ÿWPC  9u¹ulJ§.«%Ï—«Ô=6`EÜúÏæ.¶ÜG,ä¬e{ÁKiOÜ öxz±£ýKÐYû’Â5ìª53|0¬.ÐRW’y‡q©Μ^ûPËýFïð\”ä_ ]Èmûá.™%ûsîÜ}¤£„÷—¿v$†6?#e¨ÆrÀá BôIŒV”2mt B:é”aé[”’ÚOÃÉHÕμ9ì¶æ9 µM»Göt2vÐSç¢TÒîîC©cES› ÌÆò}ÓÜiááP[Á€¤·¸¢ø çXw^Ô›W2a0¡õ`ÍwÔyßòÂñjŒèMþ.'MðÏܾ6ÅöשDè¼çíjú$<åƒ^ùCƒ WzÃRÛ‘ÔWks¾ÅÐøcaáíl½øµÛÄ~3IïUM UAÉÍ®IÙj¿ |œ»Š¢±d˜ËmFëM›Ö×IŸÏÀðzRš/÷óŠ^NÂ2°æˆ ±o6£þ\ïqž“§f,¢€¯˜Úãê~]>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #Á UNÎ % M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(ž%8$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xo XX XÔÔ€Xo XX Xo ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular Xó) 'gt)Ä@¡ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ %8!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XvðXX XÔÔ€XvðXX XvðÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòX€v.€SwitzerlandóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€38/1995Ð H˜ ÐÌ9€May€1997Ð  d ÐÌCAT/C/18/D/38/1995Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€X€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Switzerland€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€16€November€1995óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ Zª ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€9€May€1997,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€38/1995,€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ ¾ ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌÓÌÓòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓéÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€a€Sudanese€citizen,€born€on€6€January€1951,€at€presentÐ †)Ö$) Ðresiding€in€Switzerland.€He€claims€that€his€deportation€from€Switzerland€would€constituteÐ l*¼%* Ða€violation€by€Switzerland€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,Ð R+¢&+ ÐInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐòòFacts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Ð ° ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€was€working€at€the€Ô_ÔArabsatÔ_Ô€Company€in€Sudan€from€1983€toÐ |Ì Ð1987€as€a€manager€of€administration€and€public€relations.€He€was€one€of€the€four€partnersÐ b² Ðof€the€company.€He€was€responsible€for€the€distribution€of€òòAd€Ô_ÔDastourÔ_Ôóó,€a€weekly€politicalÐ H˜ Ðmagazine€and€òòAl€Ô_ÔHadafÔ_Ôóó,€a€newspaper.€Both€were€partly€owned€by€the€Al€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€al€Ô_ÔArabiÔ_ÔÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔIstirakiÔ_Ô€Party,€a€political€left„wing€group€which€stood€very€close€to€the€Iraqi€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party.€Ð  d ÐÌ2.2€The€author€states€that€in€May€1987€he€changed€jobs€and€started€working€for€the€AdÐ à 0 ÐÔ_ÔDastourÔ_Ô€Company€as€a€director€of€administration€and€public€relations.òò€1óóÐ Æ   ÐÌ2.3€After€the€òòcoup€d'tatóó€in€1989,€the€Sudanese€Government€prohibited€the€activities€of€theÐ ’â  ÐÔ_ÔArabsatÔ_Ô€Company€and€of€Ad€Ô_ÔDastourÔ_Ô€because€of€their€connections€with€the€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party,Ð xÈ  Ðwhich€was€banned€by€the€Government.€They€also€arrested€the€manager€of€Ad€Ô_ÔDastourÔ_Ô.òò€2óóÐ ^®  ÐAfter€those€events,€the€author€realized€that€the€security€service€was€watching€his€houseòò€3óó€andÐ D”  Ðthat€they€were€carrying€out€investigations.€The€author€submits€that€he€was€never€involvedÐ *z  Ðin€political€activities.€Ð ` ÐÌ2.4€The€author€went€to€Kuwait€and€London€to€try€to€find€work€abroad€but€returned€to€SudanÐ Ü, Ðin€1991.€Then,€he€started€working€with€Ô_ÔAnnilineÔ_Ô,€a€printing€company.€The€company€was€firstÐ Â Ðclosed€and€then€taken€over€in€March€1992€by€the€Government,€according€to€the€authorÐ ¨ø Ðbecause€it€had€printed€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party€leaflets€from€1985€to€1989.€In€March€1992,€the€authorÐ ŽÞ Ðwas€arrested€and€held€for€questioning€until€the€next€day;€his€car€was€confiscated.€He€had€toÐ tÄ Ðreport€to€the€police€every€day€for€the€next€month€and€a€half€but€was€never€questioned.òò€4óóÐ Zª ÐÌ2.5€The€author€then€tried€to€find€a€job€in€Sudan€with€the€civil€service€or€State„ownedÐ &v Ðcompanies€but€did€not€succeed,€allegedly€because€on€each€occasion€the€Security€PoliceÐ  \ Ðrefused€to€give€permission.€He€states€that€he€did€not€try€to€find€work€in€the€private€sector.Ð òB ÐHe€decided€to€work€as€a€farmer€but€was€allegedly€disadvantaged€in€the€distribution€ofÐ Ø( Ðmaterial€by€members€of€the€Government.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.6€The€author€was€again€questioned€in€May€1994€about€his€connections€with€the€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_ÔÐ Š Ú ÐParty.€In€September€he€was€informed€by€his€wife€and€by€friends€that€the€police€were€lookingÐ p!À  Ðfor€him.€He€decided€to€leave€Sudanòò€5óó€and€in€February€1995,€he€left€Khartoum€by€plane€withÐ V"¦! Ða€legal€passport€and€with€a€visa€for€Switzerland.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ2.7€The€author€arrived€in€Switzerland€on€7€February€1995.€He€filed€a€request€to€beÐ %X $ Ðrecognized€as€a€refugee€on€13€February€1995.€On€24€May€1995,€the€Office€Ô_ÔFdralÔ_Ô€desÐ î%>!% ÐÔ_ÔRfugisÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô)€rejected€his€request€because€of€inconsistencies€and€the€unlikeliness€of€someÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€facts€and€because€of€not€fulfilling€the€requirements€of€"persecution".€His€appeal€wasÐ º' #' Ðrejected€for€the€same€reasons€by€the€Commission€Suisse€de€Ô_ÔrecoursÔ_Ô€en€Ô_ÔmatireÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôd'asileÔ_Ô€on€10Ð  (ð#( ÐOctober€1995.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ3.€The€author€argues€that€if€forced€to€return€to€Sudan€he€would€face€an€investigation€in€whichÐ -n(- Ðtorture€is€commonly€used.€His€wife€states€in€a€letter€to€the€author,€dated€1€November€1995,Ð ° Ðthat€the€Security€Police€officers€regularly€come€to€the€house€to€ask€for€him.€The€author€statesÐ –æ Ðthat€it€is€therefore€clear€that€the€Sudanese€Government€considers€him€to€be€an€informer€forÐ |Ì Ðthe€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party€and€that€it€is€known€worldwide€that€collaborators€of€the€opposition€press€inÐ b² ÐSudan€are€under€permanent€danger€of€reprisals.€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòProcedure€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð  d ÐÌ4.1€On€14€February€1996,€the€Committee,€acting€through€its€Rapporteur€for€NewÐ à 0 ÐCommunications,€requested€the€State€party€not€to€expel€or€deport€the€author€to€Sudan€whileÐ Æ   Ðhis€communication€was€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.€In€its€request,€the€CommitteeÐ ¬ ü  Ðtook€into€account€that€the€secretariat€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€CommissionerÐ ’â  Ðfor€Refugees€had€requested€the€Swiss€Government€not€to€return€the€author€to€Sudan€sinceÐ xÈ  Ðit€was€considered€credible€that€he€would€be€subject€to€persecution.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ4.2€On€26€February€1996,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€it€had€suspended€theÐ *z  Ðdeportation€of€the€author€and€that€the€author€had€introduced€both€an€application€for€reviewÐ ` Ðand€an€application€for€re„examination.€At€its€sixteenth€session,€the€Committee€thereforeÐ öF Ðdecided€to€suspend€the€examination€of€the€communication.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.3€On€29€March€1996,€the€Appeal€Commission€rejected€the€author's€application€for€reviewÐ ¨ø Ðbecause€he€had€failed€to€pay€the€required€fee.€On€25€April€1996,€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô€rejected€theÐ ŽÞ Ðauthor's€application€for€a€re„examination€of€his€case.€The€author€did€not€appeal€the€decision,Ð tÄ Ðsince€he€considered€that€an€appeal€would€be€ineffective.€Ð Zª ÐÌòòObservations€by€the€State€partyóó€Ð &v ÐÌ5.1€By€its€submission€of€19€June€1996,€the€State€party€does€not€raise€any€objections€to€theÐ òB Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€has€had€three€occasions€to€explain€his€grounds€forÐ ¤ô Ðasylum€in€oral€hearings,€on€17€February€1995€at€the€Registration€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô,€on€20€March€1995Ð Š Ú Ðat€the€cantonal€hearing€and€on€18€May€1995€before€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party€recalls€that,€according€to€Swiss€legislation,€a€refugee€claimant€has€toÐ <#Œ" Ðdemonstrate€that€it€is€probable€that€he€would€suffer€serious€prejudices€because€of€his€race,Ð "$r# Ðreligion,€nationality,€membership€of€a€social€group€or€political€opinions.€In€interpreting€theseÐ %X $ Ðrequirements,€the€authorities€apply€the€test€as€laid€down€in€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ î%>!% Ðagainst€Torture.€Article€Ô_Ô12LAÔ_Ô€of€the€Asylum€Law€states€that€declarations€which€are€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðsufficiently€substantiated€on€essential€points,€are€contradictory,€or€do€not€correspond€withÐ º' #' Ðreality€are€not€to€be€considered€as€probable.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.4€In€the€instant€case,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€author's€statements€show€numerousÐ l*¼%* Ðcontradictions€and€Ô_ÔincoherencesÔ_Ô€on€essential€points.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ5.5€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€bases€his€claim€under€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ -n(- Ðon€his€professional€activities€from€1985€to€1992,€during€which€period€he€worked€forÐ ° Ðcompanies€which€were€affiliated€with€the€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party.€The€State€party€points€out,€however,Ð –æ Ðthat€at€the€three€hearings,€the€author€made€contradictory€statements€concerning€hisÐ |Ì Ðprofessional€activities.€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€minutes€of€the€hearing€were€read€backÐ b² Ðto€the€author€in€Arabic€and€that€he€confirmed€them€by€signature.€The€State€party€points€outÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€author€has€affirmed€that€he€worked€as€a€farmer€as€of€March€1992,€whereas€he€alsoÐ . ~ Ðstates€that€as€of€March€1992€he€had€to€present€himself€every€day,€for€the€whole€day,€to€theÐ  d ÐSecurity€Police€during€a€month€and€a€half.€Ð ú J ÐÌ5.6€Moreover,€the€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€stated€at€the€first€hearing€that€he€hadÐ Æ   Ðto€report€to€the€Security€Police€during€one€month,€whereas€later€he€stated€that€it€was€for€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðperiod€of€a€month€and€a€half.€The€author€also€has€stated,€on€the€one€hand,€that€he€wasÐ ’â  Ðinterrogated€every€day€and€on€the€other,€that€he€was€never€interrogated.€In€view€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðcontradictions€concerning€the€date€of€the€obligation€to€report€to€the€Security€Police,€theÐ ^®  Ðlength€of€time€and€the€purpose€of€the€reporting,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€author€has€notÐ D”  Ðmade€probable€his€claim€that€he€had€to€present€himself€to€the€Security€Police€for€a€month€andÐ *z  Ða€half€as€of€March€1992.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.7€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€has€made€contradictory€statements€concerningÐ Ü, Ðthe€years€when€he€was€working€for€the€Ô_ÔArabsatÔ_Ô,€Ad€Ô_ÔDastourÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔAnnilineÔ_Ô€companies€andÐ Â Ðthat€the€certificates€he€provided€are€also€contradictory.€The€State€party€further€points€outÐ ¨ø Ðthat,€in€his€communication€to€the€Committee,€the€author€affirms€that€he€worked€for€AdÐ ŽÞ ÐÔ_ÔDastourÔ_Ô€until€May€1990€and,€at€the€same€time,€that€the€Government€closed€the€company€inÐ tÄ ÐMarch€1990,€which€seems€to€be€contradictory€as€well.€Ð Zª ÐÌ5.8€The€State€party€also€points€out€contradictions€with€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€theÐ &v ÐSecurity€Police€were€watching€his€house€and€were€carrying€out€investigations€about€him€inÐ  \ ÐMarch€1990,€and€with€regard€to€his€claim€that€they€were€looking€for€him€in€1994.€ForÐ òB Ðinstance,€with€regard€to€1990,€he€states€at€one€point€that€he€knew€they€were€watching€himÐ Ø( Ðbecause€he€saw€unknown€men€in€the€Ô_ÔneighbourhoodÔ_Ô€and€at€another€point,€that€they€wereÐ ¾ Ðasking€for€him€in€the€shops.€With€regard€to€1994,€the€author€gave€different€accounts€as€toÐ ¤ô Ðhow€he€learned€that€the€police€had€come€to€his€house,€once€saying€that€his€wife€told€him,Ð Š Ú Ðanother€time€that€friends€had€told€him.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.9€The€State€party€contends€that,€in€the€light€of€all€these€contradictions€and€inconsistencies,Ð <#Œ" Ðthe€author's€account€of€the€facts€is€not€credible.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ5.10€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€has€claimed€that€the€contradictions€are€due€to€aÐ î%>!% Ðfaulty€interpretation€at€the€hearings.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€recalls€that€whenever€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðauthor€misunderstood€a€question,€the€question€was€repeated,€and€that€moreover,€the€minutesÐ º' #' Ðof€the€hearings€were€read€out€and€translated€sentence€by€sentence€and€that€the€authorÐ  (ð#( Ðconfirmed€them€with€his€signature€as€being€true€to€his€statements.€The€author€never€raisedÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€issue€of€the€quality€of€the€interpretation€during€the€hearings.€Even€though€the€authorÐ l*¼%* Ðinvoked€the€quality€of€the€interpretation€before€the€Appeal€Commission€to€explain€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðcontradictions,€he€did€not€claim€that€the€mistakes€in€interpretation€amounted€to€a€denial€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€right€to€a€fair€hearing,€nor€did€he€indicate€which€statements€had€been€wronglyÐ -n(- Ðinterpreted.€The€State€party€recalls,€moreover,€that€the€author€has€not€been€able€to€clarify€theÐ ° Ðinconsistencies€before€the€Appeal€Commission€either.€Ð –æ ÐÌ5.11€As€regards€the€author's€departure€from€Sudan€in€1991€and€again€in€1995,€the€State€partyÐ b² Ðsubmits€that,€according€to€the€information€available,€a€Sudanese€citizen€has€to€comply€withÐ H˜ Ðcertain€formalities€before€he€can€leave€the€country.€The€State€party€submits€that€a€passportÐ . ~ Ðis€only€issued€upon€presentation€of€a€Ô_ÔcertificatÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôd'origineÔ_Ô,€which€in€turn€is€only€issued€uponÐ  d Ðpresentation€of€a€certificate€of€good€character€by€the€local€authorities.€The€author€is€inÐ ú J Ðpossession€of€a€passport€issued€on€6€January€1992,€containing€two€exit€visas,€one€of€whichÐ à 0 Ðthe€author€used€to€reach€Switzerland.€According€to€the€State€party,€this€clearly€indicates€thatÐ Æ   Ðthe€author€is€not€being€sought€by€the€Sudanese€authorities,€especially€because€the€airportÐ ¬ ü  Ðsecurity€control€is€known€for€its€thoroughness.€Moreover,€exit€visas€are€issued€by€theÐ ’â  ÐDepartment€of€Immigration€and€Nationality€of€the€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairs,€which€inÐ xÈ  Ðpractice€operates€under€directions€of€the€Security€Service€of€the€State.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ5.12€The€State€party€refers€to€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€recalls€that€it€has€to€beÐ *z  Ðdetermined€whether€an€individual€is€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€theÐ ` Ðcountry€to€which€he€is€to€be€returned.€The€State€party€emphasizes€that,€in€line€with€theÐ öF ÐCommittee's€jurisprudence,€the€existence€in€the€State€concerned€of€a€consistent€pattern€ofÐ Ü, Ðgross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€is€not€a€sufficient€reason€to€conclude€thatÐ Â Ða€person€would€risk€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country,€but€thatÐ ¨ø Ðadditional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€person€would€personally€be€in€danger.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ5.13€The€State€party€admits€that€it€is€sometimes€difficult€for€an€asylum€seeker€to€present€allÐ Zª Ðthe€exact€facts€supporting€his€claim,€but€with€reference€to€its€observations€above,€the€StateÐ @ Ðparty€argues€that€in€the€instant€case€the€author's€statements€are€incoherent€and€contradictoryÐ &v Ðin€relation€to€essential€points€on€which€his€claim€is€based.€The€State€party€thus€contends€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€author€has€not€demonstrated€that€he€risks€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€toÐ òB ÐSudan.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ5.14€If,€however,€the€Committee€were€to€consider€that€the€contradictions€and€inconsistenciesÐ ¤ô Ðin€the€author's€statements€are€not€serious€enough€and€do€not€raise€doubts€about€the€generalÐ Š Ú Ðveracity€of€his€claims,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€facts€presented€by€the€author€do€notÐ p!À  Ðjustify€the€conclusion€that€article€3€of€the€Convention€would€be€violated€by€his€return€toÐ V"¦! ÐSudan.€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€recalls€that€article€3€is€only€applicable€in€case€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðrisk€of€torture.€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€has€not€submitted€that€he€was€torturedÐ "$r# Ðduring€his€interrogations€by€the€Security€Police.€According€to€the€State€party,€there€is€noÐ %X $ Ðbasis€for€believing€that€he€risks€being€tortured€if€he€were€to€be€arrested€in€the€future.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ5.15€The€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee's€jurisprudence€and€notes€that,€when€findingÐ º' #' Ðthat€the€return€of€a€person€would€violate€article€3,€the€Committee€has€taken€into€accountÐ  (ð#( Ðethnic€origin,€political€affiliation,€political€activities,€prior€detention,€allegations€of€torture,Ð †)Ö$) Ðjudicial€proceedings,€and€internal€exile.€None€of€these€elements€have€been€invoked€by€theÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor€of€the€instant€communication.€The€State€party€argues€therefore€that€no€risk€exists€thatÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€author€will€be€subjected€to€torture.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐòòAuthor's€commentsóó€Ð ° ÐÌ6.€Counsel€submits€a€medical€certificate,€dated€15€June€1996,€showing€that€the€author€hasÐ |Ì Ðbeen€under€treatment€since€February€1996€for€psychical€and€physical€problems€and€that€theÐ b² Ðtreatment€will€have€to€be€continued€for€some€weeks.€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòState€party's€further€commentsóó€Ð  d ÐÌ7.€With€regard€to€the€medical€certificate,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€has€neverÐ à 0 Ðclaimed€to€have€been€ill„treated€by€the€Sudanese€authorities.€Before€the€national€authorities,Ð Æ   Ðthe€author€has€never€claimed€that€he€is€undergoing€medical€treatment.€Furthermore,€the€StateÐ ¬ ü  Ðparty€notes€that€the€certificate€is€short€and€does€not€give€any€details,€and€argues€that€theÐ ’â  ÐCommittee€should€not€take€it€into€account€when€examining€the€communication.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ8.€In€a€letter€of€13€March€1997,€counsel€for€the€author€states€that€she€has€nothing€to€add€toÐ D”  Ðher€prior€submissions.€Ð *z  ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð öF ÐÌ9.€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€must€decideÐ Â Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€hasÐ ¨ø Ðascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€the€Convention,€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€same€matter€has€not€been€or€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÐ tÄ Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ Zª Ðraised€any€objections€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€and€that€it€has€requested€theÐ @ ÐCommittee€to€proceed€to€an€examination€of€the€merits.€The€Committee€therefore€finds€thatÐ &v Ðno€obstacles€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€exist,€and€proceeds€with€theÐ  \ Ðconsideration€of€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Ð òB ÐÌ10.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationÐ ¾ Ðmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theÐ ¤ô ÐConvention.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ10.2€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€or€not€the€forced€return€of€the€author€toÐ V"¦! ÐSudan€would€violate€the€obligation€of€Switzerland€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€toÐ <#Œ" Ðexpel€or€to€return€a€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believingÐ "$r# Ðthat€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ10.3€In€reaching€its€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€account€all€relevantÐ Ô&$"& Ðconsiderations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existence€of€a€consistentÐ º' #' Ðpattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€the€determination,Ð  (ð#( Ðhowever,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€at€risk€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€would€return.€It€follows€that€theÐ l*¼%* Ðexistence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€in€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðcountry€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€determining€that€a€particularÐ 8,ˆ', Ðperson€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country;Ð -n(- Ðadditional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€atÐ ° Ðrisk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights€doesÐ –æ Ðnot€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€inÐ |Ì Ðhis€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Ð b² ÐÌ10.4€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€does€not€claim€that€he€has€been€tortured€by€theÐ . ~ Ðpolice€or€security€forces€in€Sudan,€and€that€no€medical€evidence€exists€that€he€suffers€fromÐ  d Ðthe€consequences€of€torture,€either€physically€or€mentally.€The€Committee€thereforeÐ ú J Ðconcludes€that€the€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story€cannot€be€explained€by€the€effects€ofÐ à 0 Ða€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€as€in€the€case€of€many€torture€victims.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ10.5€The€Committee€further€considers€that,€even€if€it€were€to€ignore€those€inconsistencies,Ð ’â  Ðthe€facts€as€presented€show€that€the€author€has€not€participated€in€political€activities,€norÐ xÈ  Ðworked€as€a€journalist,€nor€was€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔBa'athÔ_Ô€Party.€The€Committee€further€notesÐ ^®  Ðthat€the€author€has€been€kept€in€detention€only€once,€for€24€hours,€in€March€1992.€On€theÐ D”  Ðbasis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author€does€not€belong€to€aÐ *z  Ðpolitical,€professional€or€social€group€targeted€by€the€authorities€for€repression€and€torture.€Ð ` ÐÌ10.6€The€Committee€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rights€situation€in€Sudan€but,€on€the€basisÐ Ü, Ðof€the€above,€considers€that€the€author€has€not€substantiated€his€claim€that€he€will€beÐ Â Ðpersonally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€he€is€returned€to€Sudan.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ11.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÐ tÄ Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theÐ Zª Ðview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theÐ @ ÐConvention.€Ð &v ÐÌ___________Ð òB ÐÌ1/€€€There€appear€to€be€some€contradictions€between€the€author's€communication€to€theÐ ¾ ÐCommittee€and€his€statements€at€the€Office€Ô_ÔFdralÔ_Ô€des€Ô_ÔRfugisÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô).€During€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_ÔÐ ¤ô Ðinterview,€the€author€stated€that€he€worked€at€both€companies€during€1985„1987.€HeÐ Š Ú Ðorganized€trips€for€journalists€and€had€responsibility€for€visas€and€supplies€of€petrol.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ2/€€€The€author€stated€during€the€interview€with€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô€that€the€managers€of€the€Ô_ÔArabsatÔ_ÔÐ <#Œ" ÐCompany€were€not€arrested€or€questioned.Ð "$r# ÐÌ3/€€€During€the€interview€with€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô,€the€author€stated€that€there€were€men€in€theÐ î%>!% ÐÔ_ÔneighbourhoodÔ_Ô€who€did€not€belong€there€and€that€he€concluded€that€they€were€from€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðsecurity€service.Ð º' #' ÐÌ4/€€€But€in€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô€interview,€the€author€stated€that€he€was€questioned€every€day€from€9Ð †)Ö$) Ða.m.€until€3€p.m.€for€one€month.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ5/€€€The€author€states€that€he€had€bribed€the€chief€of€the€Security€Forces,€through€a€friend€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€author's€brother.Ð -n(- Ї[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ° ÐÓVÓ