ÿWPCƒ K_±˜‡ [êzƒÇå g± ß$à.[œý³*t†ªyÒˆ²çÌ%Oº& B ¦ŠÔSôßSÁG–_"–]u‡ú£™˜ÀáMšÀ®I§#ÎSˤ¦Öèóá.4Tpñ¥ùI=àYÇ;wz."͇x£4à´f·œÃéÙ¤Êuª9ªdªvç‹(vvå nÛnŸþ„§Ûè$³Ìõõu—Ü¿ðÜW¤…V[?àŸvC6±Õ¹ôg·F)Fb|ñzm8ÎîB1¹ ^<¾]…\]`ÁªÏ™4ÈÀ6>7&ÅÐÕר kyÙ$ãt?dGTM¨5ª¥ÝNò¹<#Už6î;nµeÁ’zå< ™á¡2 éDÈ?úqÑ´)ô©´˜ZMص…ÂKeÊy²hv’…/MùÆŽWŒ6§ü™óˆA®2Îãf;ŸìÅ’¢˜A|ÚN·Árÿ<ëºd¤Æ˜QA;¯L^’¨/f‡Tïºý6¹ÍÛD#ÈYÑBlÆó#N´mP5“ ¦øÒ$÷¡]æøÐÁçϽ‰‚ÝGr€ÑAâ<¾4†Þë÷=œ­óû‹`D†(ÚÄý/ Q”~án=ÜßxÌ=Îæ}¸“Éu9žªS HXÊÉU>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Frank Robinson v. Jamaica, Communication No. 223/1987 (25 October 1987), U.N. Doc. Supp. N47), U.N. Doc. Supp. N"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ùM$££Ý ƒÖ1!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xt‡XXXÔÔ€Xt‡XXXt‡ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žÖ1$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xl×XXXÔÔ€Xl×XXXl×ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXù£ø* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒÖ1!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xt‡XXXÔÔ€Xt‡XXXt‡ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòRobinson€v.€JamaicaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€223/1987Ð H˜ ÐÌ30€March€1989Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€Frank€RobinsonÐ xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:óó€The€authorÐ D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:óó€JamaicaÐ ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:óó€5€February€1987€(date€of€initial€letter)Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:óó€2€November€1987óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights:Ð @ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€30€March€1989,Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concluded€óóits€consideration€of€communication€No.€223/1987,€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Frank€Robinson€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ¾ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€account€óóall€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party,Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:Ð "$r# ÐÌÌÓõÓòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓÜÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€5€February€1987;€further€letter€datedÐ †)Ö$) Ð15€July€1987)€is€Frank€Robinson,€a€Jamaican€citizen€serving€a€life€sentence€in€Jamaica.€HeÐ l*¼%* Ðclaims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant€by€the€Government€ofÐ R+¢&+ ÐJamaica.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð2.1€On€31€August€1978,€Frank€Robinson€was€arrested€and€charged,€jointly€with€another€man,Ð ° Ðof€having€committed€murder.€The€trial€was€initially€fixed€for€18€April€1979€but€had€to€beÐ –æ Ðpostponed€on€six€occasions€because€the€prosecution€had€not€been€able€to€locate€its€chiefÐ |Ì Ðwitness.€After€the€witness€was€found,€the€trial€was€fixed€for€30€March€1981,€but€on€that€dateÐ b² Ðcounsel€for€Mr.€Robinson€were€not€present,€allegedly€because€they€had€not€been€given€fullÐ H˜ Ðinstructions.€The€trial€judge€understood€this€to€mean€that€counsel€had€not€received€the€fundsÐ . ~ Ðnecessary€to€finance€Mr.€Robinson's€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€After€Mr.€Robinson€was€arraigned,€he€was€toldÐ  d Ðof€his€right€to€challenge€jurors,€but€he€did€not€exercise€this€right€and€merely€asked€to€see€hisÐ ú J Ðcounsel.€The€jury€was€sworn€in€and€a€two„hour€adjournment€was€granted€to€attempt€toÐ à 0 Ðcontact€Mr.€Robinson's€counsel.€At€the€resumption€of€the€trial,€the€judge€was€informed€thatÐ Æ   Ðjunior€counsel€for€Mr.€Robinson€would€appear€in€court€the€next€day.€The€trial,€however,€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðallowed€to€proceed.€On€the€following€day€junior€counsel€appeared€and€requested€the€judge'sÐ ’â  Ðpermission,€on€behalf€of€senior€counsel€and€himself,€to€withdraw€from€the€case.€The€judgeÐ xÈ  Ðrefused€this€request€but€invited€counsel€to€appear€on€legal€aid.€Counsel€refused€this€offer,€leftÐ ^®  Ðthe€court€and€never€returned.€The€judge€refused€any€further€adjournment€and€the€trialÐ D”  Ðcontinued€with€Mr.€Robinson€unrepresented.€During€the€trial,€Mr.€Robinson€called€hisÐ *z  Ðmother€as€a€witness€to€support€his€alibi€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€He€called€no€other€witnesses,€although€itÐ ` Ðis€alleged€that€there€were€others€in€court€who€could€have€been€called.€He€did€not€cross„Ð öF Ðexamine€any€of€the€witnesses€called€for€the€prosecution€and€only€made€a€final€speech€lastingÐ Ü, Ðthree€minutes.€On€2€April€1981€(after€three€days€of€proceedings),€he€was€convicted€ofÐ Â Ðmurder€and€sentenced€to€death.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.2€With€regard€to€the€issue€of€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€Mr.€Robinson€appealedÐ tÄ Ðto€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Jamaica,€which€dismissed€the€appeal€on€18€March€1983.€The€CourtÐ Zª Ðdid€not€give€any€reasons.€He€further€appealed€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÐ @ ÐCouncil,€contending€that€the€trial€judge,€by€refusing€an€adjournment€to€enable€him€to€makeÐ &v Ðarrangements€for€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€by€other€counsel,€had€infringed€on€his€right€under€section€20,Ð  \ Ðparagraph€6€(c),€of€the€Constitution€of€Jamaica€to€"be€permitted€to€defend€himself€...€by€aÐ òB Ðlegal€representative€of€his€own€choice"€and€that€therefore€his€conviction€should€be€quashed.Ð Ø( ÐIn€a€decision€by€a€three€to€two€majority,€the€Privy€Council€dismissed€the€appeal€on€theÐ ¾ Ðgrounds:€(a)€that€he€did€not€enjoy€an€absolute€right€to€legal€representation,€but€was€merelyÐ ¤ô Ðpermitted€to€exercise€the€right€to€be€legally€represented,€provided€that€he€himself€arrangedÐ Š Ú Ðfor€his€representation;€(b)€that€the€judge€was€not€required€to€grant€repeated€adjournments,Ð p!À  Ðespecially€considering€the€present€and€future€availability€of€witnesses;€(c)€that€he€shouldÐ V"¦! Ðhave€applied€in€advance€for€legal€aid;€and€(d)€that€no€miscarriage€of€justice€had€occurred€asÐ <#Œ" Ða€result€of€the€absence€of€legal€counsel,€because€the€judge€had€put€the€case€very€fully€andÐ "$r# Ðfairly€to€the€jury€and,€once€the€veracity€of€the€chief€prosecution€witnesses€had€beenÐ %X $ Ðestablished€under€cross„examination€by€counsel€for€the€co„accused„and€the€alibi€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€ofÐ î%>!% Ðthe€mother€had€been€rejected,€the€case€against€the€author€was€overwhelming.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ2.3€As€a€result€of€representations€made€to€the€Governor„General€of€Jamaica,€Mr.€Robinson'sÐ  (ð#( Ðsentence€of€death€was€commuted€in€mid„1985€and€changed€to€life€imprisonment.€It€isÐ †)Ö$) Ðclaimed€that€Mr.€Robinson€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐCovenant,€because€he€was€tried€without€the€benefit€of€legal€representation,€not€only€as€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðresult€of€the€withdrawal€of€his€counsel,€but€because€of€the€judge's€refusal€to€grant€anÐ 8,ˆ', Ðadjournment€to€allow€him€to€make€alternative€arrangements€for€his€legal€representation.€ItÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôis€also€claimed€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(e),€because,€notÐ ° Ðbeing€properly€represented,€he€was€unable€effectively€to€cr6ss„examine€witnesses€againstÐ –æ Ðhim€or€to€obtain€the€attendance€of€witnesses€on€his€own€behalf.€In€this€connection,€it€isÐ |Ì Ðclaimed€that€Mr.€Robinson€was€denied€a€fair€hearing,€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphÐ b² Ð1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð H˜ ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€19€March€1987,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ  d Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ ú J ÐState€party,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€theÐ à 0 Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.Ð Æ   ÐÌ4.1€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€dated€4€June€1987,€the€State€party€argues€that€none€ofÐ ’â  Ðthe€rights€enumerated€in€article€14€which€have€been€invoked€by€the€author€have€beenÐ xÈ  Ðviolated€in€his€case.Ð ^®  ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€observes€that€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€whenÐ *z  Ðexamining€the€author's€appeal€in€1985,€found€that€there€had€been€no€breach€of€section€20,Ð ` Ðparagraph€6€(c),€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution,€which€stipulates€that€"every€person€who€isÐ öF Ðcharged€with€a€criminal€offence€shall€be€permitted€to€defend€himself€in€person€or€by€a€legalÐ Ü, Ðrepresentative€of€his€own€choice"€and€which€the€State€party€sees€as€being€coterminous€withÐ Â Ðan€individual's€right,€laid€down€in€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€of€the€Covenant,€"to€defendÐ ¨ø Ðhimself€in€person€or€through€legal€assistance€of€his€own€choosing".€It€further€recalls€that€theÐ ŽÞ ÐPrivy€Council€held€that€the€aforementioned€constitutional€provision€did€not€grant€an€absoluteÐ tÄ Ðright€to€legal€representation€in€the€sense€that€it€obliged€a€judge,€"whatever€the€circumstances,Ð Zª Ðalways€to€grant€an€adjournment€so€as€to€ensure€that€no€one€who€wishes€legal€representationÐ @ Ðis€without€such€representation".€Concerning€the€author's€case,€the€State€party€reiterates€thatÐ &v Ðwhile€it€is€true€that€the€case€was€adjourned€19€times,€6€of€which€were€trial€dates,€theseÐ  \ Ðadjournments€were€largely€due€to€the€difficulties€of€the€prosecution€in€finding€its€chiefÐ òB Ðwitness,€who€allegedly€had€been€subjected€to€threats€against€his€life.€The€trial€judgeÐ Ø( Ðunsuccessfully€tried€to€persuade€the€two€attorneys€who€had€appeared€on€behalf€of€the€authorÐ ¾ Ðon€all€previous€occasions€to€continue€to€represent€the€author.€The€attorneys,€however,€statedÐ ¤ô Ðthat€they€had€not€been€"fully€instructed",€which€according€to€the€State€party€can€only€beÐ Š Ú Ðconstrued€as€a€euphemism€to€indicate€that€they€had€not€received€their€full€fees.€The€oneÐ p!À  Ðattorney€present€in€court€refused€an€assignment€of€legal€aid€from€the€judge€to€appear€for€theÐ V"¦! Ðauthor.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ4.3€Concerning€the€author's€allegation€of€a€breach€of€his€right,€under€article€14,€paragraphÐ %X $ Ð3€(e),€of€the€Covenant,€"to€examine,€or€have€examined,€the€witnesses€against€him€and€toÐ î%>!% Ðobtain€the€attendance€and€examination€of€witnesses€on€his€behalf€under€the€same€conditionsÐ Ô&$"& Ðas€witnesses€against€him",€the€State€party€argues€that€since€there€was€no€denial€of€the€rightÐ º' #' Ðto€be€represented€by€counsel,€this€allegation€cannot€be€upheld.€It€notes€that€the€author€"wasÐ  (ð#( Ðgiven€every€opportunity€to€examine€and€cross„examine€witnesses,€and€was€in€factÐ †)Ö$) Ðsignificantly€assisted€by€the€judge€in€the€examination€of€his€principal€witnesses"Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ4.4€Finally,€the€State€party€rejects€the€author's€contention€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€hearingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðin€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1:Ð -n(- Ї"...€[I]n€any€event€it€is€clear€from€the€facts,€as€well€as€the€above„mentioned€judgement€of€theÐ ° ÐJudicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council,€that€there€was€no€breach€of€the€right€to€a€fairÐ –æ Ðhearing€either€under€the€Jamaican€Constitution€or€the€Covenant.€In€particular,€it€is€to€beÐ |Ì Ðnoted€that€the€Privy€Council€...€found€that€the€judge€had€put€the€applicant's€defence€to€theÐ b² Ðjury€very€fairly€and€fully,€and€that€there€was€no€miscarriage€of€justice."Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.1€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission€under€rule€91,€the€author,€in€a€submissionÐ  d Ðdated€15€July€1987,€contends€that€his€allegations€with€respect€to€a€violation€of€article€14,Ð ú J Ðparagraphs€1€and€3,€are€well€founded.Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.2€He€submits€that€all€the€issues€raised€by€the€State€party€were€comprehensively€dealt€withÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€his€initial€communication,€and€that€the€State€party's€reference€to€the€numerousÐ ’â  Ðadjournments€granted€in€the€case€merely€confirm€that€the€latter€were€meant€to€accommodateÐ xÈ  Ðthe€prosecution.€The€facts,€therefore,€confirm€his€contention€that€he€was€denied€equality€ofÐ ^®  Ðarms€guaranteed€by€article€14,€paragraph€3€(e).€The€author€submitted€a€copy€of€a€recentÐ D”  Ðjudgment€of€the€English€Court€of€Appeal€which€is€said€to€support€his€contention,€and€inÐ *z  Ðwhich€the€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€if€it€was€clear€that€it€would€be€impossible€for€a€litigantÐ ` Ðto€obtain€justice,€an€adjournment€order€should€be€made,€even€if€it€was€highly€inconvenientÐ öF Ðto€do€so.Ð Ü, ÐÌ5.3€The€author€also€rejects€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€trial€judge€put€the€author'sÐ ¨ø Ðdefence€to€the€jury€"very€fairly€and€fully":€while€the€judge€could€give€some€guidance€andÐ ŽÞ Ðassistance€to€the€author,€he€was€not€in€a€position,€as€an€impartial€and€independent€arbiter,€toÐ tÄ Ðrepresent€the€author€in€the€same€way€as€a€defence€counsel€could€have€done.€Finally,€theÐ Zª Ðauthor€contends€that€the€commutate€of€his€death€sentence€into€one€of€life€imprisonment€doesÐ @ Ðnot€constitute€an€appropriate€remedy€in€the€circumstances€of€his€case,€as€the€State€party€hasÐ &v Ðasserted.Ð  \ ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€must,Ð Ø( Ðin€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€isÐ ¾ Ðadmissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€noted€that€the€State€party€did€not€claim€that€the€communication€wasÐ p!À  Ðinadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€With€regard€to€article€5,Ð V"¦! Ðparagraph€2€(a),€the€Committee€observed€that€the€matter€complained€of€by€Mr.€Robinson€hadÐ <#Œ" Ðnot€been€submitted€to€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€WithÐ "$r# Ðregard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€the€State€party€did€not€contest€the€author's€claim€thatÐ %X $ Ðthere€were€no€effective€remedies€which€he€could€still€pursue.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ6.3€With€regard€to€the€parties'€submissions€concerning€alleged€violations€of€article€14,Ð º' #' Ðparagraphs€1,€3€(d)€and€3€(e),€the€Committee€decided€to€examine€these€issues€with€the€meritsÐ  (ð#( Ðof€the€case.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ7.€On€2€November€1987,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided€that€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðcommunication€was€admissible.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð8.€In€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€17Ð ° ÐNovember€1988,€the€State€party€reiterates,€as€it€had€done€in€its€submission€of€4€June€1987,Ð –æ Ðthat€it€does€not€consider€any€of€the€rights€invoked€by€the€author€to€have€been€violated€by€theÐ |Ì ÐJamaican€courts.€It€further€draws€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€Governor„General€exercisedÐ b² Ðhis€prerogative€of€mercy€in€Mr.€Robinson's€case€and€commuted€the€death€sentence€to€one€ofÐ H˜ Ðlife€imprisonmentÐ . ~ ÐÌ9.€The€Committee€has€ascertained€that€the€judgement€of€the€Judicial€Committee€the€PrivyÐ ú J ÐCouncil€made€no€finding€with€regard€to€a€breach€of€the€Covenant€by€the€JamaicanÐ à 0 ÐGovernment,€confining€itself€to€findings€concerning€the€Jamaican€Constitution.Ð Æ   ÐÌ10.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€considered€the€present€communication€in€theÐ ’â  Ðlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5,Ð xÈ  Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€followingÐ ^®  Ðfacts,€which€appear€uncontested.Ð D”  ÐÌ10.2€Frank€Robinson€was€arrested€on€31€August€1978€and€charged€with€murder.€His€trial,Ð ` Ðinitially€scheduled€to€start€on€18€April€1979,€had€to€be€postponed€on€this€and€on€sixÐ öF Ðsubsequent€occasions;€this€was€attributable€to€the€fact€that€the€prosecution€had€not€been€ableÐ Ü, Ðto€establish€the€place€of€residence€and€to€subpoena€its€chief€witness,€allegedly€because€theÐ Â Ðlatter€had€been€subjected€to€threats€against€his€life.€When€this€witness€was€finally€located€andÐ ¨ø Ðthe€trial€began,€neither€of€the€author's€two€lawyers€was€present€in€court.€The€judge,€however,Ð ŽÞ Ðallowed€the€trial€to€proceed.€On€the€following€day,€one€of€the€defence€lawyers€made€a€briefÐ tÄ Ðappearance€only€to€request€the€judge's€permission,€on€behalf€of€senior€counsel€and€himself,Ð Zª Ðto€withdraw€from€the€case.€The€judge€refused€this€request€and€invited€counsel€to€appear€onÐ @ Ðlegal€aid.€Counsel,€however,€refused€this€offer,€after€the€judge€ordered€the€trial€to€proceedÐ &v Ðwith€the€author€unrepresented.€Mr.€Robinson€was€left€to€defend€himself,€and€on€2€April€1981Ð  \ Ðwas€convicted€and€sentenced€to€death.€On€18€March€1983,€the€Jamaican€Court€of€AppealÐ òB Ðrejected€his€appeal€without€a€written€judgement,€and€in€1985€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÐ Ø( ÐPrivy€Council€dismissed€his€further€appeal€by€a€3€to€2€majority€decision.€In€June€1985,€theÐ ¾ ÐGovernor„General€of€Jamaica€exercised€his€prerogative€of€mercy€and€commuted€the€author'sÐ ¤ô Ðdeath€sentence€to€life€imprisonment.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ10.3€The€main€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether€a€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ V"¦! Ðitself€to€make€provision€for€effective€representation€by€counsel€in€a€case€concerning€a€capitalÐ <#Œ" Ðoffence,€should€the€counsel€selected€by€the€author€for€whatever€reason€decline€to€appear.€TheÐ "$r# ÐCommittee,€noting€that€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d)€stipulates€that€everyone€shall€have€"legalÐ %X $ Ðassistance€assigned€to€him,€in€any€case€where€the€interests€of€justice€so€require",€believes€thatÐ î%>!% Ðit€is€axiomatic€that€legal€assistance€be€available€in€capital€cases.€This€is€so€even€if€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðunavailability€of€private€counsel€is€to€some€degree€attributable€to€the€author€himself,€andÐ º' #' Ðeven€if€the€provision€of€legal€assistance€would€entail€an€adjournment€of€proceedings.€ThisÐ  (ð#( Ðrequirement€is€not€rendered€unnecessary€by€efforts€that€might€otherwise€be€made€by€the€trialÐ †)Ö$) Ðjudge€to€assist€the€author€in€handling€his€defence€in€the€absence€of€counsel.€In€the€view€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€Committee,€the€absence€of€counsel€constituted€unfair€trial.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ10.4€The€refusal€of€the€trial€judge€to€order€an€adjournment€to€allow€the€author€to€have€legalÐ -n(- Ðrepresentation,€when€several€adjournments€had€already€been€ordered€when€the€prosecution'sÐ ° Ðwitnesses€were€unavailable€or€unready,€raises€issues€of€fairness€and€equality€before€theÐ –æ Ðcourts.€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphÐ |Ì Ð1,€due€to€inequality€of€arms€between€the€parties.Ð b² ÐÌ10.5€The€Committee,€basing€itself€on€the€information€provided€by€the€parties€concerning€theÐ . ~ Ðauthor's€entitlement€to€examine€witnesses,€finds€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€articleÐ  d Ð14,€paragraph€3€(e).Ð ú J ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ Æ   ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðfacts€as€submitted€reveal€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€1€and€3€(d),€of€the€Covenant.Ð ’â  ÐÌ12.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ ^®  Ðtake€effective€measures€to€remedy€the€violations€suffered€by€the€author,€through€his€release,Ð D”  Ðand€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð *z  ÐÓOÓ