’WPC  ¹āyXłf'ƒD0œŽš—ƱY&ßĶ¾¾/’ö39ĀaŲĻå’.Āob>Ža3<²²A čŒ÷P+Ć%ČģŻ/ž¬±Ļń?V8žétfk Ćc™\ū˜€ŸęŻ(R¤7$M0‘išGŹ!Õ/ĪĆȐaQĒuüµāø؟üĻ_©GÅ9ń-UKÅ}«@\Õ×O’ż?Ņ*Œ’Zøė„®ĮJŒ^Š’~ŖŚ‚¤R •D ‚qĆĄ\y'‹ŠÉŻN’œż=3ƒŃ·ćĘÜŖ{ĆCķšøĆqj _uL³Žż7=åŻB²{Ŗč½—¹ŃķśćTŠ­KŹŅ£‡?ĪJ(’Oa –rŅfÓō /ź(Ļ?0v’ĶGNKB™ĻZ]ŽÓT½.¾ž’ć_¢Š »@ŗ(”U>BĢ€ 0nL 0iŗ 0Y# 0_| 0&ŪU6 %7 = 0ĘM #Į UNŌ Ō M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ō\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <’’:Default ParaŌ€ōōōŌŌ€XXXŌ< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō<qy’’:HTML TypewriŌ€ōōōŌŌK€<ž6X9`(‹Courier NewKŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌŌS€ō\  `‹&Times New RomanSŌŌ  Ō<ž6X9`(‹Courier New X#|x(ž„^$””ŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€ XidXX XŌŌ€XidXX XidŌŌŌ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regularé“ś* Äpģ*pś  ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ „^!ŻŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€ XoXX XŌŌ€XoXX XoŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREŠ ° ŠĢņņ€I.€A.€O.€v.€SwedenóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No€65/1997Š H˜ ŠĢ6€May€1998Š  d ŠĢCAT/C/20/D/65/1997Š ą 0 ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ ’ā  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by€óó:€I.€A.€O.€(name€withheld)€[represented€by€counsel]€Š D”  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Š ` Šą 4 ąą Œ ąą ä ąĢņņState€partyóó:€Sweden€Š Ü, ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€21€March€1997€Š Øų ŠĢņņDate€of€admissibility€decisionóó:€25€November€1997€óóŠ tÄ ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstŠ &v ŠTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Š  \ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€6€May€1998,€Š Ų( ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€65/1997,€submitted€to€theŠ ¤ō ŠCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherŠ Š Ś ŠCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Š p!Ą  ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ <#Œ" Šcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Š "$r# ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€its€Š ī%>!% ŠÓ@ÓĢĢņ ņņņÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionóóó ó€Š  (š#( ŠÓ]ÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€I.€A.€O.€(born€on€29€May€1966),€a€Djibouti€citizen€andŠ R+¢&+ Šmember€of€the€Afar€ethnic€group,€currently€seeking€asylum€in€Sweden.€He€claims€that€hisŠ 8,ˆ', Šreturn€to€Djibouti€would€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€TortureŠ -n(- Šby€Sweden.€He€is€represented€by€the€Advisory€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Asylum€Seekers€and€Refugees.€Š ° ŠĢņņFacts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.1€The€author€is€described€as€a€publicist€who€has€written€articles€criticizing€the€politicalŠ H˜ Šsituation€in€Djibouti,€in€particular€the€mistreatment€of€the€Afar€ethnic€group€by€the€politicallyŠ . ~ Šdominant€Issa€ethnic€group.€He€maintains€that€since€coming€to€Sweden€he€has€continued€hisŠ  d Špublicist€work€critical€of€the€current€government,€and€is€thus€still€considered€to€be€aŠ ś J Šsignificant€enemy€to€the€Ō_ŌregimeŌ_Ō.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ2.2€He€states€that€he€became€politically€active€when€he€was€a€student€living€in€MoroccoŠ ¬ ü  Šbetween€1987€and€1989,€and€that€he€expressed€his€views€writing€for€a€student€magazine.€InŠ ’ā  Š1989,€he€moved€to€the€Libyan€Arab€Ō_ŌJamahiriyaŌ_Ō€to€continue€his€studies.€While€there€he€statesŠ xČ  Šthat€he€organized€supply€transports,€financed€by€Libyan€interests,€to€the€Front€for€RestorationŠ ^®  Šof€Unity€and€Democracy€(Ō_ŌFRUDŌ_Ō,€previously€Ō_ŌARODŌ_Ō)in€Djibouti.€Š D”  ŠĢ2.3€The€author€states€that€he€returned€to€Djibouti€on€14€January€1991€and€that€he€wasŠ ` Šstopped€and€arrested€by€security€service€agents€after€leaving€the€airport.€He€says€that€he€wasŠ öF Štaken€to€the€Ō_ŌNagadŌ_Ō€prison€and€interrogated€regarding€his€involvement€with€the€Afar„ledŠ Ü, ŠŌ_ŌFRUDŌ_Ō.€He€says€that€he€was€then€taken€to€the€interrogation€Ō_ŌcentreŌ_Ō€Villa€de€Ō_ŌChristianosŌ_Ō€whereŠ Ā Šhe€was€tortured€to€force€a€confession€regarding€his€political€associations€and€activities.€HeŠ Øų Šclaims€to€have€been€subjected€to€electrical€shocks€and€beatings€with€a€nail„studded€stick.Š ŽŽ ŠBecause€of€his€weakened€physical€condition€resulting€from€this€treatment,€he€says€that€theŠ tÄ Šsecurity€service€left€him€outside€of€a€medical€clinic.€It€is€certified€that€he€was€hospitalizedŠ ZŖ Šfrom€20€to€30€January€1991.ņņ€1óóŠ @ ŠĢ2.4€According€to€the€author,€upon€his€release€from€the€hospital,€on€30€January€1991,€he€wasŠ  \ Špicked€up€for€more€interrogation.€This€time€he€was€accused€of€betraying€the€Government€andŠ ņB Šwas€interrogated€about€his€political€activities€abroad.€He€alleges€that€he€was€tortured€byŠ Ų( Šbeing€forced€to€sit€on€a€glass€bottle€with€a€broken€bottle€neck,€having€a€wire€inserted€into€hisŠ ¾ Špenis,€having€heavy€weights€hung€from€his€penis€and€scrotum,€being€burned€with€cigarettesŠ ¤ō Šand€cigars,€being€cut€with€a€razor,€and€being€forced€to€lay€in€a€bathtub€with€water€drippingŠ Š Ś Šat€a€fixed€point€on€his€head.€He€says€that€he€was€released€after€nine€days€of€imprisonmentŠ p!Ą  Šand€it€is€certified€that€he€was€hospitalized€from€11€to€20€February€1991.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ2.5€He€claims€that€he€was€arrested,€for€an€unspecified€reason,€on€14€April€1991€and€held€inŠ "$r# Šprison€until€1€July€1991.€While€he€says€that€he€was€not€tortured€during€this€imprisonment,Š %X $ Šhe€claims€that€he€was€kept€for€a€period€of€time€in€a€cell€flooded€with€sewage€water.€He€saysŠ ī%>!% Šthat€he€was€interrogated€throughout€this€incarceration€about€his€political€activities,€and€wasŠ Ō&$"& Šoffered€a€diplomatic€position€abroad€in€exchange€for€altering€his€political€views.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ2.6€The€author€claims€that€he€was€arrested€again€on€7€August€1991€while€helping€to€unloadŠ †)Ö$) Ša€delivery€of€weapons€intended€for€Ō_ŌFRUDŌ_Ō,€and€that€he€was€held€in€detention€until€20€AugustŠ l*¼%* Š1991.€He€states€that€during€this€detention€he€was€interrogated€and€beaten€frequently.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ2.7€During€his€periods€of€freedom€the€author€claims€that€he€was€under€surveillance€by€theŠ -n(- ŠŌ_Ōsecurity€service,€that€he€was€interrogated€several€times,€and€that€his€home€was€searched.€Š ° ŠĢ2.8€He€states€that€he€was€able€to€obtain€a€national€passport€and€a€Swedish€visa€withŠ |Ģ Šassistance€of€a€lawyer€and€of€Abdalla€Kamil,€the€former€Prime€Minister€of€Djibouti.€HeŠ b² Šclaims€that€Kamil€also€negotiated€with€the€Djibouti€airport€police€to€facilitate€his€passageŠ H˜ Šthrough€immigration€control.€He€left€Djibouti€on€25€September€1991€arriving€in€StockholmŠ . ~ Švia€Moscow€on€26€September€1991.€Upon€his€arrival€in€Stockholm,€he€immediatelyŠ  d Špresented€himself€to€the€airport€police€and€requested€Swedish€asylum.€Š ś J ŠĢ2.9€On€4€and€5€December€1991€he€had€a€more€comprehensive€interview€with€policeŠ Ę   Šauthorities€at€Carlslund€Refugee€Reception€Centre.€At€the€time€he€described€his€politicalŠ ¬ ü  Šactivities,€the€actions€against€him€by€the€Djibouti€Government€and€his€detentions.€He€claimsŠ ’ā  Šthat€the€investigating€officer€did€not€question€him€about€torture€so€he€only€briefly€mentionedŠ xČ  Šthe€subject.€The€author's€counsel€notes€that€his€client€was€not€represented€by€counsel€at€thisŠ ^®  Šinterview.€Š D”  ŠĢ2.10€It€is€submitted€that€the€author€was€granted€legal€aid€and€a€counsel€to€assist€him€in€theŠ ` Šasylum€process.€The€Immigration€Board€rejected€the€author's€application€on€16€NovemberŠ öF Š1992€and€ordered€that€he€be€expelled€from€Sweden.€It€is€submitted€by€counsel€that€the€Board,Š Ü, Šwhich€had€been€given€copies€of€his€political€writings,€did€not€find€the€character€of€theŠ Ā Šauthor's€political€involvement€such€that€his€fear€of€persecution€was€well„founded.€Š Øų ŠĢ2.11€The€Immigration€Board€decision€was€appealed€on€14€December€1992€to€the€AliensŠ tÄ ŠAppeals€Board.€It€is€stated€that€the€appeal€underscored€the€author's€torture€experiences€andŠ ZŖ Šincluded€a€certificate€from€Dr.€Hans€Sderlund,€dated€17€February€1993,€corroborating€hisŠ @ Šclaims.€According€to€the€author,€the€medical€report€states€that€the€author€exhibited€emotionalŠ &v Šdistress€when€describing€his€experiences€in€Djibouti,€and€identifies€scars€which€could€be€theŠ  \ Šresult€of€physical€violence.€Š ņB ŠĢ2.12€The€appeal€was€ultimately€rejected€on€29€September€1995.€It€is€submitted€that€theŠ ¾ ŠAliens€Appeals€Board€based€its€decision€in€part€on€information€from€the€United€StatesŠ ¤ō ŠDepartment€of€State's€ņņDjibouti€Country€Report€on€Human€Rights€Practicesóó€which€reportedŠ Š Ś Šthat€the€general€political€situation€in€Djibouti€had€improved€since€the€accord€between€FRUDŠ p!Ą  Šand€the€Djibouti€Government€in€December€1994.ņņ€2óó€It€is€submitted€by€his€counsel€that€theŠ V"¦! ŠBoard€also€found€the€author's€account€of€his€personal€situation€not€credible,€doubting€thatŠ <#Œ" Šthe€Djibouti€authorities€could€know€about€his€activities€against€the€regime€and€still€releaseŠ "$r# Šhim€from€prison€several€times,€and€doubting€that€he€would€be€offered€a€diplomatic€post€ifŠ %X $ Šthe€authorities€considered€him€to€be€a€great€threat€to€the€regime.€Following€the€rejection€ofŠ ī%>!% Šhis€appeal€the€author€went€into€hiding.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ2.13€It€is€stated€that,€on€6€September€1996,€the€author€submitted€a€new€application€for€aŠ  (š#( Šresidence€permit€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€Included€was€documentation€of€forensic€andŠ †)Ö$) Špsychiatric€examinations€at€the€Centre€for€Torture€and€Trauma€Survivors€(ņņCentrum€frŠ l*¼%* ŠTortyr€och€Traumaskadadeó󀄀CTD)€and€a€certificate€of€his€hospitalization€in€1991€at€the€Ibin„Š R+¢&+ ŠSina€clinic.ņņ€3óó€According€to€the€psychiatric€examination€the€author€exhibits€symptoms€of€post„Š 8,ˆ', Štraumatic€stress€disorder.€The€forensic€examination€identifies€several€scars€which€areŠ -n(- Šconsistent€with€his€torture€claims.€Š ° ŠĢ2.14€It€is€stated€by€counsel€that€on€16€September€1996€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€revokedŠ |Ģ Šthe€deportation€order€against€the€author€and€granted€him€a€personal€hearing€on€7€NovemberŠ b² Š1996€where€he€was€represented€by€counsel.€According€to€the€author,€on€10€December€1996,Š H˜ Šthe€Board€rejected€his€new€application€and€reinstated€the€deportation€order.€It€is€submittedŠ . ~ Šthat€the€Board€supported€its€decision€by€citing€inconsistencies€in€statements€by€the€authorŠ  d Šabout€how€he€received€his€injuries€and€from€the€fact€that€he€had€waited€until€the€rejection€ofŠ ś J Šhis€first€application€to€document€his€torture€history€for€the€Board.€Further,€it€is€stated€that€theŠ ą 0 ŠBoard€did€not€find€credible€his€assertions€of€continued€political€writing€since€arriving€inŠ Ę   ŠSweden.€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ2.15€On€1€January€1997,€the€author€resubmitted€his€application€requesting€that€it€be€reviewedŠ xČ  Šin€the€context€of€changes€to€the€Swedish€Aliens€Act,€effective€1€January€1997.€The€author'sŠ ^®  Šcounsel€states€that€on€10€February€1997€the€Board€rejected€this€application€holding€that€thereŠ D”  Šcould€be€no€reconsideration€of€previously€examined€circumstances,€and€further€that€the€newŠ *z  Šlegislation€was€of€no€significance€to€the€case.€Š ` ŠĢ2.16€His€counsel€indicates€that€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story€have€been€attributableŠ Ü, Što€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€and€that€his€delay€in€recounting€the€torture€incidents€wasŠ Ā Šattributable€to€illness€(tuberculosis)€and€cultural€differences€between€himself€and€theŠ Øų ŠSwedish€interrogators€at€the€airport€and€later,€at€the€Carlslund€Refugee€Reception€Centre.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢņņThe€complaintóó€Š ZŖ ŠĢ3.1€The€author€claims€that€the€standpoint€of€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€on€the€politicalŠ &v Šsituation€in€Djibouti€is€a€misinterpretation€of€the€actual€circumstances.€According€to€him,€theŠ  \ Špeace€agreement€referred€to€is€only€between€the€regime€and€a€minor€faction€of€FRUD,€andŠ ņB Šthe€overwhelming€part€of€FRUD€continues€its€political€and€military€struggle€against€theŠ Ų( Šregime.€He€asserts€that€politically€active€Afars€are€arrested€on€a€large€scale€and€that€theyŠ ¾ Šsuffer€torture€and€other€inhumane€treatments.€Further,€he€claims€that€the€regime€also€takesŠ ¤ō Šactions€against€the€ordinary€Afar€population,€for€example,€subjecting€Afars€to€constant€policeŠ Š Ś Šsurveillance.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ3.2€The€author€maintains€that€since€coming€to€Sweden€he€has€continued€his€publicist€workŠ <#Œ" Šagainst€the€current€government,€and€is€thus€considered€to€be€a€significant€enemy€to€theŠ "$r# Šregime.€He€states€that€the€Djibouti€authorities€are€aware€that€he€is€staying€in€Sweden,€andŠ %X $ Šare€unhappy€with€his€depiction€of€Djibouti€in€his€writings.€Therefore,€he€contends€that€heŠ ī%>!% Šwill€face€detention,€torture€and€other€cruel€and€degrading€treatment€if€he€is€forced€to€returnŠ Ō&$"& Što€Djibouti.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢņņState€party's€observationsóó€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ4.€On€14€April€1997,€the€Committee,€acting€through€its€Special€Rapporteur€for€NewŠ R+¢&+ ŠCommunications,€transmitted€the€communication€to€the€State€party€for€comments€andŠ 8,ˆ', Šrequested€the€State€party€not€to€expel€the€author€while€his€communication€was€underŠ -n(- Šconsideration€by€the€Committee.€Š ° ŠĢ5.1€By€submission€of€1€July€1997,€the€State€party€challenges€the€admissibility€of€theŠ |Ģ Šcommunication€but€also€addresses€the€merits€of€the€case.€It€requests€the€Committee,€shouldŠ b² Šit€not€find€the€communication€inadmissible,€to€examine€the€communication€on€its€merits€asŠ H˜ Šsoon€as€possible.€It€informs€the€Committee€that€the€Immigration€Board€has€stayed€theŠ . ~ Šenforcement€of€the€expulsion€order,€pending€the€Committee's€final€decision€in€the€matter.€Š  d ŠĢ5.2€As€regards€the€domestic€procedure,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€basic€provisionsŠ ą 0 Šconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€or€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€contained€in€the€1989Š Ę   ŠAliens€Act.€For€the€determination€of€refugee€status€there€are€two€instances,€the€SwedishŠ ¬ ü  ŠImmigration€Board€and€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€In€exceptional€cases,€the€application€canŠ ’ā  Šbe€referred€to€the€Government€by€either€of€the€two€Boards.€In€this€context,€the€State€partyŠ xČ  Šexplains€that€the€Government€has€no€jurisdiction€of€its€own€in€cases€not€referred€to€it€by€theŠ ^®  ŠBoards.€Such€cases€are€determined€by€the€Boards€independently.€The€State€party€clarifiesŠ D”  Šthat€the€Swedish€Constitution€prohibits€any€interference€by€the€Government,€the€ParliamentŠ *z  Šor€any€other€public€authority€in€the€decision€making€of€an€administrative€authority€in€aŠ ` Šparticular€case.€According€to€the€State€party,€an€administrative€authority€as€the€ImmigrationŠ öF ŠBoard€or€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€enjoys€the€same€independence€as€a€court€of€law€in€thisŠ Ü, Šrespect.€Š Ā ŠĢ5.3€As€of€1€January€1997,€the€Aliens€Act€has€been€amended.€According€to€the€amended€ActŠ ŽŽ Š(chap.€3,€sect.€4,€in€conjunction€with€sect.€3)€an€alien€is€entitled€to€a€residence€permit€if€heŠ tÄ Šor€she€experiences€a€well„founded€fear€of€being€subjected€to€the€death€penalty€or€to€corporalŠ ZŖ Špunishment€or€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€UnderŠ @ Šchapter€2,€section€5(b),€of€the€Act,€an€alien€who€is€refused€entry,€can€apply€for€a€residenceŠ &v Špermit€if€the€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€beenŠ  \ Šexamined€in€the€case€and€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€willŠ ņB Šotherwise€be€in€conflict€with€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€on€refusalŠ Ų( Šof€entry€or€expulsion.€New€circumstances€cannot€be€assessed€by€the€authority€ex€officio€butŠ ¾ Šonly€upon€application.€Š ¤ō ŠĢ5.4€Chapter€8,€section€1,€of€the€Act€provides€that€an€alien€who€has€been€refused€entry€or€whoŠ p!Ą  Šshall€be€expelled€may€never€be€sent€back€to€a€country€where€there€is€a€reasonable€cause€toŠ V"¦! Šbelieve€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€suffering€capital€or€corporal€punishment€or€of€beingŠ <#Œ" Šsubjected€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment,€nor€to€a€countryŠ "$r# Šwhere€he€is€not€protected€from€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€he€would€be€in€such€aŠ %X $ Šdanger.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ5.5€As€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€is€not€awareŠ ŗ' #' Šof€the€same€matter€having€been€presented€to€another€international€instance€of€internationalŠ  (š#( Šinvestigation€or€settlement.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€author€can€at€any€time€lodge€aŠ †)Ö$) Šnew€application€for€re„examination€of€his€case€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board,€based€on€newŠ l*¼%* Šfactual€circumstances.€Finally,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€communication€isŠ R+¢&+ Šinadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š5.6€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee's€priorŠ ° Šjurisprudence,€and€the€criteria€established€by€the€Committee.€In€this€context,€the€State€partyŠ –ę Šsubmits€that€the€relevant€provisions€in€the€Aliens€Act€reflect€exactly€the€same€principle€asŠ |Ģ Šlaid€down€in€article€3€of€the€Convention.€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€mere€possibility€thatŠ b² Ša€person€will€be€subjected€to€ill„treatment€in€his€or€her€country€of€origin€does€not€suffice€toŠ H˜ Šprohibit€his€or€her€return€as€being€incompatible€with€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Š . ~ ŠĢ5.7€In€the€instant€case,€the€Immigration€Board€considered€that€the€information€submittedŠ ś J Šconcerning€the€author's€political€position€and€the€extent€and€nature€of€his€alleged€activity€didŠ ą 0 Šnot€support€the€finding€that€he€had€cause€for€a€well„founded€fear€of€persecution.€In€itsŠ Ę   Šrejection€of€the€author's€appeal,€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€found€that€the€informationŠ ¬ ü  Šsubmitted€by€the€author€lacked€credibility€and€moreover,€that,€even€if€the€information€wasŠ ’ā  Šaccepted€as€truthful,€it€did€not€show€that€he€would€risk€being€subjected€to€persecution€or€thatŠ xČ  Šhe€would€be€entitled€to€asylum.€The€author's€new€application€was€rejected€by€the€AliensŠ ^®  ŠAppeals€Board€on€10€December€1996.€It€found€unsubstantiated€the€author's€claims€that€heŠ D”  Šhad€not€been€able€to€understand€the€interpreters€used€at€the€hearings€and€that€his€counsel€hadŠ *z  Šnot€devoted€enough€time€to€the€case.€It€further€noted€that€the€author€has€submittedŠ ` Šcontradictory€information€about€the€times€he€had€spent€in€detention€and€about€the€cause€ofŠ öF Šthe€marks€on€his€body.€Š Ü, ŠĢ5.8€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€had€the€benefit€of€an€oralŠ Øų Šhearing€and€that€it€based€its€opinion€also€on€its€first€hand€impression€of€the€author.Š ŽŽ ŠAccording€to€the€State€party,€this€gives€the€Board€such€an€advantage€that€the€CommitteeŠ tÄ Šshould€allow€the€Board€a€certain€margin€of€appreciation€when€it€subsequently€evaluates€theŠ ZŖ ŠBoard's€decision.€Š @ ŠĢ5.9€The€State€party€bases€itself€on€the€findings€of€the€Immigration€Board€and€Aliens€AppealsŠ  \ ŠBoard€and€points€out€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story€in€relation€to€the€periods€ofŠ ņB Šdetention€and€argues€that€it€is€unlikely€that€the€author€was€offered€a€high€diplomatic€post€ifŠ Ų( Šhe€was€perceived€as€a€threat€to€the€Government.€According€to€the€State€party,€theŠ ¾ Šinconsistencies€and€peculiarities€of€the€author's€story€significantly€affect€its€veracity€and€onŠ ¤ō Šthe€credibility€of€his€claims,€including€the€claim€that€he€has€been€tortured.€On€the€basis€ofŠ Š Ś Šthe€above,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€evidence€presented€by€the€author€is€insufficientŠ p!Ą  Što€demonstrate€that€the€risk€of€being€tortured€is€a€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€ofŠ V"¦! Šhis€return€to€Djibouti.€According€to€the€State€party,€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€author'sŠ <#Œ" Šalleged€political€activities€render€him€a€target€of€persecution€by€the€Djibouti€authorities.€Š "$r# ŠĢ5.10€By€way€of€conclusion,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€Committee€has€found€violations€ofŠ ī%>!% Šarticle€3€in€all€the€cases€against€Sweden€which€it€so€far€examined€on€the€merits.€In€thisŠ Ō&$"& Šcontext,€the€State€party€points€out€that€its€immigration€authorities€have€a€considerableŠ ŗ' #' Šexperience€with€the€examination€and€determination€of€cases€of€this€nature,€involving€difficultŠ  (š#( Šassessments€as€regards€the€credibility€of€the€information€submitted.€Moreover,€they€have€aŠ †)Ö$) Šconsiderable€knowledge€about€the€human€rights€situations€in€different€countries.€The€StateŠ l*¼%* Šparty€also€recalls€that€the€test€applied€by€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights€underŠ R+¢&+ Šarticle€3€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€FundamentalŠ 8,ˆ', ŠFreedoms,€is€in€principle€the€same€as€the€one€applied€by€the€Committee€under€article€3€ofŠ -n(- Šthe€Convention€against€Torture.€However,€the€European€Commission€has€declaredŠ ° Šinadmissible€most€complaints€against€Sweden€as€manifestly€ill„founded.€Š –ę ŠĢ5.11€The€State€party€expresses€its€concern€about€a€possible€development€of€differentŠ b² Šstandards€under€the€two€human€rights€instruments€of€essentially€the€same€right.€The€StateŠ H˜ Šparty€argues€that€diverging€standards€in€this€respect€would€create€serious€problems€for€StatesŠ . ~ Šwhich€have€declared€themselves€bound€by€both€instruments.€Problems€would€arise€whenŠ  d ŠStates€attempt€to€adapt€themselves€to€international€case„law,€if€this€case„law€is€inconsistent.Š ś J ŠAccording€to€the€State€party,€inconsistent€case„law€may€also€have€serious€detrimental€effectsŠ ą 0 Šon€the€overall€credibility€of€the€human€rights€protection€system€at€international€level.€Š Ę   ŠĢņņCounsel's€commentsóó€Š ’ā  ŠĢ6.1€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€points€out€that€Djibouti€is€notŠ ^®  Ša€party€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€that€consequently€its€Government€is€not€evenŠ D”  Šwilling€to€give€an€image€of€respecting€human€rights.€According€to€counsel,€this€is€anŠ *z  Šadditional€reason€for€believing€that€the€author€will€be€tortured€upon€his€return.€Š ` ŠĢ6.2€Counsel€explains€that€there€is€no€possibility€of€a€further€new€application€to€the€AliensŠ Ü, ŠAppeals€Board,€because€no€factual€new€circumstances€exist€in€the€author's€case.€HeŠ Ā Šmaintains€that€all€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€Š Øų ŠĢ6.3€As€to€the€merits,€counsel€contends€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Djibouti€raisesŠ tÄ Šserious€concerns.€He€explains€that€the€political€situation€is€characterized€by€the€tensionŠ ZŖ Šbetween€the€two€main€ethnical€groups,€the€Issas€and€the€Afars.€After€many€years€of€struggle,Š @ Ša€peace€treaty€between€FRUD€and€the€Government€was€signed€in€December€1994,€butŠ &v Šaccording€to€counsel,€a€large€majority€of€FRUD€continued€its€political€resistance.€CounselŠ  \ Šsubmits€that€the€Government€discriminates€against€the€Afar€population€in€general€andŠ ņB Šoppresses€political€active€opponents€in€particular.€According€to€counsel,€the€situation€inŠ Ų( ŠDjibouti€amounts€to€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant,€or€mass€violations€of€humanŠ ¾ Šrights.€Š ¤ō ŠĢ6.4€Counsel€acknowledges€that€a€serious€human€rights€situation€as€such€does€not€constituteŠ p!Ą  Ša€sufficient€ground€for€determining€that€a€person€will€be€at€risk€of€being€tortured€if€returned.Š V"¦! ŠAccording€to€counsel€however,€in€Djibouti€prerequisite€political€and€social€conditions€existŠ <#Œ" Šthat€make€it€indeed€likely€that€torture€would€occur.€Š "$r# ŠĢ6.5€Counsel€acknowledges€that€the€Swedish€legislation€reflects€essentially€the€same€test€asŠ ī%>!% Šarticle€3€of€the€Convention,€but€argues€that€there€is€no€indication€that€this€test€was€indeedŠ Ō&$"& Šapplied€in€the€author's€case.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ6.6€Counsel€explains€that€the€author€has€been€confusing€what€happened€at€which€hearings,Š †)Ö$) Šand€that€this€explains€the€inconsistencies€of€his€claims€concerning€the€interpretation.€CounselŠ l*¼%* Šstates€that€the€author€suffers€psychological€trauma€and€that€his€confusion€is€understandableŠ R+¢&+ Šand€cannot€be€considered€as€affecting€his€credibility.€Counsel€maintains€that€the€time€spentŠ 8,ˆ', Šby€the€author's€legal€representative€in€preparation€of€the€hearing€of€his€case€before€theŠ -n(- ŠImmigration€Board€was€minimal€and€that€his€case€was€therefore€not€fully€presented.€Š ° ŠĢ6.7€As€regards€the€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story,€counsel€explains€that€these€areŠ |Ģ Šcaused€by€the€difficulties€the€author€was€facing€in€trying€to€adapt€to€a€new€society,€whereasŠ b² Šsuffering€the€consequences€of€torture.€Counsel€contends€that€the€authorities€lackedŠ H˜ Šunderstanding€for€the€author's€situation.€He€stresses€that€the€author€suffers€from€a€post„Š . ~ Štraumatic€stress€disorder€and€that€this€explains€the€inconsistencies€in€his€story€and€his€gapsŠ  d Šof€memory.€In€this€context,€counsel€refers€to€the€Committee's€prior€jurisprudence.€Š ś J ŠĢ6.8€As€regards€the€offer€to€give€him€a€diplomatic€post,€counsel€explains€that€the€GovernmentŠ Ę   Šin€Djibouti€has€on€numerous€occasions€tried€to€win€over€opponents€by€offering€them€highŠ ¬ ü  Šposts€and€that€it€needs€educated€collaborators.€Š ’ā  ŠĢ6.9€Counsel€refers€to€the€medical€evidence€and€submits€that€there€is€no€doubt€that€the€authorŠ ^®  Šhas€been€tortured.€He€asserts€that€in€view€of€the€past,€continued€detention,€torture€and€otherŠ D”  Šill„treatment€is€the€necessary€and€foreseeable€consequence€of€the€author's€forced€return€toŠ *z  ŠDjibouti.€Š ` ŠĢ6.10€As€regards€the€State€party's€argument€that€its€immigration€authorities€have€a€lot€ofŠ Ü, Šexperience€in€handling€asylum€cases,€counsel€submits€that€the€authorities€tend€not€to€acceptŠ Ā Šincoherent€and€contradictory€statements€from€persons€who€have€been€subjected€to€torture,Š Øų Šalthough€testimony€from€experts€in€the€field€demonstrate€that€these€inconsistencies€are€theŠ ŽŽ Šresult€of€the€effects€of€the€torture€on€the€person.€According€to€counsel,€most€immigrationŠ tÄ Šofficials€have€little€understanding€of€these€problems€and€don't€follow€regular€trainingŠ ZŖ Šprogrammes.€As€regards€the€availability€of€information,€although€information€from€non„Š @ Šgovernmental€organizations€is€available,€officials€prefer€to€rely€on€information€availableŠ &v Šthrough€diplomatic€channels.€Counsel€concludes€that€the€standard€applied€by€the€State€partyŠ  \ Šis€not€as€high€as€it€claims.€Š ņB ŠĢ6.11€As€regards€the€State€party's€argument€in€relation€to€possible€diverging€case„law€by€theŠ ¾ ŠEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights€and€the€Committee€against€Torture,€counselŠ ¤ō Šsubmits€that€these€bodies€are€independent€of€each€other€and€work€in€a€different€context.Š Š Ś ŠCounsel€disagrees€with€the€State€party's€concerns€and€states€that,€if€a€different€standard€isŠ p!Ą  Šapplied€by€the€two€bodies,€all€the€State€party€has€to€do€is€to€apply€the€stricter€of€the€two.€Š V"¦! ŠĢņņThe€Committee's€admissibility€decisionóó€Š "$r# ŠĢ7.€At€its€nineteenth€session,€the€Committee€examined€the€admissibility€of€theŠ ī%>!% Šcommunication.€It€noted€with€appreciation€the€information€given€by€the€State€party€that€theŠ Ō&$"& ŠImmigration€Board€has€stayed€the€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author,Š ŗ' #' Špending€the€Committee's€final€decision.€Š  (š#( ŠĢ8.€The€Committee€ascertained,€as€it€was€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5(a),€ofŠ l*¼%* Šthe€Convention,€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been€and€was€not€being€examined€underŠ R+¢&+ Šanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€was€furtherŠ 8,ˆ', Šof€the€opinion€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted,€in€view€of€the€factŠ -n(- Šthat€no€new€circumstances€existed€on€the€basis€of€which€the€author€could€have€filed€a€newŠ ° Šapplication€with€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€The€Committee€found€that€no€further€obstaclesŠ –ę Što€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€existed.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ9.€The€Committee€noted€that€both€the€State€party€and€the€author's€counsel€had€forwardedŠ H˜ Šobservations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€and€that€the€State€party€had€requested€theŠ . ~ ŠCommittee,€if€it€were€to€find€the€communication€admissible,€to€proceed€to€the€examinationŠ  d Šof€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€considered€that€theŠ ś J Šinformation€before€it€was€not€sufficient€to€enable€it€to€adopt€its€Views.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ10.€In€particular,€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€from€the€author's€counsel€more€preciseŠ ¬ ü  Šand€detailed€information€concerning€the€character€and€frequency€of€the€author's€publications,Š ’ā  Šthe€nature€of€his€political€activities€as€well€as€his€reasons€to€believe€that€he€will€be€subjectedŠ xČ  Što€torture€upon€his€return€to€Djibouti.€Likewise,€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ ^®  Šinformation€from€the€State€party€concerning€its€statement€that€the€human€rights€situation€inŠ D”  ŠDjibouti€had€improved€since€the€peace€accord€of€December€1994,€and€how€this€would€affectŠ *z  Šthe€author's€situation€if€he€were€to€return.€Š ` ŠĢ11.€Accordingly,€on€20€November€1997,€the€Committee€against€Torture€decided€that€theŠ Ü, Šcommunication€was€admissible,€and€requested€the€State€party€and€the€author's€counsel€toŠ Ā Šsubmit€their€observations€on€the€above€questions€so€as€to€allow€the€Committee€to€examineŠ Øų Šthe€merits€of€the€communication€at€its€next€(twentieth)€session.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢņņParties'€replies€to€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóó€Š ZŖ ŠĢ12.1€By€note€of€28€January€1998,€the€State€party€points€out€that€it€never€suggested€that€theŠ &v Šhuman€rights€situation€in€Djibouti€had€improved€since€the€peace€accord€of€1994,€but,€on€theŠ  \ Šcontrary,€that€the€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€Djibouti€leaves€much€to€be€desired.Š ņB ŠIt€recalls€that€its€arguments€concerning€the€merits€of€the€author's€communication€wereŠ Ų( Šmainly€based€on€his€credibility€rather€than€on€the€human€rights€situation€in€Djibouti.€TheŠ ¾ ŠState€party€refers€to€its€earlier€submission€and€maintains€that€the€inconsistencies€andŠ ¤ō Špeculiarities€in€the€author's€story€impact€on€its€veracity€and€credibility.€Š Š Ś ŠĢ12.2€The€State€party€points€out€that,€although€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€Djibouti€is€farŠ V"¦! Šfrom€satisfactory,€the€freedom€of€the€press€in€the€country€is€generally€respected,€and€that€theŠ <#Œ" Šopposition€issues€weekly€and€monthly€publications€which€are€publicly€critical€of€the€regime.€Š "$r# ŠĢ13.1€By€letter€of€19€February€1998,€counsel€for€the€author€states€that€the€author€did€notŠ ī%>!% Špublicly€express€any€political€opinion€before€he€left€Djibouti€in€1987.€He€provides€additionalŠ Ō&$"& Šinformation€about€the€author's€activities€between€1987€(when€he€left€for€Morocco)€and€hisŠ ŗ' #' Šreturn€to€Djibouti€in€January€1991.€After€his€return€to€Djibouti,€he€maintained€contacts€withŠ  (š#( ŠAfar€opponents€of€the€Government€and€participated€in€the€planning€of€politicalŠ †)Ö$) Šdemonstrations€and€other€political€activities.€Š l*¼%* ŠĢ13.2€With€regard€to€the€nature€of€the€author's€publications,€counsel€explains€that€in€Morocco,Š 8,ˆ', Šhe€published€six€issues€of€a€newspaper€for€Afar€students€which€dealt€with€the€question€ofŠ -n(- Šdiscrimination€of€Afar€students€in€the€educational€system€of€Djibouti.€During€his€timeŠ ° Šabroad,€the€author€also€worked€on€an€essay€on€the€history€of€Djibouti.€Š –ę ŠĢ13.3€After€his€departure€from€Djibouti€in€September€1991,€the€author€wrote€articles€aboutŠ b² Šthe€political€situation€in€Djibouti€which€were€published€in€different€European„based€ArabicŠ H˜ Šnewspapers.ņņ€4óó€He€continued€to€support€the€FRUD€and€opposed€the€Government,€the€1994Š . ~ Špeace€accord€and€the€human€rights€situation€in€Djibouti.€It€is€stated€that€two€of€theŠ  d Šnewspapers€in€which€the€author€published,€are€being€distributed€all€over€the€Arabic„speakingŠ ś J Šworld,€including€Djibouti.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ13.4€With€regard€to€the€author's€belief€that€he€will€be€subjected€to€torture€upon€return€toŠ ¬ ü  ŠDjibouti,€counsel€recalls€that€the€human€rights€situation€is€still€very€poor,€and€refers€in€thisŠ ’ā  Šcontext€to€the€United€States€State€Department€report€on€Djibouti.€The€Afar€resistance€is€stillŠ xČ  Šopposing€the€Government€and€in€autumn€1997,€FRUD€reopened€its€military€campaign.€AŠ ^®  Šnumber€of€FRUD€officials€have€been€arrested€in€September€1997.€Counsel€submits€that€theŠ D”  Šauthor€belongs€to€the€oppressed€Afar€group,€that€he€has€made€his€views€public,€that€he€hasŠ *z  Šbeen€arrested€and€tortured€in€1991,€that€he€has€participated€in€political€activities€and€that€heŠ ` Šhas€published€articles€attacking€the€Government.€According€to€counsel,€it€is€likely€that€theŠ öF ŠDjibouti€authorities€are€aware€of€the€author's€publications€and€that€it€is€important€to€them€toŠ Ü, Šneutralize€him.€In€the€light€of€the€present€political€situation€and€the€lack€of€respect€for€humanŠ Ā Šrights€in€Djibouti,€counsel€argues€that€a€substantial€and€serious€risk€exists€that€the€author,Š Øų Šwhen€returned€to€Djibouti,€will€once€again€be€subjected€to€torture.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢņņIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Š ZŖ ŠĢ14.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationŠ &v Šmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theŠ  \ ŠConvention.€Š ņB ŠĢ14.2€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€whether€there€areŠ ¾ Šsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€toŠ ¤ō Štorture€upon€return€to€Djibouti.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€intoŠ Š Ś Šaccount€all€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€theŠ p!Ą  Šexistence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€TheŠ V"¦! Šaim€of€the€determination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€wouldŠ <#Œ" Šbe€ņņpersonallyóó€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldŠ "$r# Šreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massŠ %X $ Šviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forŠ ī%>!% Šdetermining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponŠ Ō&$"& Šhis€return€to€that€country;€additional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€individualŠ ŗ' #' Šconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossŠ  (š#( Šviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€dangerŠ †)Ö$) Šof€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Š l*¼%* ŠĢ14.3€The€Committee€has€noted€the€medical€evidence€provided€by€the€author,€and€on€thisŠ 8,ˆ', Šbasis€is€of€the€opinion€that€there€is€firm€reason€to€believe€that€the€author€has€been€torturedŠ -n(- Šin€the€past.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author€suffers€from€a€post„Š ° Štraumatic€stress€disorder,€and€that€this€has€to€be€taken€into€account€when€assessing€theŠ –ę Šauthor's€presentation€of€the€facts.€The€Committee€is€therefore€of€the€opinion€that€theŠ |Ģ Šinconsistencies€as€exist€in€the€author's€story€do€not€raise€doubts€as€to€the€general€veracity€ofŠ b² Šhis€claim€that€he€was€detained€and€tortured.€Š H˜ ŠĢ14.4€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€author€was€detained€in€1991,€allegedly€becauseŠ  d Šhe€had€published€articles€abroad,€criticizing€the€Government.€The€author€has€stated€that€heŠ ś J Šhas€continued€to€publish€articles€about€Djibouti,€and€that€he€therefore€continues€to€be€at€riskŠ ą 0 Šof€being€detained€and€tortured€when€returned€to€Djibouti.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€StateŠ Ę   Šparty's€immigration€authorities€were€of€the€opinion€that€the€author's€writings€were€not€ofŠ ¬ ü  Šsuch€character€as€to€endanger€him€upon€his€return.€The€author€has€provided€a€list€of€hisŠ ’ā  Špublications€in€Arabic„language€magazines,€in€which€he€has€criticized€the€Government€forŠ xČ  Šits€policies€and€denounced€the€discriminatory€treatment€of€Afars.€There€is€no€indication€thatŠ ^®  Šthe€author€is€otherwise€politically€active€against€the€Government€of€Djibouti.€Š D”  ŠĢ14.5€The€Committee€is€aware€of€reported€human€rights€violations€in€Djibouti,€but€has€noŠ ` Šinformation€which€would€allow€it€to€conclude€that€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€orŠ öF Šmass€violations€of€human€rights€exists€in€Djibouti.€According€to€the€information€availableŠ Ü, Što€the€Committee,€although€journalists€are€occasionally€jailed€or€intimidated€by€police,€theyŠ Ā Šdo€not€appear€to€be€among€the€groups€that€are€targeted€for€repression€and€oppositionŠ Øų Šperiodicals€circulate€freely€and€openly€criticise€the€Government.€The€Committee€also€notesŠ ŽŽ Šthat€no€reports€of€torture€exist€with€regard€to€the€FRUD€officials€who€were€detained€inŠ tÄ ŠSeptember€1997.€The€Committee€recalls€that,€for€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,Š ZŖ Ša€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€must€exist€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€countryŠ @ Što€which€a€person€is€returned.€On€the€basis€of€the€considerations€above,€the€Committee€is€ofŠ &v Šthe€opinion€that€such€risk€has€not€been€established.€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€notesŠ  \ Šthat€a€risk€of€being€detained€as€such€is€not€sufficient€to€trigger€the€protection€of€article€3€ofŠ ņB Šthe€Convention.€Š Ų( ŠĢ14.6€The€Committee€considers€that€the€information€before€it€does€not€show€that€ņņsubstantialóóŠ ¤ō Šgrounds€exist€for€believing€that€the€author€will€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€ifŠ Š Ś Šhe€is€returned€to€Djibouti.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ15.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionŠ <#Œ" Šagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theŠ "$r# Šview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theŠ %X $ ŠConvention.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢĢ__________Š  (š#( ŠĢ1/€€€A€certificate€dated€2€September€1995,€signed€by€Dr.€Bourhan€of€the€Clinique€Ibn„Sina,Š l*¼%* Šstates€that€the€author€was€hospitalized€twice,€for€the€dates€20„30€January€and€11„20€FebruaryŠ R+¢&+ Š1991,€as€a€result€of€the€violence€inflicted€upon€him€during€incarceration.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š2/€€€In€1994,€the€Djibouti€Government€and€FRUD€signed€a€peace€accord€ending€three€yearsŠ ° Šof€civil€war.€In€March€1995,€FRUD€was€legalized€and€in€1996€it€was€registered€as€a€politicalŠ –ę Šparty.Š |Ģ ŠĢ3/€€€Psychiatric€record,€dated€9€September€1996,€in€Swedish,€by€Dr.€Hans€Peter€SondergardŠ H˜ Šof€CTD.€Forensic€medical€record,€dated€9€September€1996,€in€Swedish,€by€Dr.€Erik€EdstonŠ . ~ Šof€CTD.€Copies€of€records€provided.Š  d ŠĢ4/€€€According€to€a€list€provided€by€the€author's€counsel,€he€published:€in€1991,€one€letter€toŠ ą 0 Šthe€editor;€in€1992,€three€letters€to€the€editor;€in€1993,€one€two„page€article€and€one€letter€toŠ Ę   Šthe€editor;€in€1994,€one€letter€to€the€editor;€in€1995,€one€letter€to€the€editor€and€twoŠ ¬ ü  Šcommentaries;€in€1996,€two€letters€to€the€editor;€in€1997,€one€article€and€one€letter€to€theŠ ’ā  Šeditor.Š xČ  ŠĢĢ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Š *z  ŠÓĶÓ