z  Šcomplaint,€it€did€not€do€so€with€the€requisite€promptness.€Indeed,€more€than€three€weeksŠ ` Špassed€from€the€time€that€the€court€received€the€medical€report€from€the€penitentiary€centreŠ öF Šon€17€February€1992€until€the€author€was€brought€to€court€and€made€her€statement€on€13Š Ü, ŠMarch.€On€that€same€date€the€court€called€for€Section€2€of€the€National€High€Court€toŠ Ā Šprovide€the€findings€of€the€medical€examinations€of€the€author€by€the€forensic€physician€ofŠ Øų Šthat€court,€but€more€than€two€months€elapsed€before€on€13€May€they€were€added€to€the€caseŠ ŽŽ Šfile.€On€2€June€the€judge€requested€the€court's€own€forensic€physician€to€report€thereon,€andŠ tÄ Šthis€was€done€on€28€July.€On€3€August€the€judge€summoned€the€forensic€physician€of€CourtŠ ZŖ ŠNo.€2€who€had€conducted€the€said€examinations.€This€physician's€statement€was€taken€on€17Š @ ŠNovember.€On€that€same€date€the€court€requested€the€penitentiary€centre€to€indicate€the€timeŠ &v Šat€which€the€author€had€been€examined€in€that€institution€and€how€the€injuries€hadŠ  \ Šdeveloped;€this€information€was€transmitted€to€the€court€on€23€December.€Contrary€to€theŠ ņB ŠState€party's€contention,€as€cited€in€paragraph€6.4,€that€there€had€been€"no€tardiness€or€delayŠ Ų( Šin€the€conduct€of€the€investigation",€the€Committee€considers€that€the€above€chronologyŠ ¾ Šshows€the€investigative€measures€not€to€have€satisfied€the€requirement€for€promptness€inŠ ¤ō Šexamining€complaints,€as€prescribed€by€article€13€of€the€Convention,€a€defect€that€cannot€beŠ Š Ś Šexcused€by€the€lack€of€any€protest€from€the€author€for€such€a€long€period.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ8.8€The€Committee€also€observes€that€during€the€preliminary€proceedings,€up€to€the€timeŠ <#Œ" Šwhen€they€were€discontinued€on€12€February€1993,€the€court€took€no€steps€to€identify€andŠ "$r# Šquestion€any€of€the€Guardia€Civil€officers€who€might€have€taken€part€in€the€acts€complainedŠ %X $ Šof€by€the€author.€The€Committee€finds€this€omission€inexcusable,€since€a€criminalŠ ī%>!% Šinvestigation€must€seek€both€to€determine€the€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€alleged€actsŠ Ō&$"& Šand€to€establish€the€identity€of€any€person€who€might€have€been€involved€therein,€as€requiredŠ ŗ' #' Šby€the€State€party's€own€domestic€legislation€(article€789€of€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act).Š  (š#( ŠFurthermore,€the€Committee€observes€that,€when€the€proceedings€resumed€as€of€OctoberŠ †)Ö$) Š1994,€the€author€requested€the€judge€on€at€least€two€occasions€to€allow€the€submission€ofŠ l*¼%* Ševidence€additional€to€that€of€the€medical€experts,€i.e.€she€requested€the€hearing€of€witnessesŠ R+¢&+ Šas€well€as€the€possible€perpetrators€of€the€ill„treatment,€but€these€hearings€were€not€ordered.Š 8,ˆ', ŠThe€Committee€nevertheless€believes€that€such€evidence€was€entirely€pertinent€since,Š -n(- Šalthough€forensic€medical€reports€are€important€as€evidence€of€acts€of€torture,€they€are€oftenŠ ° Šinsufficient€and€have€to€be€compared€with€and€supplemented€by€other€information.€TheŠ –ę ŠCommittee€has€found€no€justification€in€this€case€for€the€refusal€of€the€judicial€authoritiesŠ |Ģ Što€allow€other€evidence€and,€in€particular,€that€proposed€by€the€author.€The€CommitteeŠ b² Šconsiders€these€omissions€to€be€incompatible€with€the€obligation€to€proceed€to€an€impartialŠ H˜ Šinvestigation,€as€provided€for€in€article€13€of€the€Convention.€Š . ~ ŠĢ9.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionŠ ś J Šagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theŠ ą 0 Šview€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention.€Š Ę   ŠĢ10.€Pursuant€to€rule€111,€paragraph€5,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€would€wishŠ ’ā  Što€receive,€within€90€days,€information€on€any€relevant€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€inŠ xČ  Šaccordance€with€the€Committee's€views.€Š ^®  ŠĢĢ__________Š ` ŠĢ1/€€€An€earlier€communication€submitted€on€behalf€of€the€author€and€her€husbandŠ Ü, Š(communication€No.€10/1993)€was€declared€inadmissible€by€the€Committee€on€14€NovemberŠ Ā Š1994€for€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies.Š Øų ŠĢĢ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€Spanish€being€the€original€version.]€Š ZŖ ŠÓÓ