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ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€its€Š "$r# ŠĢĢÓZÓņņņ ņÓ  ÓViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóŠ Ō&$"& ŠÓwÓÓÓĢĢ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Ō_ŌA.Ō_Ō€F.,€an€Iranian€citizen€born€on€16€DecemberŠ †)Ö$) Š1969,€currently€residing€in€Sweden,€where€he€is€seeking€asylum.€He€claims€that€his€forcedŠ l*¼%* Šreturn€to€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€ofŠ R+¢&+ Šthe€Convention€against€Torture.€Mr.€Ō_ŌA.Ō_Ō€Ō_ŌF.Ō_Ō€is€represented€by€counsel.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- ŠņņFacts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Š ° ŠĢ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€belongs€to€a€politically€active€family€and€that€his€father€becameŠ |Ģ Ša€local€communist€leader€for€the€Ō_ŌTudehŌ_Ō€Party€already€in€1963.€After€having€been€subject€toŠ b² Šimprisonment€and€persecution€as€a€result€of€his€political€activities,€the€father€went€intoŠ H˜ Šhiding€in€1989,€entrusting€the€author€with€the€hiding€of€certain€documents.€Following€hisŠ . ~ Šfather's€disappearance,€the€family's€house€was€raided€on€numerous€occasions€by€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō,Š  d Šthe€Revolutionary€Guards,€and€as€a€result€the€author's€mother€fled€to€Sweden€to€join€herŠ ś J Šyoungest€daughter.€She€was€subsequently€granted€a€residence€permit€on€grounds€of€familyŠ ą 0 Šreunion.€Š Ę   ŠĢ2.2€In€1989,€the€author€became€a€member€of€Ō_ŌNehzatŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌAzadiŌ_Ō€(Freedom€Movement),€a€liberalŠ ’ā  Šnationalist€movement€aiming€at€a€modernistic€interpretation€of€Islam.€The€author€explainsŠ xČ  Šthat€this€movement€was€previously€officially€tolerated€by€the€regime€but€nevertheless€itsŠ ^®  Šmembers€were€subjected€to€various€forms€of€harassment.€In€1990„1991,€the€movementŠ D”  Ševentually€was€declared€illegal€by€the€Government.€The€author€soon€was€entrusted€theŠ *z  Šleadership€of€a€group€of€30€members€divided€into€subgroups€responsible€for€the€productionŠ ` Šand€distributions€of€flyers€and€leaflets.€In€addition,€as€the€leader€of€the€group,€it€was€theŠ öF Šauthor's€responsibility€to€recruit€new€members€to€the€organization.€The€author€explains€thatŠ Ü, Šthis€was€dangerous€work€and€that€once€the€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō€caught€one€of€the€subgroups€when€itŠ Ā Šwas€distributing€flyers.€One€of€the€members€was€immediately€shot€dead€and€the€othersŠ Øų Šmanaged€to€escape.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢ2.3€In€1991,€the€author€was€suspended€from€university€for€not€following€Islamic€rules.€TheŠ ZŖ Šauthor€states€that€he€thinks€that€the€university€had€found€out€about€him€trying€to€recruit€newŠ @ Šmembers€at€university€and€that€he€had€been€arrested€several€times€by€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō€for€havingŠ &v Šparticipated€in€meetings€arranged€by€the€party.€The€leadership€of€the€Freedom€MovementŠ  \ Šsometimes€arranged€meetings€with€25€to€30€participants,€discussing€policy,€ideology€andŠ ņB Šfield€work.€These€meetings€were€often€raided€by€the€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō€and€according€to€the€authorŠ Ų( Šhe€was€arrested€and€detained€approximately€30€times€during€such€raids,€but€he€was€alwaysŠ ¾ Šlet€go€due€to€lack€of€evidence.€Š ¤ō ŠĢ2.4€After€a€while,€the€author€became€dissatisfied€with€the€party's€cautious€attitude€andŠ p!Ą  Štogether€with€his€closest€superior€and€his€group€he€started€to€work€in€the€direction€of€a€moreŠ V"¦! Šradical€policy.€During€a€meeting€on€23€October€1993,€where€a€new€and€radical€text€for€aŠ <#Œ" Šflyer€was€discussed,€the€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō€entered€and€they€were€all€arrested.€The€author€and€hisŠ "$r# Šcolleagues€were€brought€to€the€Ō_ŌEvinŌ_Ō€prison€for€interrogation.€During€the€questioning,€theŠ %X $ Šauthor€was€told€that€his€closest€superior€had€been€found€with€the€text€of€the€flyer€in€hisŠ ī%>!% Špossession€and€had€been€executed.€The€author€was€questioned€about€his€own€role€in€theŠ Ō&$"& ŠFreedom€Movement€and€about€his€father's€whereabouts.€The€author€was€allegedly€torturedŠ ŗ' #' Šduring€interrogation.€He€states€that€he€was€severely€beaten€and€first€kept€in€a€one€squareŠ  (š#( ŠŌ_ŌmetreŌ_Ō€cell€before€he€was€brought€to€a€cell€which€he€shared€with€five€other€prisoners.€His€ribsŠ †)Ö$) Šwere€broken,€his€back€was€hurt€and€one€of€his€fingernails€was€pulled€out.€The€author€wasŠ l*¼%* Šfurthermore€subjected€to€a€fake€execution.€Together€with€two€of€his€cell€mates€he€wasŠ R+¢&+ Šbrought€before€an€execution€squad.€The€two€other€prisoners€were€executed,€while€only€fakeŠ 8,ˆ', Šbullets€were€used€on€the€author.€After€a€month€the€author€was€released€without€trial,€but€withŠ -n(- Šthe€warning€that€he€would€be€executed€if€ever€involving€himself€in€political€activities€again.Š ° ŠThe€author€states€that€he€believes€that€his€release€was€due€to€the€fact€that€he€had€not€madeŠ –ę Šany€confessions€and€that€the€authorities€would€instead€watch€him€in€the€hope€that€he€wouldŠ |Ģ Ševentually€lead€them€to€his€father€and€other€members€of€the€group.€Š b² ŠĢ2.5€In€the€time€immediately€following€his€release€the€author€refrained€from€any€politicalŠ . ~ Šactivities,€but€eventually€started€writing€flyers€about€the€conditions€in€the€Ō_ŌEvinŌ_Ō€prison.€WhenŠ  d Šhe€learned€that€the€police€had€found€out€about€his€activities€and€that€members€of€his€groupŠ ś J Šhad€been€arrested€he€decided€to€leave€the€country.€The€author€still€had€a€passport€andŠ ą 0 Šmanaged€to€prolong€it€by€using€bribes.€An€exit€permit€was€obtained€with€the€help€of€aŠ Ę   Šcontact€in€the€Justice€Department.€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ2.6€The€author€arrived€in€Sweden€on€6€February€1995€and€joined€his€family.€He€requestedŠ xČ  Šasylum€on€23€February€1995.€On€21€April€1995,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€rejectedŠ ^®  Šthe€author's€application€for€asylum.€His€appeal€was€subsequently€rejected€by€the€AliensŠ D”  ŠAppeals€Board€on€7€February€1996.€A€new€application€was€rejected€by€the€Aliens€AppealsŠ *z  ŠBoard€on€27€March€1996,€and€a€further€new€application,€based€on€the€author's€politicalŠ ` Šactivities€in€Sweden,€was€rejected€on€24€February€1997.€The€author€submitted€a€fourthŠ öF Šapplication,€based€on€medical€evidence€from€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Torture€and€Trauma€SurvivorsŠ Ü, Šin€Stockholm,€an€application€which€was€rejected€on€27€July€1997.€Š Ā ŠĢ2.7€Upon€arrival€in€Sweden,€the€author€contacted€Iranian€exile€organizations€and€joined€theŠ ŽŽ ŠIranian€Social€Democratic€Movement.€In€Sweden,€the€author€has€participated€in€meetingsŠ tÄ Šand€demonstrations€and€publicly€expressed€critical€opinions€about€the€Iranian€government.Š ZŖ ŠHe€is€further€responsible€for€the€publication€of€the€organization's€newspaper.€The€author€alsoŠ @ Šstates€that€he€continued€his€work€by€sending€political€materials€to€Iran€through€what€heŠ &v Šconsidered€being€a€safe€communication€channel,€involving€his€sister€and€a€friend.€AccordingŠ  \ Što€the€author,€both€the€friend€and€the€sister€were€arrested€by€the€Ō_ŌPasdaranŌ_Ō.€At€the€time€of€theŠ ņB Šsubmission€of€the€communication€the€sister€was€still€held€in€prison.€Š Ų( ŠĢņņThe€complaintóó€Š ¤ō ŠĢ3.1€The€author's€counsel€argues€that,€given€the€absolute€prohibition€to€expel€a€person€to€aŠ p!Ą  Šcountry€where€he€risks€to€be€subjected€to€torture,€and€given€that,€if€the€author's€story€is€true,Š V"¦! Šthere€is€reasonable€ground€to€believe€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€suchŠ <#Œ" Štreatment€upon€return,€he€should€only€be€returned€to€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€if€it€isŠ "$r# Šbeyond€reasonable€doubt€that€the€author's€claim€is€false.€Otherwise,€according€to€counsel,Š %X $ Šthe€asylum€seeker€should€be€given€the€benefit€of€the€doubt,€not€least€since€there€exists€aŠ ī%>!% Šconsistent€pattern€of€gross€and€massive€violations€of€human€rights€in€Iran.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ3.2€The€author€claims€that€a€real€risk€exists€that€he€would€be€subjected€to€torture€or€that€hisŠ  (š#( Šsecurity€would€be€endangered€if€he€were€to€be€returned€to€his€country.€He€further€recalls€thatŠ †)Ö$) Šhe€comes€from€a€politically€active€family€and€has€been€detained€and€tortured€because€of€hisŠ l*¼%* Šactive€work€for€the€Freedom€Movement,€a€liberal€nationalist€party€declared€illegal€and€inŠ R+¢&+ Šviolation€of€the€Constitution€by€the€Government€in€1990„1991.€It€is€well„known€thatŠ 8,ˆ', Šmembers€of€political€opposition€aiming€at€overthrowing€the€Government€are€severelyŠ -n(- Špersecuted.€In€this€context,€the€author€refers€to,€among€others,€reports€by€the€SpecialŠ ° ŠRepresentative€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€theŠ –ę ŠIslamic€Republic€of€Iran,€which€attest€to€a€continuing€violation€of€all€basic€rights.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ3.3€Counsel€recalls€that€the€presented€forensic€medical€report€prepared€by€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€forŠ H˜ ŠTorture€and€Trauma€Survivors€in€Stockholm€shows€that€the€findings€are€in€completeŠ . ~ Šconsistency€with€the€author's€claims€of€torture€and€ill„treatment.€Furthermore,€according€toŠ  d Šthe€medical€report,€the€author€is€suffering€from€a€post„traumatic€stress€disorder.€Š ś J ŠĢņņState€party's€observationsóó€Š Ę   ŠĢ4.1€By€submission€of€28€November€1997,€the€State€party€informs€the€Committee€that,Š ’ā  Šfollowing€its€request€under€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€the€Swedish€Immigration€Board€hasŠ xČ  Šdecided€to€stay€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€while€his€communication€is€underŠ ^®  Šconsideration€by€the€Committee.€Š D”  ŠĢ4.2€As€regards€the€domestic€procedure,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€basic€provisionsŠ ` Šconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€and€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€found€in€the€1989€AliensŠ öF ŠAct,€as€amended€on€1€January€1997.€For€the€determination€of€refugee€status€there€areŠ Ü, Šnormally€two€instances,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.Š Ā ŠIn€exceptional€cases,€an€application€is€referred€to€the€Government€by€either€of€the€twoŠ Øų Šboards.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€Government€has€no€jurisdiction€ofŠ ŽŽ Šits€own€in€cases€not€referred€to€it€by€either€of€the€boards.€Decisions€to€refer€a€given€case€toŠ tÄ Šthe€Government€are€taken€by€the€boards€independently.€The€State€party€clarifies€that€theŠ ZŖ ŠSwedish€Constitution€prohibits€any€interference€by€the€Government,€the€Parliament€or€anyŠ @ Šother€public€authority€in€the€decision€making€of€an€administrative€authority€in€a€particularŠ &v Šcase.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€AliensŠ  \ ŠAppeals€Board€enjoy€the€same€independence€as€a€court€of€law€in€this€respect.€Š ņB ŠĢ4.3€As€of€January€1997,€the€Aliens€Act€has€been€amended.€According€to€the€amended€ActŠ ¾ Š(chap.€3,€sect.€4,€in€conjunction€with€sect.€3),€an€alien€is€entitled€to€a€residence€permit€if€heŠ ¤ō Šor€she€experiences€a€well„founded€fear€of€being€subjected€to€the€death€penalty€or€to€corporalŠ Š Ś Špunishment€or€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€UnderŠ p!Ą  Šchapter€2,€section€5€(b),€of€the€Act,€an€alien€who€is€refused€entry€can€reapply€for€a€residenceŠ V"¦! Špermit€if€the€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€beenŠ <#Œ" Šexamined€in€the€case€and€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€willŠ "$r# Šotherwise€be€in€conflict€with€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€on€refusalŠ %X $ Šof€entry€or€expulsion.€New€circumstances€cannot€be€assessed€by€the€administrativeŠ ī%>!% Šauthorities€ex€officio,€but€only€upon€application.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ4.4€Chapter€8,€section€1,€of€the€Act,€which€corresponds€to€article€3€of€the€Convention€againstŠ  (š#( ŠTorture,€has€been€amended€and€now€provides€that€an€alien€who€has€been€refused€entry€orŠ †)Ö$) Šwho€shall€be€expelled,€may€never€be€sent€to€a€country€where€there€are€ņņreasonable€groundsóóŠ l*¼%* Š(previously€firm€reasons)€to€believe€that€he€or€she€would€be€in€danger€of€suffering€capitalŠ R+¢&+ Šor€corporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€to€torture€ņņor€other€inhuman€or€degradingŠ 8,ˆ', Štreatment€or€punishmentóó€(text€in€italics€added),€nor€to€a€country€where€he€is€not€protectedŠ -n(- Šfrom€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€he€would€be€in€such€danger.€Š ° ŠĢ4.5€As€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€is€not€awareŠ |Ģ Šof€the€same€matter€having€been€presented€to€another€international€instance€of€internationalŠ b² Šinvestigation€or€settlement.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€author€can€at€any€time€lodge€aŠ H˜ Šnew€application€for€re„examination€of€his€case€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board,€based€on€newŠ . ~ Šfactual€circumstances.€Finally,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€communication€isŠ  d Šinadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€Š ś J ŠĢ4.6€As€to€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sŠ Ę   Šjurisprudence€in€the€cases€of€ņņŌ_ŌMutomboŌ_Ō€v.€Switzerlandóóņņ€1óó€and€ņņErnesto€Gorki€Ō_ŌTapiaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌPaezŌ_Ō€v.Š ¬ ü  ŠSwedenóó,ņņ€2óó€and€the€criteria€established€by€the€Committee,€first,€that€a€person€must€personallyŠ ’ā  Šbe€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture,€and,€second,€that€such€torture€must€be€a€necessary€andŠ xČ  Šforeseeable€consequence€of€the€return€of€the€person€to€his€or€her€country.€Š ^®  ŠĢ4.7€The€State€party€reiterates€that€when€determining€whether€article€3€of€the€ConventionŠ *z  Šapplies,€the€following€considerations€are€relevant:€(a)€the€general€situation€of€human€rightsŠ ` Šin€the€receiving€country,€although€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€orŠ öF Šmass€violations€of€human€rights€is€not€in€itself€determinative;€(b)€the€personal€risk€of€theŠ Ü, Šindividual€concerned€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€would€beŠ Ā Šreturned;€and€(c)€the€risk€of€the€individual€of€being€subject€to€torture€if€returned€must€be€aŠ Øų Šņņforeseeable€and€necessary€consequenceóó.€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€mere€possibility€thatŠ ŽŽ Ša€person€be€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€country€of€origin€does€not€suffice€to€prohibit€hisŠ tÄ Šor€her€return€for€being€incompatible€with€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ4.8€The€State€party€states€that€it€is€aware€that€Iran€is€reported€to€be€a€major€violator€of€humanŠ &v Šrights€and€that€there€is€no€indication€of€improvement.€It€leaves€it€to€the€Committee€toŠ  \ Šdetermine€whether€the€situation€in€Iran€amounts€to€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€orŠ ņB Šmass€violations€of€human€rights.€Š Ų( ŠĢ4.9€As€regards€its€assessment€of€whether€or€not€the€author€would€be€personally€at€risk€ofŠ ¤ō Šbeing€subjected€to€torture€when€returned€to€Iran,€the€State€party€relies€on€the€evaluation€ofŠ Š Ś Šthe€facts€and€evidence€made€by€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€AppealsŠ p!Ą  ŠBoard.€In€its€decision€of€21€April€1995,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€found€that€theŠ V"¦! Šelements€provided€by€the€author€gave€occasion€to€doubt€the€credibility€of€the€author.€TheŠ <#Œ" ŠAliens€Appeals€Board,€in€its€decision€of€7€February€1996,€also€found€that€the€circumstancesŠ "$r# Šinvoked€by€the€author€during€the€appeal€were€not€trustworthy.€Š %X $ ŠĢ4.10€On€27€March€1996,€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€rejected€a€new€application€for€a€residenceŠ Ō&$"& Špermit€by€the€author,€based€on€the€fact€that€he€has€been€politically€active€since€his€arrival€inŠ ŗ' #' ŠSweden€and€further€invoking€humanitarian€reasons€concerning€his€mother's€state€of€health.Š  (š#( ŠThe€application€was€turned€down€by€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board,€since€the€circumstancesŠ †)Ö$) Šinvoked€by€the€author€had€already€been€reviewed€in€the€previous€decision.€A€second€newŠ l*¼%* Šapplication€was€rejected€by€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€on€24€February€1997,€in€which€theŠ R+¢&+ Šauthor€stated€that€he€had€distributed€political€material€into€Iran€after€his€arrival€in€Sweden.Š 8,ˆ', ŠThe€correspondence€which€had€gone€via€his€sister€and€another€contact,€had€allegedly€beenŠ -n(- Štraced€back€to€him€by€the€Iranian€authorities€and€his€sister€had€subsequently€beenŠ ° Šinterrogated€and€imprisoned.€The€application€was€turned€down€by€the€Board,€noting€that€inŠ –ę Šthe€light€of€the€Board's€knowledge€of€anti„governmental€activities€in€Iran€and€distributionŠ |Ģ Šof€politically€sensitive€material€in€Iran,€it€was€not€deemed€credible€that€the€author€wouldŠ b² Šexpose€himself€and€his€sister€of€such€a€risk€by€using€a€personal€communication€route€forŠ H˜ Šdistribution€of€the€mentioned€materials€into€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran.€Š . ~ ŠĢ4.11€Finally,€on€25€July€1997,€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€examined€a€third€new€applicationŠ ś J Šlodged€by€the€author,€where€he€invoked€an€examination€report€by€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Torture€andŠ ą 0 ŠTrauma€Survivors€according€to€which€the€author€without€any€doubt€had€been€subjected€toŠ Ę   Štorture€and€according€to€which€there€was€good€concordance€between€the€forensic€medicalŠ ¬ ü  Šinvestigation;€the€patient's€allegations€and€the€very€clinical€picture€of€post„traumatic€stressŠ ’ā  Šdisorder€found€at€the€investigation.€The€application€was€turned€down€by€the€Board,€since€theŠ xČ  Šmatter€of€the€author's€imprisonment€and€his€alleged€torture€in€that€connection€had€previouslyŠ ^®  Šbeen€reviewed€by€the€Board.€Already€in€its€initial€decision€of€7€February€1996€the€AliensŠ D”  ŠAppeals€Board€stated€that€"(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)n€view€of€the€author's€lack€of€credibility€in€the€above„Š *z  Šmentioned€respect,€the€Board€does€not€consider€that€it€has€cause€to€give€credence€to€hisŠ ` Šstatement€that€his€injuries€occurred€as€a€result€of€physical€abuse€or€torture".€Š öF ŠĢ4.12€The€State€party€draws€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€main€elements€in€theŠ Ā Šauthor's€story€which€give€raise€to€doubts€as€to€the€credibility€of€the€author.€Firstly,€the€authorŠ Øų ŠŌ_ŌtravelledŌ_Ō€to€Sweden€from€Iran€with€a€genuine€and€valid€passport.€Taking€into€account€that,Š ŽŽ Šafter€his€arrest€by€the€Iranian€authorities,€the€author€was€released€after€a€month€withoutŠ tÄ Šfacing€trial,€and€that€his€father's€political€activities€were€already€known€by€the€authorities€atŠ ZŖ Šthe€time€of€the€author's€arrest,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€AppealsŠ @ ŠBoard€questioned€the€author's€credibility€as€to€the€statement€that€bribes€were€used€to€enableŠ &v Šhim€to€leave€Iran.€Subsequently,€there€is€no€reason€to€believe€that€the€author€is€of€particularŠ  \ Šinterest€to€the€Iranian€authorities.€Secondly,€in€his€appeal€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board,€theŠ ņB Šauthor€invoked,€among€others,€internal€correspondence€between€Iranian€authorities€regardingŠ Ų( Ša€warrant€of€his€arrest.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€author€has€not€been€able€to€give€anyŠ ¾ Šreasonable€explanation€as€to€how€he€was€able€to€acquire€original€documents€which€wereŠ ¤ō Šclearly€intended€for€internal€purposes.€Further,€there€is€nothing€to€support€the€author's€claimŠ Š Ś Šthat€he€has€distributed€politically€sensitive€material€to€Iran.€Finally,€it€should€be€noted€thatŠ p!Ą  Šthe€author€did€not€request€asylum€until€almost€two€weeks€after€his€arrival€in€Sweden,€thusŠ V"¦! Šindicating€that€he€is€not€in€any€immediate€need€of€protection.€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ4.13€The€State€party€concludes€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€author'sŠ %X $ Šreturn€to€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€would€not€have€the€foreseeable€and€necessaryŠ ī%>!% Šconsequence€of€exposing€him€to€a€real€risk€of€torture.€An€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€orderŠ Ō&$"& Šagainst€the€author€would€therefore€not€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢņņCounsel's€commentsóó€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ5.1€In€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€for€the€author€draws€theŠ R+¢&+ Šattention€to€the€Committee€to€the€fact€that€the€author€has€already€lodged€three€so„called€newŠ 8,ˆ', Šapplications€with€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€There€are€no€longer€any€new€circumstances€toŠ -n(- Šbe€presented,€which€is€a€pre„requisite€for€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€to€examine€a€newŠ ° Šapplication.€All€domestic€remedies€have€thus€been€exhausted.€Š –ę ŠĢ5.2€In€the€instant€case,€counsel€recalls,€the€Swedish€immigration€authorities€have€not€directlyŠ b² Šquestioned€the€fact€that€the€author€has€been€politically€involved€with€the€Freedom€MovementŠ H˜ Šin€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€and€that€he€was€imprisoned€for€one€month€without€trial,€norŠ . ~ Šdo€they€seem€to€question€his€father's€political€background.€The€Swedish€authorities€buildŠ  d Štheir€decisions€entirely€on€the€basis€of€an€arbitrary€assessment€of€the€author's€generalŠ ś J Štrustworthiness.€According€to€counsel,€the€arguments€used€by€the€authorities€to€turn€downŠ ą 0 Šthe€author's€claim€for€asylum€are€stereotyped€and€found€in€almost€every€rejection€decision.Š Ę   ŠAny€inconsistencies€or€contradictions€found€in€the€author's€story€are€thereafter€used€toŠ ¬ ü  Šsupport€the€authorities€a€priori€judgement€that€the€author€is€not€credible,€although€completeŠ ’ā  Šaccuracy€is€seldom€to€be€expected€by€victims€of€torture.€Š xČ  ŠĢ5.3€Counsel€points€out€that€the€main€argument€of€the€immigration€authorities€is€that€theŠ D”  Šauthor€is€not€trustworthy€because€he€has€(a)€left€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€with€a€validŠ *z  Špassport;€(b)€obtained€a€legal€exit€visa;€and€(c)€legally€extended€the€validity€of€his€passport.Š ` ŠShe€also€points€out€that€the€author€has€given€a€credible€and€consistent€explanation€of€howŠ öF Šhe€used€bribes€and€the€influence€of€a€personal€contact€in€the€security€force€in€order€to€be€ableŠ Ü, Što€leave€with€a€valid€passport.€The€explanation€was€rejected€by€the€immigration€authoritiesŠ Ā Šas€not€credible,€although€a€report€from€a€visit€to€Iran€made€in€1993€by€representatives€fromŠ Øų Šthe€Aliens€Appeals€Boardņņ€3óó€shows€that,€according€to€the€Iranian€lawyer€normally€engaged€byŠ ŽŽ Šthe€Swedish€Embassy€in€Tehran,€it€is€difficult€but€nevertheless€possible€to€bribe€yourself€outŠ tÄ Šof€Iran,€in€the€way€suggested€by€the€author.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ5.4€Counsel€further€contends€that€the€author€has€presented€reasonable€explanations€as€to€howŠ &v Šhe€was€able€to€acquire€original€documents€(a€copy€of€a€detention€order)€intended€for€internalŠ  \ Šcommunication€between€the€Iranian€authorities.€According€to€the€author,€he€contactedŠ ņB Šfriends€in€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€who€managed€to€get€the€document€in€question€byŠ Ų( Šbribes,€and€the€information€thus€provided€by€the€author€corresponds€with€informationŠ ¾ Špreviously€given€by€the€Iranian€lawyer€entrusted€by€the€Swedish€Embassy€in€Tehran.€TheŠ ¤ō Šauthor€has€further€also€given€a€detailed€account€of€the€communication€route€used€in€orderŠ Š Ś Što€distribute€politically€sensitive€material€to€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ5.5€Counsel€concludes€that€the€author€has€presented€sufficient€evidence€that€he€wasŠ <#Œ" Špolitically€active€in€Ō_ŌNehzatŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌAzadiŌ_Ō€(the€Freedom€Movement)€in€the€Islamic€Republic€of€IranŠ "$r# Šand€is€well€known€to€the€Iranian€authorities;€that€he€has€been€detained,€tortured€and€ill„Š %X $ Štreated€as€a€result€of€his€political€activities;€that€he€has€also€been€politically€active€againstŠ ī%>!% Šthe€Iranian€regime€after€his€arrival€in€Sweden€and€finally€that€the€human€rights€situation€inŠ Ō&$"& Šthe€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€is€deplorable€and€that€political€activists€are€in€great€danger€ofŠ ŗ' #' Špersecution.€She€therefore€claims€that€the€author's€return€to€the€Islamic€Republic€of€IranŠ  (š#( Šwould€have€the€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€exposing€him€to€a€real€risk€ofŠ †)Ö$) Šbeing€detained€and€tortured.€Š l*¼%* ŠĢņņIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€againstŠ ° ŠTorture€must€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€TheŠ –ę ŠCommittee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€theŠ |Ģ ŠConvention,€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherŠ b² Šprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€also€notes€that€allŠ H˜ Šdomestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted€and€finds€that€no€further€obstacles€to€theŠ . ~ Šadmissibility€of€the€communication€exist.€Since€both€the€State€party€and€the€author's€counselŠ  d Šhave€provided€observations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€proceedsŠ ś J Šimmediately€with€the€consideration€of€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ6.2€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€author€to€Iran€wouldŠ ¬ ü  Šviolate€the€obligation€of€Sweden€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€to€returnŠ ’ā  Ša€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€would€beŠ xČ  Šin€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Š ^®  ŠĢ6.3€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€1,€whether€there€areŠ *z  Šsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subject€toŠ ` Štorture€upon€return€to€Iran.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€accountŠ öF Šall€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existence€of€aŠ Ü, Šconsistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theŠ Ā Šdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€beŠ Øų Špersonally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldŠ ŽŽ Šreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massŠ tÄ Šviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forŠ ZŖ Šdetermining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponŠ @ Šhis€return€to€that€country;€specific€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individualŠ &v Šconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossŠ  \ Šviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€dangerŠ ņB Šof€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Š Ų( ŠĢ6.4€The€Committee€has€noted€the€State€party's€assertion€that€its€authorities€apply€practicallyŠ ¤ō Šthe€same€test€as€prescribed€by€article€3€of€the€Convention€when€determining€whether€aŠ Š Ś Šperson€can€be€deported.€The€Committee,€however,€notes€that€the€text€of€the€decisions€takenŠ p!Ą  Šby€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€(21€April€1995)€and€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€(7Š V"¦! ŠFebruary€and€27€March€1996,€24€February€and€27€July€1997)€does€not€show€that€the€test€asŠ <#Œ" Šrequired€by€article€3€of€the€Convention€(and€as€reflected€in€chap.€8,€sect.€1,€of€the€1989Š "$r# ŠAliens€Act€as€amended)€was€in€fact€applied€in€the€author's€case.€Š %X $ ŠĢ6.5€In€the€author's€case,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author's€family€background,€hisŠ Ō&$"& Špolitical€affiliation€with€the€Freedom€Movement€and€activities,€his€history€of€detention€andŠ ŗ' #' Štorture,€should€be€taken€into€account€when€determining€whether€he€would€be€in€danger€ofŠ  (š#( Šbeing€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return.€The€State€party€has€pointed€to€circumstances€inŠ †)Ö$) Šthe€author's€story€which€raise€doubt€about€the€credibility€of€the€author,€but€the€CommitteeŠ l*¼%* Šconsiders€that€the€presentation€of€the€facts€by€the€author€do€not€raise€significant€doubts€asŠ R+¢&+ Što€the€trustworthiness€of€the€general€veracity€of€his€claims.€In€this€context€the€CommitteeŠ 8,ˆ', Šespecially€refers€to€the€existence€of€medical€evidence€demonstrating€that€the€author€suffersŠ -n(- Šfrom€post„traumatic€stress€disorder€and€supporting€the€author's€claim€that€he€has€previouslyŠ ° Šbeen€tortured€while€in€detention.€Š –ę ŠĢ6.6€The€Committee€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rights€situation€in€Iran,€as€reported€ņņinterŠ b² Šaliaóó€to€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€by€the€Commission's€Special€Representative€onŠ H˜ Šthe€situation€of€human€rights€in€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran.€The€Committee€notes€theŠ . ~ Šconcern€expressed€by€the€Commission,€in€particular€in€respect€of€the€high€number€ofŠ  d Šexecutions,€instances€of€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€Š ś J ŠĢ6.7€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€substantial€grounds€exist€forŠ Ę   Šbelieving€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€returned€to€Iran.€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ7.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that,€in€the€prevailingŠ xČ  Šcircumstances,€the€State€party€has€an€obligation€to€refrain€from€forcibly€returning€Mr.€A.F.Š ^®  Što€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran,€or€to€any€other€country€where€he€runs€a€real€risk€of€beingŠ D”  Šexpelled€or€returned€to€Iran.€Š *z  ŠĢ__________Š öF ŠĢ1/€€€Communication€No.€13/1993€(CAT/C/12/D/13/1993),€Views€adopted€on€27€April€1994.Š Ā ŠĢ2/€€€Communication€No.€39/1996€(CAT/C/18/39/1996),€Views€adopted€on€7€May€1997.Š ŽŽ ŠĢ3/€€€The€delegation€preparing€the€report€included€the€Director€General€of€the€Aliens€AppealsŠ ZŖ ŠBoard€at€the€time,€as€well€as€counsel€in€the€present€case€who€was€at€the€time€working€for€theŠ @ Šimmigration€authorities.Š &v ŠĢĢ[Adopted€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalŠ Ų( Šversion.]€Š ¾ ŠÓäÓ