ÿWPC5 £c†T¸-\‚Çg­Œx~B%ãغÁûª05F j{½CõP¿é€d‚þPŠoÚ-~´OÈÀB¬i§)nTi/—õzUxM{š…ü! X.¾É;w× ä«^QÊ_?S?B²ƒÅì%ÞNŽÏ°FÆB<‚'ñ×gNŸFÿiñ½u̯+Y÷nAmÌÈ¢û¥À¨.N„–ôŠ1IWPãö%áiš JÇ2xãîí/Iï)¿CIE¤›;h®SEÈ2Äcäüºý‡WÊ1»sÿàúîvR´ÒY÷üÖ¡‚Õmk›ßy^[ªìù>ßIù:km K´éæ< qdð¶tBñëŸf ùa`Ä9ˆ˜3øBì›"ÊÐÛPÎö/зÔZeÓô\Ža°7OpP·ãÖ¦XS”«Añº¤p G<÷Ðõ9)u£L³Ç~ß 6–sÞA±ñ)Ðä,J!ÜŸvÐg1¹êµ×Ó‰hAöˆ¯nÛ%iq SÕiÝÄÂý°Go°HS¦ìr;>k/FñêOìS}âËÚwCšõÈ[„!Gþ·gìE`zO4Ò©æ|nϨ¢¯åÙº(ÕšÍ —u³ÚG} #ÁšUN[ %© 0:¯^ éwõ4ù  m˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - StandardÈÐððÈÐ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ôàk*, tQ+ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô€et€al€v.€The€Czech€RepublicóóÐ à ÐÌCommunication€No.€857/1999Ð pÀ ÐÌ12€July€2001Ð P   ÐÌ€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/72/D/857/1999Ð 0 € ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ P  ÐÌÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Messrs.€Ô_ÔMiroslavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô,€George€A.€Hartman€and€George€Ô_ÔKrizekÔ_ԀРÀ ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€authors€Ð  ð ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€The€Czech€Republic€Ð €Ð ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€16€October€1997€(initial€submission)€Ð `° ÐÌóóÌÌà  àòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ  p ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ` ÐÌà  àòòMeeting€onóó€12€July€2001,€Ð ð@ ÐÌà  àòòHaving€concluded€its€considerationóó€of€communication€No.€857/1999€submitted€to€the€HumanÐ Ð  ÐRights€Committee€by€Messrs.€Ô_ÔMiroslavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô,€George€A.€Hartman€and€George€Ô_ÔKrizekÔ_Ô€under€theÐ À! ÐOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð °"  ÐÌà  àòòHaving€take€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theÐ $à" Ðcommunication,€and€the€State€party,€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌà  àòòAdopts€the€followingóó:Ð `'°"% ÐÌÌòòÓ=ÓÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€ProtocolóóÐ 0*€%( ÐÓáÓÓÓÌ1.€€The€authors€of€the€communications€(dated€16€October€1997,€13€November€1997,€and€29Ð ,`'* ÐNovember€1997€and€subsequent€correspondence)€are€Ô_ÔMiroslavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô,€George€Hartman€and€GeorgeÐ -P(+ ÐÔ_ÔKrizekÔ_Ô,€natives€of€Czechoslovakia€who€emigrated€to€the€United€States€after€the€Communist€takeoverÐ ð-@), Ðin€1948,€and€who€subsequently€became€naturalized€United€States€citizens.€They€claim€to€be€victimsÐ ° Ðby€the€Czech€Republic€of€violations€of€their€Covenant€rights,€in€particular€of€article€26.€They€are€notÐ  ð Ðrepresented€by€counsel.€Ð à ÐÌò òThe€facts€as€submitted€ó óÐ pÀ ÐÌ2.1€€The€authors€are€naturalized€United€States€citizens,€who€were€born€in€Czechoslovakia€and€lostÐ P   ÐCzechoslovak€citizenship€by€virtue€of€the€1928€Naturalization€Treaty€between€the€United€States€andÐ @  ÐCzechoslovakia,.€which€precludes€dual€citizenship.€They€left€Czechoslovakia€after€the€CommunistÐ 0 € Ðtakeover€in€1948.€Their€properties€in€Czechoslovakia€were€subsequently€confiscated€pursuant€toÐ  p  Ðconfiscation€regulations€of€1948,€1955€and€1959.€Ð `  ÐÌ2.2€€Mr.€Ô_ÔMiroslavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô€states€that€he€is€precluded€from€claiming€his€inheritance,€including€realÐ ð@  Ðproperty€in€Prague€and€agricultural€property€in€Plana-nod-Ô_ÔLuzniciÔ_Ô€because€he€is€not€a€Czech€citizen.Ð à0  ÐHe€submits€copy€of€a€letter€from€his€lawyer€in€the€Czech€Republic,€advising€him€that€he€could€notÐ Ð  Ðfile€a€claim€in€the€present€circumstances,€since€he€does€not€fulfil€the€conditions€of€Czech€citizenshipÐ À Ðrequired€by€the€applicable€law.€However,€his€uncle,€a€French€and€Czech€citizen,€submitted€a€claimÐ ° Ðon€his€own€behalf€and€on€behalf€of€the€author€concerning€jointly-owned€property€in€Prague;€theÐ  ð ÐGovernment,€however,€severed€the€case€and€denied€the€author€his€share.€Ð à ÐÌ2.3€€George€A.€Hartman,€an€architect€by€profession,€was€born€in€1925€in€the€then€CzechoslovakÐ pÀ ÐRepublic€and€emigrated€to€the€United€States€on€26€December€1948.€He€obtained€political€asylumÐ `° Ðin€the€United€States€and€became€a€naturalized€United€States€citizen€on€2€April€1958,€thus€becomingÐ P  Ðineligible€for€dual€citizenship€according€to€the€1928€Naturalization€Treaty€between€the€United€StatesÐ @ Ðand€Czechoslovakia.€Until€December€1948€he€and€his€brother€Jan€(who€subsequently€became€aÐ 0€ ÐFrench€citizen€while€retaining€Czech€citizenship)€had€owned€four€apartment€buildings€in€Prague€andÐ  p Ða€country€home€in€Ô_ÔZelizyÔ_Ô.€Ð ` ÐÌ2.4€€By€judgement€of€1€July€1955€the€Criminal€Court€in€Ô_ÔKlatovyÔ_Ô€found€Mr.€Hartman€to€have€illegallyÐ ð@ Ðleft€Czechoslovakia.€€He€was€sentenced€in€absentia€and€his€property€in€Czechoslovakia€was€formallyÐ à0 Ðconfiscated€as€a€punishment€for€the€illegal€act€of€leaving€the€Czechoslovak€Republic€in€1948.Ð Ð  ÐPursuant€to€law€119/1990,€adopted€after€the€demise€of€the€Communist€government,€the€author'sÐ À! Ðcriminal€conviction€for€illegally€leaving€the€country€was€invalidated.€Ð °"  ÐÌ2.5€€By€application€of€17€October€1995€Mr.€Hartman€sought€the€restitution€of€his€property,€but€hisÐ $à" Ðapplication€was€rejected€because€he€did€not€fulfil€the€requirement€of€Czech€citizenship.€In€order€toÐ €%Ð # Ðqualify€under€the€restitution€law,€Mr.€Hartman€continued€to€seek€to€obtain€Czech€citizenship€forÐ p&À!$ Ðmany€years.€Since€9€November€1999€he€has€dual€Czech€and€United€States€citizenship.Ð `'°"% ÐNotwithstanding€his€current€Czech€citizenship,€he€has€not€been€able€to€obtain€restitution€because€theÐ P( #& Ðstatute€of€limitations€for€filing€claims€for€restitution€expired€in€1992.€Ð @)$' ÐÌ2.6€€George€Ô_ÔKrizekÔ_Ô€states€that€his€parents'€property,€including€a€wholesale€business€(bicycles)€inÐ  +p&) ÐPrague,€a€grain€and€dairy€farm€in€a€Prague€suburb,€and€agricultural€land€in€Ô_ÔSestajoviceÔ_Ô,€wasÐ ,`'* Ðconfiscated€in€1948€without€any€compensation.€After€€the€death€of€his€parents,€he€fledÐ -P(+ ÐCzechoslovakia€and€emigrated€to€the€United€States,€becoming€a€naturalized€citizen€Ô_ÔinÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€1974.€In€AprilÐ ð-@), Ð1991€he€claimed€ownership€of€his€property€pursuant€to€Law€No.€403/1990,€but€his€claims€wereÐ ° Ðrejected€€by€the€Ministry€of€Agriculture.€In€1992€the€author€again€presented€his€claims€under€lawsÐ  ð Ð228€and€229/1991.€However,€he€was€informed€that€in€order€to€be€eligible€for€restitution,€he€wouldÐ à Ðhave€to€apply€for€Czech€citizenship€and€take€up€permanent€residence€in€the€Czech€Republic.Ð €Ð ÐNotwithstanding,€he€again€filed€a€claim€through€his€lawyer€in€Prague€in€1994,€without€success.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ2.7€€By€virtue€of€a€1994€judgement€of€the€Czech€Supreme€Court,€the€requirement€of€permanentÐ P   Ðresidence€for€restitution€claims€was€removed,€however€the€requirement€of€Czech€citizenship€remainsÐ @  Ðin€force.€Ð 0 € ÐÌò òThe€Complaint€ó óÐ `  ÐÌ3.1€€The€authors€claim€to€be€victims€of€violations€of€their€Covenant€rights€by€the€Czech€Republic€inÐ ð@  Ðconnection€with€the€confiscation€of€their€properties€by€the€Communist€authorities€and€theÐ à0  Ðdiscriminatory€failure€of€the€democratic€Governments€of€Czechoslovakia€and€of€the€Czech€RepublicÐ Ð  Ðto€make€restitution.€They€contend€that€the€combined€effect€of€Czech€laws€119/1990€(of€23€AprilÐ À Ð1990)€on€Judicial€Rehabilitation,€403/1990€(of€2€October€1990)€on€restitution€of€property,€87/1991Ð ° Ð(of€21€February€1991,€subsequently€amended)€on€Extra-Judicial€Rehabilitation,€229/1991€(of€21€MayÐ  ð Ð1991)€on€Agricultural€Land€and€182/1993€(of€16€June€1993)€on€the€creation€of€the€ConstitutionalÐ à ÐCourt€together€with€the€position€taken€by€the€Czech€Government€on€Czech€citizenship€discriminatesÐ €Ð Ðagainst€Czech€migrs€who€lost€Czech€citizenship€and€are€now€precluded€from€recovering€theirÐ pÀ Ðproperty.€Ð `° ÐÌ3.2€€The€authors€refer€to€the€Committee's€decision€concerning€communication€No.€516/1992Ð @ Ð(òòÔ_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó)€in€which€the€Committee€held€that€the€denial€of€restitution€orÐ 0€ Ðcompensation€to€the€authors€of€that€communication€because€they€were€no€longer€Czech€citizensÐ  p Ðconstituted€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€itself€hadÐ ` Ðbeen€responsible€for€the€departure€of€its€citizens,€and€that€it€would€be€incompatible€with€theÐ P ÐCovenant€to€require€them€again€to€obtain€Czech€citizenship€and€permanently€to€return€to€the€countryÐ ð@ Ðas€a€prerequisite€for€the€restitution€of€their€property€or€for€the€payment€of€appropriate€compensation.€Ð à0 ÐÌ3.3€€The€authors€contend€that,€in€order€to€frustrate€the€restitution€claims€of€Czech€migrs€to€theÐ À! ÐUnited€States,€the€Czech€authorities€used€to€invoke€the€1928€United€States€Treaty€withÐ °"  ÐCzechoslovakia€which€required€that€anyone€applying€for€the€return€of€Czech€citizenship.€FirstÐ  #ð! Ðrenounce€United€States€citizenship.€Although€the€Treaty€was€abrogated€in€1997,€the€subsequentÐ $à" Ðacquisition€of€Czech€citizenship€does€not,€in€the€view€of€Czech€authorities,€entitle€the€authors€toÐ €%Ð # Ðreapply€for€restitution,€because€the€date€for€submission€of€claims€has€expired.€Ð p&À!$ ÐÌ3.4€€Reference€is€made€to€the€case€of€two€other€American€citizens€who€applied€to€the€Czech€courtsÐ P( #& Ðfor€a€ruling€aimed€at€the€deletion€of€the€citizenship€requirement€from€law€87/1991.€The€CzechÐ @)$' ÐSupreme€Court,€however,€confirmed€in€its€Judgement€US€33/96€that€the€citizenship€requirement€wasÐ 0*€%( Ðconstitutional.€Ð  +p&) ÐÌ3.5€€The€authors€further€complain€that€the€State€party€is€deliberately€denying€them€a€remedy€and€thatÐ -P(+ Ðthere€has€been€a€pattern€of€delay€and€inaction€aimed€at€defeating€their€claims,€in€contravention€ofÐ ð-@), Ðarticle€2€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ° ÐÌ3.6€€One€of€the€authors,€George€A.€Hartman,€illustrates€the€alleged€discrimination€by€referring€to€theÐ à Ðcase€of€his€brother€Jan€Hartman,€who€is€a€Czech€and€French€citizen,€and€who€was€able€to€obtainÐ €Ð Ðrestitution€for€his€half€of€the€property€in€Prague€confiscated€in€1948€pursuant€to€judgement€of€25Ð pÀ ÐJune€1991,€whereas€the€author€was€denied€compensation€because€at€the€time€of€filing€his€claim€heÐ ` ° Ðwas€not€a€Czech€citizen.€Ð P   ÐÌò òExhaustion€of€domestic€remediesó ó€Ð 0 € ÐÌ4.1€€The€authors€claim€that€in€their€cases€domestic€remedies€are€non-existent,€because€they€do€notÐ `  Ðqualify€under€the€€restitution€law.€Moreover,€the€constitutionality€of€this€law€has€already€been€testedÐ P  Ðby€other€claimants€and€affirmed€by€the€Czech€Constitutional€Court.€They€refer,€in€particular,€to€theÐ ð@  Ðfinding€of€the€Constitutional€Court€in€case€US€33/96€(òòJan€Ô_ÔDlouhyÔ_Ô€v.€Czech€Republicóó,€decision€of€4Ð à0  ÐJune€1997),€confirming€the€constitutionality€of€the€citizenship€requirement€in€order€to€be€an€"eligibleÐ Ð  Ðperson"€under€the€Rehabilitation€Law€No.€87/1991.€Ð À ÐÌ4.2€€They€complain€that€since€1989€they€have€devoted€considerable€amount€of€time€and€money€inÐ  ð Ðfutile€attempts€to€obtain€restitution,€both€by€engaging€formal€judicial€procedures€and€by€addressingÐ à Ðpetitions€to€government€ministries€and€officials,€including€judges€at€the€Constitutional€Court,Ð €Ð Ðinvoking€inter€alia€the€Czech€Charter€on€Basic€Rights€and€Freedoms.€Ð pÀ ÐÌò òConsideration€of€admissibility€and€examination€of€the€merits€ó óÐ P  ÐÌ5.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ 0€ Ðmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleÐ  p Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.2€€The€Committee€has€ascertained€that€the€same€matter€is€not€and€has€not€been€submitted€to€anyÐ ð@ Ðother€instance€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð à0 ÐÌ5.3€€With€regard€to€the€requirement€laid€down€in€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ À! Ðthat€authors€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€contestedÐ °"  Ðthe€authors'€argument€that€in€their€cases€there€are€no€available€and€effective€domestic€remedies,€andÐ  #ð! Ðin€particular,€that€because€of€the€preconditions€of€law€87/1991,€they€cannot€claim€restitution.€In€thisÐ $à" Ðcontext,€the€Committee€notes€that€other€claimants€have€unsuccessfully€challenged€theÐ €%Ð # Ðconstitutionality€of€the€law€in€question;€that€earlier€views€of€the€Committee€in€the€cases€of€òòÔ_ÔSimunekÔ_ÔóóÐ p&À!$ Ðand€òòAdamóó€remain€unimplemented;€and€that€even€following€those€complaints,€the€ConstitutionalÐ `'°"% ÐCourt€has€upheld€the€€constitutionality€of€the€Restitution€Law.€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÐ P( #& Ðfinds€that€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€does€not€preclude€the€Committee'sÐ @)$' Ðconsideration€of€the€communications€of€Messrs.€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô,€Hartman€and€Ô_ÔKrizekÔ_Ô.€Ð 0*€%( ÐÌ5.4€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€they€have€suffered€unequal€treatment€by€the€State€partyÐ ,`'* Ðin€connection€with€the€scheme€of€restitution€and€compensation€put€into€effect€after€the€OptionalÐ -P(+ ÐProtocol€entered€into€force€for€the€State€Ô_ÔpartyÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€the€Committee€declares€the€communication€admissible,Ð ð-@), Ðinsofar€as€it€may€raise€issues€under€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ° ÐÌ5.5€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€proceeds€to€an€examination€of€the€merits€of€the€case,€in€the€lightÐ à Ðof€the€information€before€it,€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€It€notesÐ €Ð Ðthat€it€has€received€sufficient€information€from€the€authors,€but€no€submission€whatever€from€theÐ pÀ ÐState€party.€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€recalls€that€a€State€party€has€an€obligation€underÐ ` ° Ðarticle€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€cooperate€with€the€Committee€and€to€submitÐ P   Ðwritten€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€beenÐ @  Ðgranted.€Ð 0 € ÐÌ5.6€€In€the€absence€of€any€submission€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€must€give€due€weight€toÐ `  Ðthe€submissions€made€by€the€authors.€The€Committee€has€also€reviewed€its€earlier€Views€in€casesÐ P  ÐNo.€516/1993,€òòMrs.€Ô_ÔAlinaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô€et€al.óó€and€No.€586/1994,€òòMr.€Joseph€Adamóó.€In€determiningÐ ð@  Ðwhether€the€conditions€for€restitution€or€compensation€are€compatible€with€the€Covenant,€theÐ à0  ÐCommittee€must€consider€all€relevant€factors,€including€the€original€entitlement€of€the€authors€to€theÐ Ð  Ðproperties€in€question.€In€the€instant€cases€the€authors€have€been€affected€by€the€exclusionary€effectÐ À Ðof€the€requirement€in€Act€87/1991€that€claimants€be€Czech€citizens.€The€question€before€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€is€therefore€whether€the€precondition€of€citizenship€is€compatible€with€article€26.€In€thisÐ  ð Ðcontext,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€jurisprudence€that€not€all€differentiations€in€treatment€can€beÐ à Ðdeemed€to€be€discriminatory€under€article€26.€A€differentiation€which€is€compatible€with€theÐ €Ð Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant€and€is€based€on€reasonable€grounds€does€not€amount€to€prohibitedÐ pÀ Ðdiscrimination€within€the€meaning€of€article€26.€Ð `° ÐÌ5.7€€Whereas€the€criterion€of€citizenship€is€objective,€the€Committee€must€determine€whether€in€theÐ @ Ðcircumstances€of€these€cases€the€application€of€the€criterion€to€the€authors€would€be€reasonable.€Ð 0€ ÐÌ5.8€€The€Committee€recalls€its€Views€in€òòÔ_ÔAlinaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€and€òòJoseph€AdamÐ ` Ðv.€The€Czech€Republicóó,€where€it€held€that€article€26€had€been€violated:€"the€authors€in€that€case€andÐ P Ðmany€others€in€analogous€situations€had€left€Czechoslovakia€because€of€their€political€opinions€andÐ ð@ Ðhad€sought€refuge€from€political€persecution€in€other€countries,€where€they€eventually€establishedÐ à0 Ðpermanent€residence€and€obtained€a€new€citizenship.€Taking€into€account€that€the€State€party€itselfÐ Ð  Ðis€responsible€for€[their]€ð8ð€departure,€it€would€be€incompatible€with€the€Covenant€to€€require€[them]Ð À! Ðð8ð€to€obtain€Czech€citizenship€as€a€prerequisite€for€the€restitution€of€their€property,€or,€alternatively,Ð °"  Ðfor€the€payment€of€compensation"€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/57/D/586/1994,€para.€12.6).€The€Committee€finds€thatÐ  #ð! Ðthe€precedent€established€in€the€Adam€case€applies€to€the€authors€of€this€communication.€TheÐ $à" ÐCommittee€would€add€that€it€cannot€conceive€that€the€distinction€on€grounds€of€citizenship€can€beÐ €%Ð # Ðconsidered€reasonable€in€the€light€of€the€fact€that€the€loss€of€Czech€citizenship€was€a€function€of€theirÐ p&À!$ Ðpresence€in€a€State€in€which€they€were€able€to€obtain€refuge.€Ð `'°"% ÐÌ5.9€€Further,€with€regard€to€time€limits,€whereas€a€statute€of€limitations€may€be€objective€and€evenÐ @)$' Ðreasonable€òòin€Ô_ÔabstractoÔ_Ôóó,€the€Committee€cannot€accept€such€a€deadline€for€submitting€restitutionÐ 0*€%( Ðclaims€in€the€case€of€the€authors,€since€under€the€explicit€terms€of€the€law€they€were€excluded€fromÐ  +p&) Ðthe€restitution€scheme€from€the€outset.€Ð ,`'* ÐÌÐ ð-@), Ðò òThe€Committee's€Views€ó óÐ ° ÐÌ6.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€toÐ à Ðthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€itÐ €Ð Ðdisclose€a€violation€or€article€26,€in€relation€to€Messrs.€Ô_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô,€Hartman,€and€Ô_ÔKrizekÔ_Ô.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ7.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ P   Ðobligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€an€opportunity€to€file€a€newÐ @  Ðclaim€for€restitution€or€compensation.€The€€Committee€further€encourages€the€State€party€to€reviewÐ 0 € Ðits€relevant€legislation€and€administrative€practices€to€ensure€that€neither€the€law€nor€its€applicationÐ  p  Ðentails€discrimination€in€contravention€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð `  ÐÌ8.€€The€Committee€recalls,€as€it€did€in€connection€with€its€prior€Views€concerning€the€cases€of€òòÔ_ÔAlinaÔ_ÔÐ ð@  ÐÔ_ÔSimunekÔ_Ôóó€and€òòJoseph€Adamóó,€that€the€Czech€Republic,€by€becoming€a€State€party€to€the€OptionalÐ à0  ÐProtocol,€recognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€aÐ Ð  Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant€or€not€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€hasÐ À Ðundertaken€to€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€or€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rightsÐ ° Ðrecognized€in€the€Covenant€and€to€provide€an€effective€and€enforceable€remedy€in€case€a€violationÐ  ð Ðhas€been€established.€Ð à ÐÌ9.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€wishes€to€receive€from€the€State€party,€within€90€daysÐ pÀ Ðfollowing€the€transmittal€of€€these€Views€to€the€State€party,€information€about€the€measures€takenÐ `° Ðto€give€effect€to€the€Views.€The€State€party€is€also€requested€to€translate€into€the€Czech€language€andÐ P  Ðto€publish€the€Committee's€Views.€Ð @ ÐÌ__________________Ð  p ÐÌ*€€€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ P Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Ô_ÔAbdelfattahÔ_Ô€Amor,€Mr.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNatwarlalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,Ð ð@ ÐMs.€Christine€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Maurice€Ô_ÔGllÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAhanhanzoÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Louis€Ô_ÔHenkinÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ahmed€Ô_ÔTawfikÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKhalilÔ_Ô,Ð à0 ÐMr.€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€Mr.€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔRajsoomerÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLallahÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Mr.Ð Ð  ÐRafael€Ô_ÔRivasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPosadaÔ_Ô,€Sir€Nigel€Ô_ÔRodleyÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ivan€Shearer,€Mr.€Ô_ÔHipð;ðlitoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSolariÔ_ÔÐ À! ÐÔ_ÔYrigoyenÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Patrick€Vella€and€Mr.€Maxwell€Ô_ÔYaldenÔ_Ô.€Ð °"  ÐÌ**€€€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion€by€Committee€member€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando€is€appended€to€theÐ $à" Ðpresent€document.€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.€SubsequentlyÐ P( #& Ðto€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€General€Assembly.]Ð @)$' ÐÐ  0*€%( Ðò ò€Individual€opinion€of€Committee€member€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando€ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌà  àReference€is€made€to€my€individual€opinion€appended€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee'sÐ €Ð ÐViews€on€case€No.€586/1994:€òòAdam€v.€the€Czech€Republicóó.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ[Signed]€€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando€Ð P   ÐÌÓQÓ