ÿWPC âRVŽÚI&­Ÿ0ºYYv©e×”#æÀ´"]3%þy PÀË\,5EÁ™¡±*gpR(GGµ{J?eÏD }èö{É٥ܭ‚ÓU¥%ɢ߱Xó§@¨úDÛ$ŽŸôÑ-RR’Ë¡‘éÛ”fI,{÷”.Ì 9Âÿ• ¡$æ,µoB\¤{˜PWŒ€m0’2+0~$¾˜zwð£(ðI³ÇÓ A®Aø‰uÊ µ±Uï(„¹……©ÔÒnˆ±Á•,×aˆÈò®f¸nÎŽ¶M•ÙðCºi”´ôyï‘®¢B]u¼¼ÛÂÕ¨Y܃Ìd€x?:Ïø=<(ƒeQ/8boÍ}=ǽ˜Œ.óH@+†ïú ÀÁâ:Ɇ†}ÆÄ¬Ü¸€ˆmRgÒÁØÎNbjçÞGyP\(‡êÕ¿-ÝcTm4v?Í Âã2Z¹G]nî5=¾ãûô·œdæÕëêØ†‘D8Lá hÞSòK’ó3ŠºÇO÷º•Áœz/ÀCø˜Ô“Žà"9D\¬Ë|°~¶N1{ùÅt`š„ËåmY2ÄN„¡ànÈ-Xm|Œ×*Þº÷¿í¥H4BÉwœi!î ÕWµ¤"шîžyŃÃ'kë›U>l̪ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_À 0iƈ 0ÑN 0( D+G AMr ¿ 0¶Ï #Á… UNF %” Mš (ž NÆ ^ È wÔ 4Ø ì mî ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' >Miguel A. Millan Sequeira v. Uruguay, Communication No. 6/1977 (29 July 1980), U.N. Doc. 4uly 1980), U.N. Doc. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2àC$££Ý ƒô÷!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X=XXXÔÔ€X=XXX=ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(Žô÷$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X%cXXXÔÔ€X%cXXX%cÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXó{û* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒô÷!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X=XXXÔÔ€X=XXX=ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔSequeiraÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€6/1977Ð H˜ ÐÌ29€July€1980Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Miguel€A.€Ô_ÔMillanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSequeiraÔ_Ô€on€16€February€1977€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€29€July€1980€(tenth€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÓ(ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€this€communication€(initial€letter€dated€16€February€1977€and€further€lettersÐ @ Ðdated€20€October€1977€and€4€April€and€18€May€1978)€is€a€Uruguayan€national,€residing€inÐ &v ÐMexico.€He€was€twenty€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€submission€of€the€communication€inÐ  \ Ð1977.€Ð òB ÐÌ2.€The€author€states€that€he€was€arrested€in€Uruguay€in€April€and€released€in€May€1975€andÐ ¾ Ðthat€he€was€then€rearrested€on€18€September€1975€and€detained€until€he€escaped€fromÐ ¤ô Ðcustody€on€4€June€1976.€On€both€occasions,€those€apprehending€him€indicated€that€theÐ Š Ú Ðreason€for€his€arrests€was€that€he€was€suspected€of€being€a€militant€communist,€which€heÐ p!À  Ðdenied.€He€alleges€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture€during€the€first€period€of€detention€andÐ V"¦! Ðagain€during€the€first€15€days€after€he€was€rearrested.€He€describes€the€alleged€tortureÐ <#Œ" Ðmethods€in€some€detail€and€named€several€officers€responsible€for€the€treatment.€The€authorÐ "$r# Ðalleges€that€after€he€was€rearrested€he€was€initially€kept€incommunicado€for€65€days€andÐ %X $ Ðthereafter€transferred€to€Ô_ÔE1Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔCilindroÔ_Ô€sports€stadium€in€Montevideo€which€he€claims€was€usedÐ î%>!% Ðfor€Ô_ÔlowsecurityÔ_Ô€political€detainees€and€where€he€remained€for€six€months.€He€states€that€heÐ Ô&$"& Ðwas€brought€before€a€military€judge€on€three€occasions€(23€October€and€12€December€1975Ð º' #' Ðand€on€2€June€1976)€but€that€no€steps€were€taken€to€commit€him€for€trial€or€to€release€him.Ð  (ð#( ÐOn€4€June€1976€the€author€claims€that€he€gained€his€freedom€by€escaping.€The€author€claimsÐ †)Ö$) Ðthat€the€following€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€haveÐ l*¼%* Ðbeen€violated€by€the€Uruguayan€authorities:€articles€7,€9,€10,€14€(1),€(2),€(3),€18€(1),€(2),€19Ð R+¢&+ Ð(1),€(2).€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð3.€The€author€maintains€that€in€practice€there€are€no€domestic€remedies€available€in€UruguayÐ ° Ðbecause€when€applicable€they€are€subjected€to€a€very€restrictive€interpretation€by€theÐ –æ Ðauthorities€concerned.€He€further€states€that€the€right€of€habeas€corpus€is€denied€to€personsÐ |Ì Ðdetained€under€"prompt€security€measures"€(Ô_ÔMedidasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔprontasÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔseguridadÔ_Ô),€which,€heÐ b² Ðclaims,€constitutes€an€abusive€interpretation€of€article€168€(17)€of€the€Constitution.€InÐ H˜ Ðaddition,€guarantees€set€forth€in€that€article€are€allegedly€never€observed.€He€claims€that€heÐ . ~ Ðhad€no€access€to€legal€assistance€while€he€was€kept€in€detention,€since€the€right€to€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_ÔÐ  d Ðis€not€recognized€by€the€authorities€until€a€prosecution€has€been€initiated.€He€states€that€heÐ ú J Ðhas€not€submitted€his€case€to€any€other€international€organization.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ4.€On€26€August€1977,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€communicationÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€requesting€informationÐ ’â  Ðand€observations€Ô_ÔrelerantÔ_Ô€to€the€question€of€admissibility.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ5.€By€a€note€dated€27€October€1977,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theÐ D”  Ðcommunication€on€two€grounds:€Ð *z  ÐÌ(a)€The€same€matter€had€already€been€examined€by€the€Inter„American€Commission€onÐ öF ÐHuman€Rights€under€cases€Nos.€1968€and€2109;€Ð Ü, ÐÌ(b)€The€alleged€victim€had€not€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ6.€On€26€January€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€Ð tÄ ÐÌ(a)€Decided€that€case€No.€1968€submitted€to€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€HumanÐ @ ÐRights€on€26€July€1975,€could€not€relate€to€events€alleged€to€have€taken€place€on€or€after€23Ð &v ÐMarch€1976,€the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€forceÐ  \ Ðfor€Uruguay€and,€therefore,€did€not€preclude€the€Committee,€under€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€theÐ òB ÐOptional€Protocol,€from€consideration€of€the€communication€submitted€to€it€on€16€FebruaryÐ Ø( Ð1977;€Ð ¾ ÐÌ(b)€Requested€clarification€from€the€author€of€the€communication€about€the€other€caseÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔallegeallyÔ_Ô€concerning€him€before€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(caseÐ p!À  ÐNo.€2109,€October€1976);€and€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(c)€Informed€the€State€party€that€"unless€the€State€party€gives€details€of€the€remedies€whichÐ "$r# Ðit€submits€have€been€available€to€the€author€in€the€circumstances€of€his€case,€together€withÐ %X $ Ðevidence€that€there€would€be€a€reasonable€prospect€that€such€remedies€would€be€effective",Ð î%>!% Ðthe€communication€will€"not€be€considered€inadmissible€in€so€far€as€exhaustion€of€domesticÐ Ô&$"& Ðremedies€is€concerned".€Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.€In€response,€the€author€informed€the€Committee€that€the€only€possible€reference€to€himÐ †)Ö$) Ðin€case€No.€2109€before€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€is€a€two„lineÐ l*¼%* Ðstatement€in€a€list€of€several€hundred€persons€Ô_ÔallegeallyÔ_Ô€arbitrarily€arrested.€The€State€partyÐ R+¢&+ Ðfurnished€a€general€description€of€the€rights€available€to€accused€persons€before€the€militaryÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcriminal€tribunals€and€the€domestic€remedies€designed€to€protect€and€safeguard€the€right€ofÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôthe€accused€under€the€Uruguayan€judicial€system.€It€also€quoted€article€17€of€the€UruguayanÐ ° ÐConstitution€concerning€the€remedy€of€habeas€corpus.€However,€the€State€party€did€notÐ –æ Ðspecify€which€remedies€have€been€available€to€the€author€in€the€particular€circumstances€ofÐ |Ì Ðhis€case.€Ð b² ÐÌ8.€Commenting€on€the€information€concerning€domestic€remedies€submitted€by€the€StateÐ . ~ Ðparty,€the€author€contended€that€the€remedies€listed€by€the€State€party€were€not€applicableÐ  d Ðin€his€case,€because€he€was€not€put€to€trial,€and€that€he€was€barred€from€recourse€to€habeasÐ ú J Ðcorpus,€as€the€authorities€do€not€recognize€the€right€to€habeas€corpus€for€those€who€areÐ à 0 Ðdetained€under€the€regime€of€"security€measures".€Ð Æ   ÐÌ9.€In€a€decision€adopted€on€25€July€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concluded:€Ð ’â  ÐÌ(a)€That€the€two„line€reference€to€Millfin€Sequeira€in€case€No.€2109€before€the€Inter„Ð ^®  ÐAmerican€Commission€on€Human€Rights„„which€case€lists€in€a€similar€manner€the€namesÐ D”  Ðof€hundreds€of€other€persons€allegedly€detained€in€Uruguay„„did€not€constitute€the€sameÐ *z  Ðmatter€as€that€described€in€detail€by€the€author€in€his€communication€to€the€Human€RightsÐ ` ÐCommittee.€Accordingly,€the€communication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(a)€ofÐ öF Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€In€arriving€at€this€conclusion€the€Committee,€however,€indicated€thatÐ Ü, Ðit€might€be€subject€to€review€"in€the€light€of€further€explanations€relevant€to€this€questionÐ Â Ðwhich€the€State€party€may€submit€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol";€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ(b)€That€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Protocol€did€not€preclude€the€Committee€from€consideringÐ tÄ Ða€communication€received€under€the€Protocol,€where€the€allegations€themselves€raised€issuesÐ Zª Ðconcerning€the€availability€or€effectiveness€of€domestic€remedies€and€the€State€party,€whenÐ @ Ðexpressly€requested€to€do€so€by€the€Committee,€did€not€provide€details€on€the€availability€andÐ &v Ðeffectiveness€of€domestic€remedies€in€the€particular€case€under€consideration.€Ð  \ ÐÌThe€Committee,€therefore,€decided:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ(b)€That€the€text€of€this€decision€be€transmitted€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author;€Ð p!À  ÐÌ(c)€That€in€accordance€with€article€4€of€the€Protocol,€the€State€party€be€requested€to€submitÐ <#Œ" Ðto€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€it€of€this€decision,Ð "$r# Ðwritten€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€mayÐ %X $ Ðhave€been€taken€by€it;€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ(d)€That€any€explanations€or€statements€received€from€the€State€party€be€communicated€toÐ º' #' Ðthe€author€under€rule€93€(3)€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ10.€Having€received€no€submissions€from€the€State€party€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€OptionalÐ l*¼%* ÐProtocol,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€on€18€April€1979:€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ1.€That€the€State€party€be€reminded€that€the€sixmonth€time„limit€for€the€submission€of€itsÐ -n(- Ðexplanation€or€statements€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€expired€on€28€MarchÐ ° Ð1979;€Ð –æ ÐÌ2.€That€the€State€party€be€requested€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€OptionalÐ b² ÐProtocol€without€further€delay€and€that€its€submission€should€reach€the€Committee€in€careÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Division€of€Human€Rights,€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€not€later€than€six€weeksÐ . ~ Ðfrom€the€date€of€the€transmittal€of,€this€decision€to€the€State€party,€to€afford€adequate€timeÐ  d Ðfor€the€author€of€the€communication€to€submit,€before€the€next€session€of€the€Committee,Ð ú J Ðadditional€information€or€observations,€as€provided€in€rule€93€(3)€of€the€provisional€rules€ofÐ à 0 Ðprocedure€of€the€Committee;€Ð Æ   ÐÌ3.€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statements€submitted€byÐ ’â  Ðit€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€primarily€relate€to€the€substance€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðmatter€under€consideration,€and€in€particular€the€specific€violations€alleged€to€have€occurredÐ ^®  Ðand€included€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€underÐ D”  Ðconsideration.€Ð *z  ÐÌ11.€The€six„week€time„limit€referred€to€in€the€Committee's€decision€expired€over€one€yearÐ öF Ðago,€on€2€July€1979.€By€notes€dated€23€November€1979€and€13€February€1980,€the€StateÐ Ü, Ðparty€requested€the€Committee€to€accord€a€reasonable€extension€of€time€for€the€submissionÐ Â Ðof€its€explanations€or€statements€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€onlyÐ ¨ø Ðsubmission€received€to€date€from€the€State€party€consists€of€a€brief€note,€dated€I0€July€1980,Ð ŽÞ Ðin€which€the€State€party€requests€the€Committee€to€review€its€decision€of€25€July€1978,€byÐ tÄ Ðwhich€the€communication€was€declared€admissible,€arguing€that€although€the€reference€toÐ Zª ÐMill€fin€Sequeira€in€case€No.€2109€before€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€RightsÐ @ Ðis€only€very€brief,€the€mere€fact€that€the€issue€was€brought€before€the€Inter„AmericanÐ &v ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€precluded€the€Human€Rights€Committee€from€consideringÐ  \ Ðthe€matter,€in€accordance€with€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€Committee€canÐ òB Ðsee€no€justification€for€reviewing€its€decision€on€admissibility€on€this€basis,€for€the€reasonsÐ Ø( Ðalready€set€out€in€paragraph€9€(a)€above.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ(a)€Considering€that€this€communication€was€received€over€three€years€ago,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(b)€Considering€that€this€communication€was€declared€admissible€two€years€ago€and€that€theÐ "$r# Ðsixmonth€time„period€established€by€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€expired€on€28Ð %X $ ÐMarch€1979,€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ(c)€Considering€that€the€State€party€has€not€complied€with€the€requirements€of€article€4€(2)Ð º' #' Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol,€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ(d)€Considering€that€there€has€been€no€response€on€the€merits€of€the€case€from€the€State€partyÐ l*¼%* Ðeven€after€further€extensions€of€time,€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ(e)€Considering€that€the€Committee€has€the€obligation,€under€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ -n(- ÐProtocol,€to€consider€this€communication€in€the€light€of€all€written€information€madeÐ ° Ðavailable€to€it€by€the€author€and€the€State€party,€Ð –æ ÐÌHereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€have€not€been€contradictedÐ b² Ðby€the€State€party:€Ð H˜ ÐÌMiguel€Angel€Millin€Sequeira,€20€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€submission€of€theÐ  d Ðcommunication€in€1977,€was€arrested€in€April€and€released€in€May€1975,€He€was€rearrestedÐ ú J Ðon€18€September€1975€and€detained€until€he€escaped€from€custody€on€4€June€1976.€On€bothÐ à 0 Ðoccasions€he€was€told€that€the€reason€for€his€arrest€was€that€he€was€suspected€of€being€"aÐ Æ   Ðmilitant€communist".€Although€brought€before€a€military€judge€on€three€occasions,€no€stepsÐ ¬ ü  Ðwere€taken€to€commit€him€for€trial€or€to€order€his€release.€He€did€not€have€access€to€legalÐ ’â  Ðassistance€and€was€not€afforded€an€opportunity€to€challenge€his€arrest€and€detention.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€been€informed€by€the€Government€of€Uruguay€inÐ D”  Ðanother€case€(No.€9/1977),€that€the€remedy€of€habeas€corpus€is€not€applicable€to€personsÐ *z  Ðarrested€under€the€"prompt€security€measures".€Ð ` ÐÌ14.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€whether€acts,€which€are€prima€facie€notÐ Ü, Ðin€conformity€with€the€Covenant,€could€for€any€reasons€be€justified€under€the€Covenant€inÐ Â Ðthe€circumstances.€The€Covenant€(art.€4)€does€not€allow€national€measures€derogating€fromÐ ¨ø Ðany€of€its€provisions€except€in€strictly€defined€circumstances,€and€the€Government€has€notÐ ŽÞ Ðmade€any€submissions€of€fact€or€law€to€justify€such€derogation.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ15.€As€to€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€and€torture,€the€Committee€notes€that€they€relate€toÐ @ Ðevents€said€to€have€occurred€prior€to€23€March€1976€(the€entry€into€force€of€the€CovenantÐ &v Ðand€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Uruguay).€Ð  \ ÐÌ16.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ Ø( ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€is€of€the€view€that€these€facts,€in€so€farÐ ¾ Ðas€they€have€occurred€on€or€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€enteredÐ ¤ô Ðinto€force€in€respect€of€Uruguay)€or€continued€or€had€effects€which€themselves€constitute€aÐ Š Ú Ðviolation€after€that€date,€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€of:€Ð p!À  ÐÌArticle€9€(3),€because€Mr.€Mill~.n€Sequeira€was€not€brought€to€trial€within€a€reasonable€time;€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌArticle€9€(4),€because€recourse€to€habeas€corpus€was€not€available€to€him;€Ð %X $ ÐÌArticle€14€(1)€and€(3),€because€he€had€no€access€to€legal€assistance,€was€not€brought€to€trialÐ Ô&$"& Ðwithout€undue€delay,€and€was€not€afforded€other€guarantees€of€due€process€of€law.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ17.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ †)Ö$) Ðprovide€effective€remedies€to€Mill€fin€Sequeira,€including€compensation,€for€the€violationsÐ l*¼%* Ðwhich€he€has€suffered€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðfuture.€