ÿWPC)  Hf›·â·R^KGm“ã]vŒõ ®ø±åŸd5,ä'kbêEõ¹uQ[ €Ö©k‚{TdvÍÚ((.sy4 1.úÔüæ1Ò÷ßNæî°ÀÃ'ç»ñ?úá,íÎ;uƒeÇ‹†…¼}Ö˜‚sx¤I¤â¢Æí¶&Ø»ŒÿÓL¿<Æ!l›¸ÊœJb$DBÓ-&g¢c2ÐñïŠî ¤Î#ÅVÉ"çB>@3pZ!}ê‘è)¨Ôl ø!¬ó˜ðÆé9ÃyÈwÄbönó¯h²Û:7®ndÈcÆm&ïÓFþë[Þ;¡á6€ã"Q]R¶, öÿ_×såÄ}YKÞBSã\ É"4ò§³inüê±Ê†©c¿ÅÔ»°õó4Fe ì^#× î™(|/né=Öè뛧˜­,5Xÿâ ÑÖ´¾$.…ã9[{†ž0MK´¿¯š U>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #! UN. %| M‚ († N® ^ ° w@¼ 4ü  m ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(žÅA$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XbHXX XÔÔ€XbHXX XbHÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X"ƒ4)Æ DE E E E E EEEEas() ÓÓ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ÅA!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XØXX XÔÔ€XØXX XØÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòX€v.€SwitzerlandóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€27/1995ÌÌ28€April€1997ÌÌCAT/C/18/D/27/1995ÌÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐññÌññÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€X€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Switzerland€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€18€April€1995€Ð  p ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€of€admissibilityóó:€22€November€1995óó€Ð øH ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ ¼  ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€ÌÌòòMeetingóó€on€28€April€1997,€Ð €Ð ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€27/1995,€submitted€to€theÐ X ¨ ÐCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÏCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€ÌÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ $X" Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€ÌÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÌÓÛÓòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóó€Ð )à$( ÐÓ«ÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€a€Sudanese€citizen.€He€claims€that€his€expulsion€fromÏSwitzerland€would€make€him€a€victim€of€a€violation€by€that€State€party€of€article€3€of€theÐ D-”(, ÐConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€ÌÌññò òññòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorññó óññóó€Ð tÄ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€has€been€a€member€of€the€Sudanese€Youth€Union€since€1978Ïand€of€the€Sudanese€Unity€Students€since€1983.€Reportedly,€he€participated€in€activities€forÏthose€organizations,€such€as€handing€out€leaflets,€putting€up€posters€and€writing€essays.ÏBeginning€in€1983€he€studied€political€science€in€Beirut,€where€he€claims€to€have€continuedÏhis€political€activities.€In€1987€he€returned€to€Sudan€where€he€and€his€brother,€who€was€aÏmember€of€the€Communist€party,€published€several€articles€against€the€politics€of€the€IslamicÏFront€of€Salvation.€ÌÌ2.2€During€the€òòcoup€d'tatóó€in€Sudan€in€1989,€the€author€was€on€honeymoon€in€Egypt.€It€isÐ ¬ü  Ðsaid€that€his€brother€advised€him€not€to€return€to€Sudan€because€the€Islamic€Front€ofÏSalvation€was€aware€of€his€articles€and€had€questioned€his€brother€about€the€author'sÏwhereabouts.€The€author€then€decided€not€to€return€and€took€up€postgraduate€studies€inÏBeirut.€Through€the€Sudanese€cultural€attach€in€Damascus,€his€family€in€Sudan€sent€himÏmoney€for€his€livelihood.€ÌÌ2.3€It€is€further€stated€that€in€December€1991,€in€a€Sudanese€club€in€Beirut,€the€author€metÏmembers€of€a€Sudanese€militia,€whose€political€views€are€said€to€be€similar€to€those€of€theÏSudanese€Government.€Reportedly,€the€author€had€a€political€discussion€with€the€leader€ofÏthe€group,€Mr.€Ô_ÔSedkiÔ_Ô€Ali€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô,€which€turned€into€a€violent€clash.€The€author€claims€that€theÏleader€of€the€militia€threatened€to€kill€him€and€warned€him€against€returning€to€Sudan.€SomeÏdays€after€this€incident€his€apartment€was€allegedly€ransacked€by€members€of€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô,Ïwhich€is€said€to€have€had€contacts€with€the€Sudanese€militia.€ÌÌ2.4€After€this€incident,€the€author's€wife€returned€to€Sudan€and€the€author€moved€to€anotherÏdistrict€of€Beirut.€The€author€first€reduced€and€then€ended€all€political€activities€in€JanuaryÏ1992.€In€November€1992,€he€learned€that€his€brother€had€been€arrested€by€the€SudaneseÏauthorities€in€order€to€perform€his€military€service;€it€is€said€that€he€has€since€disappeared.ÏThe€author's€wife€and€parents€have€not€been€harassed€by€the€Sudanese€authorities.€ÌÌ2.5€The€author€states€that€in€November€1993€he€was€informed€that€the€newly€establishedÏSudanese€embassy€in€Lebanon€was€planning€to€take€certain€dissidents€back€to€Sudan€byÏforce.€He€claims€that,€while€he€was€visiting€a€friend,€members€of€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€came€to€lookÏfor€him.€He€hid€in€the€bathroom€and€they€left.€The€author€claims€that€they€came€to€kidnapÏhim.€ÌÌ2.6€The€author€arrived€in€Switzerland€on€5€May€1994€via€the€Italian€border.€The€same€dayÏhe€filed€a€request€to€be€recognized€as€a€refugee.€On€20€September€1994,€the€Ô_ÔBundesamtÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfrÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔFlchtlingeÔ_Ô€(Federal€Refugee€Office)€rejected€his€request.€His€appeal€was€rejected€by€theÏÔ_ÔAsylrekurskommissionÔ_Ô€(Commission€of€Appeal€in€Refugee€Matters)€on€25€November€1994.€ÌÐ @-(, Ðñ ñò òñ ñòòThe€complaintñ ñó óñ ñóó€Ð ° ÐÌ3.€The€author€argues€that€if€forced€to€return€to€Sudan€he€would€face€an€investigation€in€whichÏtorture€is€commonly€used.€Also,€deportation€to€Lebanon€is€said€to€cause€danger€to€theÏauthor's€life€and€limb€because€he€would€be€Ô_ÔkidnappedÔ_Ô€and€taken€back€to€Sudan.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ñòòCommittee's€decision€under€rule€108ñ ñó óñ ñóó€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ4.€During€its€fourteenth€session,€the€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€communication€toÏthe€State€party€for€observations€on€admissibility€and€on€the€merits,€and€to€request€the€StateÏparty€not€to€expel€the€author€to€Sudan€or€Lebanon€while€the€communication€was€underÏexamination€by€the€Committee.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ñòòState€party's€submission€on€admissibilityñ ñó óñ ñóó€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ5.1€By€its€submission€of€27€June€1995,€the€State€party€informs€the€Committee€that€it€hasÏdeferred€the€author's€expulsion,€as€requested€by€the€Committee.€The€State€party€notes,Ïhowever,€that€the€Committee€has€asked€for€interim€measures€in€the€majority€of€all€casesÏtransmitted€to€it,€and€expresses€its€concern€that€the€authors€are€using€the€Committee€as€aÏfurther€appeal€instance,€allowing€a€suspension€of€the€expulsion€for€at€least€six€months.€ÌÌ5.2€The€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€author€has€exhausted€all€domestic€remediesÏavailable€to€him.€ÌÌ5.3€However,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€because€it€lacksÏthe€minimum€substantiation€that€would€render€the€communication€compatible€with€articleÏ22€of€the€Convention.€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€has€substantially€modifiedÏhis€version€of€the€facts€in€his€communication€to€the€Committee€compared€to€his€presentationÏto€the€national€authorities.€Also,€in€the€course€of€the€domestic€procedures,€the€author'sÏversions€of€the€facts€varied.€ÌÌ5.4€With€regard€to€the€incident€in€December€1991€(see€para.€2.3),€the€State€party€points€outÏthat€at€the€hearing€before€the€cantonal€authorities,€the€author€reported€the€incident€as€a€clashÏbetween€two€groups,€the€representatives€of€the€Islamic€Front€and€a€group€of€students;€at€theÏhearing€before€the€federal€authorities,€the€author€said€that€the€conflict€was€only€between€Mr.ÏÔ_ÔSedkiÔ_Ô€Ali€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€and€himself,€and€that€the€students€kept€out€of€it,€while€the€members€of€theÏIslamic€Front€were€waiting€outside.€Moreover,€at€the€cantonal€hearing€the€author€said€thatÏMr.€Ô_ÔSedkiÔ_Ô€Ali€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€had€threatened€to€take€him€back€to€Sudan,€whereas€the€author€deniedÏthis€at€the€federal€hearing.€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€maintains€the€second€versionÏin€his€communication€to€the€Committee,€without€indicating€that€this€contradicts€the€earlierÏstatement€made€before€the€cantonal€authorities.€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€authorÏconfirmed€in€writing€that€his€declarations€before€the€cantonal€authorities€had€been€truthful,Ïincluding€his€statement€that€the€leader€of€the€militia€threatened€to€take€him€back€to€Sudan€byÏforce.€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€indicates€that€the€minutes€of€the€hearing€were€readÏback€to€the€author€in€Arabic.€Ð @-(, Ї5.5€Further,€the€State€party€notes€that,€before€the€cantonal€authorities,€the€author€said€thatÏafter€the€incident€he€did€not€return€to€his€apartment€for€a€week€or€ten€days,€whereas€beforeÏthe€federal€authorities€he€said€he€had€gone€back€to€his€apartment€after€two€or€three€days.€InÏhis€communication€to€the€Committee,€the€author€speaks€of€"some€days",€thereby€avoidingÏhis€contradictory€accounts.€Also,€in€his€communication€as€well€as€before€the€federalÏauthorities,€the€author€says€that€the€"Ô_ÔHizbullahÔ_Ô"€made€a€plan€in€November€1993€to€takeÏcertain€persons€back€to€Sudan€by€force,€whereas€before€the€cantonal€authorities€heÏmaintained€that€this€happened€in€October€1993.€ÌÌ5.6€As€regards€the€alleged€disappearance€of€the€author's€brother,€the€State€party€notes€that€theÏauthor€informed€the€cantonal€authorities€that€his€brother€had€disappeared€in€January€1992,Ïbut€that€he€learned€of€his€disappearance€only€in€November€1992.€Later,€he€said€that€hisÏbrother€disappeared€in€November€1992,€but€that€he€learned€of€it€only€later.€When€asked€byÏthe€federal€authorities€which€version€was€true,€he€merely€answered€that€his€brotherÏdisappeared€during€1992€but€he€did€not€know€exactly€when.€ÌÌ5.7€On€the€basis€of€the€above,€the€State€party€contends€that€important€contradictions€in€theÏauthor's€own€account€of€the€facts€affect€the€credibility€of€his€claims.€The€State€party€suggestsÏthat,€if€the€Committee€had€been€aware€of€the€inconsistencies,€it€would€not€have€issued€aÏrequest€for€suspension€of€the€author's€expulsion.€The€State€party€invites€the€Committee,€onÏthe€basis€of€the€above,€to€examine€whether€the€communication€is€admissible€under€article€22,Ïparagraph€2,€of€the€Convention,€or€alternatively,€whether€the€communication€contains€theÏminimum€substantiation€necessary€to€render€it€compatible€with€article€22.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ñòòAuthor's€commentsñ ñó óñ ñóó€Ð Ð  ÐÌ6.1€By€letter€of€15€November€1995,€a€new€counsel€for€the€author€informs€the€Committee€thatÏthere€has€been€a€change€of€representative€and€that,€for€this€reason,€she€is€not€in€a€position€toÏmake€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission€on€time.€ÌÌ6.2€By€letter€of€21€November€1995,€the€author€attempts€to€clarify€some€of€the€points€raisedÏby€the€State€party.€He€states€that€after€the€incident€in€the€Sudanese€club€where€he€wasÏthreatened,€he€was€so€upset€that€he€does€not€remember€exactly€what€happened€and€how€manyÏdays€he€was€absent€from€his€home.€He€confirms€that€he€is€on€the€black€list€at€the€airport€ofÏKhartoum€and€that€in€Lebanon€he€is€being€threatened€by€Islamic€activists€supported€by€theÏSudanese€embassy.€He€states€that€he€does€not€know€the€exact€date€of€his€brother's€arrest,Ïsince€he€learned€about€it€through€friends€who€themselves€were€not€very€precise.€ÌÌ6.3€The€Committee€also€received€a€letter,€dated€19€November€1995,€from€the€SudaneseÏNational€Democratic€Alliance,€certifying€that€the€author€was€a€member€of€their€organizationÏand€generally€supporting€his€claims.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ñòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityñ ñó óñ ñóó€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ7.€During€its€fifteenth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÐ @-(, Ðcommunication.€The€Committee€noted€that€the€State€party€admitted€that€all€domesticÏremedies€had€been€exhausted,€but€it€challenged€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€onÏthe€basis€that€it€lacked€the€minimum€substantiation€that€would€render€it€compatible€withÏarticle€22.€The€Committee,€however,€considered€that€the€author€had€sufficientlyÏsubstantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€that€his€return€to€Sudan€or€Lebanon€might€raiseÏan€issue€under€article€3€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€found€that€the€question€of€whetherÏor€not€the€author's€expulsion€would€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€should€be€examined€onÏthe€merits.€ÌÌ8.€Accordingly,€on€22€November€1995,€the€Committee€declared€the€communicationÏadmissible.€ÌÌññò òññòòState€party's€observations€on€the€meritsññó óññóó€Ð À  ÐÌ9.1€By€submission€of€15€July€1996,€the€State€party€recalls€that€under€article€3€of€theÏConvention,€it€has€to€be€determined€whether€an€individual€is€personally€at€risk€of€beingÏsubjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€is€to€be€returned.€The€State€party€emphasizesÏthat,€in€line€with€the€Committee's€jurisprudence,€the€existence€in€the€State€concerned€of€aÏconsistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€is€not€a€sufficientÏreason€to€conclude€that€a€person€would€risk€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€thatÏcountry.€ÌÌ9.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€facts€on€which€the€author€of€the€communication€bases€hisÏclaim€are€essentially:€that,€during€a€meeting€in€a€Sudanese€club€in€December€1991€in€Beirut,Ïthe€leader€of€a€Sudanese€militia€threatened€to€kill€him€and€warned€him€against€ever€returningÏto€Sudan;€that€some€days€later€his€house€was€ransacked;€that€in€November€1993,€the€authorÏwas€informed€that€the€new€embassy€of€Sudan€in€Lebanon€envisaged€returning€forcibly€toÏSudan€opponents€of€the€regime;€and€that€in€November€1993,€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€attempted€toÏkidnap€him.€ÌÌ9.3€The€State€party€refers€to€its€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€andÏreiterates€that€the€author's€account€lacks€credibility.€It€recalls€that€the€author€has€presentedÏtwo€radically€different€versions€of€the€dispute€in€the€Sudanese€club:€before€the€cantonalÏauthorities,€he€affirmed€that€the€dispute€was€between€representatives€of€the€Sudanese€IslamicÏFront€and€a€group€of€students,€in€the€course€of€which€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€would€have€told€him€that€heÏintended€to€kidnap€him€in€order€to€bring€him€back€to€Sudan.€According€to€this€version€theÏransacking€of€his€apartment€by€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€was€a€consequence€of€the€threats€made€byÏÔ_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ9.4€At€the€hearing€before€the€federal€authorities,€the€author€stated€that€the€dispute€wasÏbetween€him€and€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€and€that€the€group€of€students€was€not€involved.€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€did€notÏthreaten€to€kidnap€him,€but€to€kill€him,€and€warned€the€author€against€returning€to€Sudan.ÏWhen€it€was€pointed€out€to€the€author€at€the€hearing€that€this€version€differed€from€theÏversion€given€at€the€first€hearing,€the€author€failed€to€explain€the€discrepancies,€but€declaredÏthat€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€had€never€said€that€he€intended€to€kidnap€him€in€order€to€bring€him€back€to€Sudan.Ð @-(, ÐHe€then€explained€that€he€supposed€that€the€ransacking€of€his€apartment€was€the€work€of€theÏÔ_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€because€they€wanted€to€kidnap€him.€ÌÌ9.5€The€State€party€explains€that€in€the€light€of€these€two€versions,€its€authorities€consideredÏthat€the€incident€could€not€be€seen€as€credibly€established€on€which€a€determination€ofÏrefugee€status€could€be€based.€The€State€party€recalls€that€Swiss€legislation€requires€that€anÏasylum€seeker€demonstrate€that€it€is€highly€probable€that€he€is€subjected€or€rightfully€fearsÏbeing€subjected€to€serious€prejudices€because€of€his€race,€religion,€nationality,€socialÏaffiliations€or€political€opinions.€Article€12(a)(3)€of€the€Asylum€Law€states€that€declarationsÏnot€sufficiently€substantiated€on€essential€points,€contradictory,€or€not€corresponding€withÏreality€are€not€to€be€considered€as€probable.€Since€the€author's€declaration€contradicted€itselfÏwith€regard€to€the€parties€involved€in€the€dispute,€the€nature€of€the€threats€made€by€Ô_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô,Ïand€the€purpose€of€the€visit€of€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€to€his€apartment,€the€authorities€did€not€considerÏhis€account€probable.€ÌÌ9.6€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€has€tried€to€harmonize€the€contradictions€in€hisÏaccount€to€the€Committee,€but€argues€that€the€two€versions€are€irreconcilable.€ÌÌ9.7€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€author€signed€and€confirmed€the€minutes€of€theÏhearing€before€the€federal€authorities,€which€were€read€back€to€him;€according€to€the€minutes,ÏÔ_ÔNagdiÔ_Ô€never€threatened€to€kidnap€him.€ÌÌ9.8€The€State€party€points€to€other€contradictions€in€the€author's€story€which€are€said€toÏimpair€his€credibility.€The€State€party€mentions€the€author's€return€to€his€apartment€(severalÏdays,€ten€days,€two€or€three€days€after€the€incident),€the€arrest€and€disappearance€of€hisÏbrother€(November€1992,€January€1992,€April€1992,€in€the€course€of€1992),€the€date€of€theÏsecond€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€attempt.€ÌÌ9.9€The€State€party€admits€that€it€is€sometimes€difficult€for€an€asylum€seeker€to€present€allÏthe€exact€facts€supporting€his€claim,€but€it€argues€that€in€the€instant€case,€the€author'sÏdeclarations€are€too€incoherent€to€give€them€any€credit€in€supporting€his€claim.€In€thisÏcontext,€the€State€party€observes€that€there€is€no€supportive€evidence€and€that€the€documentsÏthe€author€has€joined€with€his€communication€do€not€coincide€with€the€author's€version€ofÏthe€facts.€ÌÌ9.10€The€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€Sudan€is€a€matter€ofÏconcern,€especially€in€the€South.€However,€the€State€party€argues€that,€in€the€Committee'sÏown€interpretation,€the€existence€in€a€State€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÏviolations€of€human€rights€is€not€a€sufficient€reason€to€conclude€that€a€person€would€riskÏbeing€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country,€in€the€absence€of€any€real,€concreteÏand€personal€risk€of€torture.€ÌÌ9.11€The€State€party€concludes€that€the€return€of€the€author€to€Sudan€would€not€constitute€aÏviolation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€ÌÐ @-(, Ðññò òññòòAuthor's€commentsññó óññóó€Ð ° ÐÌ10.1€Counsel€for€the€author€forwards€to€the€Committee€some€newspaper€clippings€on€tortureÏin€Sudan,€as€well€as€letters€from€the€Sudanese€Victims€of€Torture€Group,€the€Sudan€HumanÏRights€Organization€and€the€Sudanese€National€Democratic€Alliance,€in€which€support€isÏexpressed€for€the€author€as€well€as€concern€for€his€life€were€he€forced€to€return€to€Sudan.€SheÏalso€forwards€a€copy€of€a€letter€of€the€Sudanese€Youth€Union,€requesting€the€SwissÏGovernment€to€protect€the€author€and€expressing€fear€that€he€will€be€subjected€to€torture€inÏSudan€and€made€to€disappear.€ÌÌ10.2€The€author€himself€forwards€a€statement€by€the€Sudanese€Youth€Union,€dated€22ÏFebruary€1996€and€signed€by€18€persons,€affirming€that€on€22€December€1991€theyÏparticipated€in€a€meeting€with€a€delegation€of€the€Sudanese€Government€in€the€SudaneseÏClub€in€Beirut€and€that€they€heard€Mr.€Nagdi€threatening€to€kidnap€the€author€and€to€kill€him.ÏThey€also€affirm€having€seen€the€traces€of€the€ransacking€of€his€apartment€on€25€DecemberÏ1991.€They€further€state€that€the€author€left€West€Beirut€in€November€1993,€after€he€learnedÏthat€Hezbollah€members€were€looking€for€him.€They€add€that€they€later€learned€that€theÏSudanese€embassy€uses€extremist€Lebanese€groups€to€arrest€Sudanese€nationals€in€Lebanon.€ÌÌ10.3€A€letter€from€a€friend,€dated€24€December€1996,€transmitted€by€the€author€to€theÏCommittee,€states€that€the€author's€family€is€being€harassed€by€the€authorities,€as€are€allÏfamilies€of€opposition€members.€No€details€are€given.€ÌÌññò òññòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeññó óññóó€Ð ä4 ÐÌ11.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationÏmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏConvention.€ÌÌ11.2€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€1,€whether€there€areÏsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€toÏtorture€upon€return€to€Sudan.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€accountÏall€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existence€of€aÏconsistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theÏdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personallyÏat€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€would€return.€It€followsÏthat€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rightsÏin€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€determining€that€a€particularÏperson€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country;Ïadditional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€atÏrisk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights€doesÏnot€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€inÏhis€or€her€specific€circumstances.€ÌÌ11.3€The€author€bases€his€claim€on€incidents€which€occurred€in€Lebanon.€He€has€never€beenÐ @-(, Ðsubject€to€detention€or€ill„treatment€in€Sudan€and€there€is€no€indication€that€his€wife,€whoÏreturned€to€Sudan€after€December€1991,€has€been€harassed€by€the€Sudanese€authorities.ÏFurther,€the€author€stayed€in€Lebanon€for€almost€two€years€after€threats€were€made€againstÏhim€by€the€leader€of€a€Sudanese€militia,€during€which€period€he€was€not€further€harassed.€TheÏauthor€has€claimed€that€his€brother€was€arrested€in€Sudan€in€1992€and€has€since€disappeared,Ïbut€there€is€no€indication€that€his€arrest€had€anything€to€do€with€the€author,€and€theÏinformation€provided€remains€vague.€The€author€left€Lebanon€in€November€1993,€allegedlyÏafter€having€heard€that€the€newly€opened€Sudanese€embassy€planned€to€take€dissidents€backÏto€Sudan€by€force.€In€this€context€he€claims€that€the€Ô_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€came€to€a€friend's€apartmentÏin€order€to€kidnap€him.€ÌÌ11.4€The€Committee€notes€the€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story€as€pointed€out€by€the€StateÏparty,€as€well€as€the€general€failure€by€the€author€to€provide€detailed€reasons€for€his€departureÏfrom€Lebanon€in€1993.€The€Committee€considers€that€the€information€before€it€does€notÏshow€that€substantial€grounds€exist€for€believing€that€the€author€will€be€personally€at€risk€ofÏbeing€subjected€to€torture€if€he€is€returned€to€Sudan.€ÌÌ12.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÏagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theÏview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theÏConvention.€ÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€ÌÓ· Ó