ÿWPCû 3@ƒra‡-ˆ¬vj6™ú·B¨rÖ}Ýíñfø,¬¹£ŒÓNŠ:­b4,½Ëãî¸\wŠ‹©·E»Ç ´rHf!ìµøÃ©éfrJæÇ渹RE¡¸¬}ç‘?Cå*µ”óˬ!×û°íº‡p|ì8ÿ‹diù<è0¿ìÏÛ{=*üz•#Ü©7h˜á?YJBJ IÛô¡ˆj<›ÿ“Žßì ‚e;.k©DÄÈ6!££zÆ*„{ÈÚQvw÷žëcÄÐ4¸¤Á’ÓPÁDZâ9ZÄ{RãNçV5÷Ï*epLæRÒÓ‘9Qñ~ø³$(ý¢Ä|Ìqáìô'­®¯V½œšR‹ êÈBW'o¾÷Cg4g‚æ0óÞ¼Û^QóÒ²«aÉ_2sG›:xú&³/GeQD¥ªh¬Ú×çÀø-{âÛmô¨jP F\ {’Í=MÊVòpd¿9ÈZ²Ððü(ƒÏS{]F7‹8GŠ?™t* ›Ï™êÞg6ò,Á®6âNïÌMbŸFß_y`ÑÈÀêÈ‚—Û8äø@[pIÉ øÝ¸„5 +4Ò±!÷ÆK*ç[Ê´ÞXÃf¬+è…§& (½f·¤šöüKª•‡Ú¬T;ïU>¤Ìâ 0µ® 0<c 0YŸ 0_ø 0iW 0PÀÆ 0áÖ 0(· D+ß AM W 0Ng 0Ƶ #Á{ UN< %ŠM(”N¼^ ¾wÊ4Îâ mäô\  `‹&Times New Roman' A. S. [name deleted] v. Jamaica, Communication No. 231/1987 (21 July 1989), U.N. Doc. Supp41989), U.N. Doc. Supp"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2üÌ$££Ý ƒæ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X/XXXÔÔ€X/XXX/ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žæ$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X&¦XXXÔÔ€X&¦XXX&¦ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX  i) È­F)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒæ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X/XXXÔÔ€X/XXX/ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòA.€S.€v.€JamaicaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€231/1987Ð H˜ ÐÌ21€July€1989Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€A.€S.€[name€deleted]Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:óó€The€authorÐ D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:óó€JamaicaÐ ` ÐÌòòDate€of€Communication:óó€7€June€1987€(date€of€initial€letter)óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ ŽÞ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð tÄ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€21€July€1989,Ð @ ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:Ð  \ ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òDecision€on€admissibilityóóó óÐ ¾ ÐÓÄÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€submission€dated€7€June€1987;€severalÐ p!À  Ðsubsequent€submissions)€is€A.€S.,€a€Jamaican€citizen€currently€awaiting€execution€at€St.Ð V"¦! ÐCatherine€District€Prison,€Jamaica.€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€his€humanÐ <#Œ" Ðrights€by€the€Government€of€Jamaica.Ð "$r# ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€and€Winston€Wright€were€arrested€and€charged€with€the€murder,Ð î%>!% Ðon€28€November€1983,€of€one€Jasper€Vernon,€but€claims€to€be€innocent€of€the€crime.€He€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðconvicted€and€sentenced€to€death€on€29€January€1985€in€the€St.€James€Circuit€Court,€whileÐ º' #' Ðhis€co„defendant€was€convicted€of€manslaughter€and€sentenced€to€10€years€of€hard€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ2.2€With€respect€to€the€facts€of€the€case,€it€appears€a/€that€the€deceased€and€the€author€wereÐ l*¼%* Ðliving€in€the€same€area€and€reputed€to€be€good€friends.€On€the€night€of€28€November€1983,Ð R+¢&+ Ðat€or€around€9€p.m.,€one€of€the€witnesses,€Roy€Clarke,€heard€the€sound€of€wrestling€and€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðtwo€gunshots€outside€his€house,€and€then€a€voice€calling€out€for€help.€After€a€few€moments,Ð -n(- Ðhe€went€outside€and€found€the€victim,€who€had€been€seriously€wounded€by€bullets€fired€atÐ ° Ðclose€range.€He€then€recognize€that€it€was€the€victim's€voice€which€he€had€previously€heard,Ð –æ Ðasking€"[Name],€what€do€you€want€to€kill€me€for?".€During€the€trial,€the€author'sÐ |Ì Ðrepresentative€objected€to€this€statement€of€Mr.€Clarke€as€being€hearsay€and€thusÐ b² Ðinadmissible,€but€the€judge€ruled€it€to€be€admissible,€as€part€of€the€òòres€Ô_ÔgestaeÔ_Ô.óóÐ H˜ ÐÌ2.3€Mr.€Vernon€was€brought€to€the€Cornwall€Regional€Hospital€in€Ô_ÔMontegoÔ_Ô€Bay,€whereÐ  d Ðemergency€surgery€was€performed€on€him.€Two€police€inspectors€went€to€the€hospitalÐ ú J Ðshortly€after€his€admission.€One€of€them,€upon€his€arrival€in€the€casualty€ward,€heard€a€voiceÐ à 0 Ðcalling€out€the€author's€name€and€identifying€him€as€the€one€who€had€fired€the€shots.€He€laterÐ Æ   Ðrecognized€the€voice€as€being€that€of€the€deceased.€The€inspector€conducted€a€brief€interviewÐ ¬ ü  Ðwith€the€victim,€who€was€in€a€serious€condition€but€still€conscious.€At€the€trial,€author'sÐ ’â  Ðcounsel€again€objected€to€the€inspector's€evidence€as€hearsay€and€requested€that€it€beÐ xÈ  Ðexcluded,€but€the€judge€ruled€the€evidence€admissible€as€the€"dying€declaration€of€a€victimÐ ^®  Ðof€homicide".€Mr.€Vernon€succumbed€to€his€injuries€later€on€28€November€or€in€the€earlyÐ D”  Ðhours€of€29€November€1983.Ð *z  ÐÌ2.4.€The€author€and€his€co„defendant€claimed€that€they€themselves€had€been€held€up€thatÐ öF Ðsame€evening€by€three€gunmen€near€the€spot€where€the€deceased€had€been€shot,€and€gaveÐ Ü, Ðevidence€to€this€effect€during€the€trial.€The€prosecution,€however,€intended€that€their€accountÐ Â Ðcontained€so€many€discrepancies€as€to€suggest€that€their€version€was€merely€a€concoctionÐ ¨ø Ðto€persuade€others€that€they€had€not€perpetrated€the€crime€in€question.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ2.5.€The€author€appealed€against€his€sentence€on€the€grounds€of€"unfair€trial"€and€unreliableÐ Zª Ðevidence",€but€on€9€July€1986,€the€Court€of€Appeal€refused€leave€to€appeal€and€confirmedÐ @ Ðthe€sentence,€after€counsel€for€the€author€had€conceded€that€there€were€no€grounds€of€appealÐ &v Ðthat€could€be€argued€with€any€hope€of€success.€The€Court€of€Appeal€delivered€a€writtenÐ  \ Ðjudgement€on€24€September€1986.€The€author€submits€that€his€representative€subsequentlyÐ òB Ðtold€him€that€there€was€no€merit€in€the€case€justifying€an€appeal€to€the€Judicial€CommitteeÐ Ø( Ðof€the€Privy€Council,€and€that€the€case€would€be€placed€before€the€Governor„General€forÐ ¾ Ðclemency.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ3.€By€decision€of€21€July€1987,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication,€for€information,€to€the€State€party€and€requested€it,€under€rule€86€theÐ V"¦! Ðprovisional€rules€of€procedure,€not€to€carry€out€the€death€sentence€against€the€author€beforeÐ <#Œ" Ðit€had€had€an€opportunity€to€consider€further€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€theÐ "$r# Ðcommunication.€The€author€was€requested,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€ofÐ %X $ Ðprocedure,€to€furnish€information€concerning€the€facts€of€his€case€and€the€circumstances€ofÐ î%>!% Ðhis€trial€and€to€provide€the€Committee€with€the€transcripts€of€the€written€judgements.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ4.€In€a€submission€dated€21€October€1987,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€isÐ  (ð#( Ðinadmissible€on€the€ground€of€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€because€the€case€has€notÐ †)Ö$) Ðyet€been€adjudicated€by€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€The€State€party€addsÐ l*¼%* Ðthat€"[i]n€circumstances€such€as€these€a€reasonable€interpretation€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€does€not€yield€to€the€conclusion€that€the€State€partyÐ 8,ˆ', Ðis€required€to€furnish€documents€and€information€in€relation€to€a€communication€which€isÐ -n(- Ðpatently€admissible".€Under€cover€of€a€further€note€dated€10€December€1987,€the€State€PartyÐ ° Ðdoes,€however,€forward€a€copy€of€the€Notes€of€Evidence€in€the€author's€case.Ð –æ ÐÌ5.€Under€cover€of€a€letter€dated€10€February€1988,€the€lawyer€who€represented€the€authorÐ b² Ðbefore€the€Court€of€Appeal€forwarded€a€copy€of€the€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.€HeÐ H˜ Ðstates€that€he€had€formed€the€opinion€that€there€was€no€merit€in€the€author's€case,€since€theÐ . ~ Ðauthor€had€been,€in€his€opinion,€properly€identified.€He€ds€that€the€case€was€not€furtherÐ  d Ðpursued€with€a€view€to€filing€a€petition€for€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Judicial€Committee€of€theÐ ú J ÐPrivy€Council.Ð à 0 ÐÌ6.€By€decision€of€16€March€1988,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ ¬ ü  Ðtransmitted€the€communication€to€the€State€party,€requesting€it,€under€rule€91€of€theÐ ’â  Ðprovisional€rules€of€procedure,€to€provide€information€and€observations€relevant€to€theÐ xÈ  Ðquestion€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€In€particular€requested€the€State€partyÐ ^®  Ðto€clarify€whether€the€author€retained€the€right€to€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€PrivyÐ D”  ÐCouncil€for€leave€to€appeal€and€whether€legal€aid€would€be€available€to€him€in€that€respect.Ð *z  ÐThe€Working€Group€further€requested€the€State€party,€under€rule€86€of€the€rules€ofÐ ` Ðprocedure,€not€to€carry€out€the€death€sentence€against€the€author€while€his€communicationÐ öF Ðwas€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.Ð Ü, ÐÌ7.€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€dated€20€July€1988,€the€State€party€contends€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€on€the€ground€of€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remediesÐ ŽÞ Ðbecause€the€author€retains€the€right,€under€section€110€of€the€Jamaican€Constitution,€toÐ tÄ Ðpetition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€The€StateÐ Zª Ðparty€adds€that€legal€aid€would€be€available€to€him€for€this€purpose€pursuant€to€section€3,Ð @ Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Poor€Prisoners'€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€A.Ð &v ÐÌ8.€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author,€in€a€letter€dated€11€January€1989,Ð òB Ðstates€that€he€has€contacted€a€law€firm€in€London,€which€he€claims€would€be€willing€to€assistÐ Ø( Ðhim€for€purposes€of€filing€a€petition€for€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Privy€Council.€By€phone€callÐ ¾ Ðof€8€June€1989,€author's€counsel€in€London€confirmed€that€he€is€preparing€a€petition€onÐ ¤ô Ðbehalf€of€the€author.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ9.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication€the€Human€RightsÐ V"¦! ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ <#Œ" Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð "$r# ÐÌ9.2€The€Committee€has€ascertained€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€ofÐ î%>!% Ðthe€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€matter€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.Ð º' #' ÐÌ9.3€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€Committee€hasÐ †)Ö$) Ðnoted€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€because€of€theÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor's€failure€to€petition€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€for€special€leave€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðappeal.€It€observes€that€the€author,€although€claiming€that€there€would€be€no€merit€inÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpursuing€such€a€petition,€has€obtained€òòpro€bono€óórepresentation€for€this€purpose,€and€that€hisÐ -n(- Ðrepresentative€it€currently€preparing€a€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€on€his€behalf.€TheÐ ° ÐCommittee€cannot€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€a€petition€forÐ –æ Ðspecial€leave€to€the€Privy€Council€must€be€considered€òòa€priori€óófutile.€It€therefore€finds€thatÐ |Ì Ðthe€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€the€Optional€Protocol€have€not€been€met.Ð b² ÐÌ10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð . ~ ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b€of€the€OptionalÐ ú J ÐProtocol;Ð à 0 ÐÌ(b)€That,€since€this€decision€may€be€reviewed€under€rule€92,€paragraph€2,€the€Committee'sÐ ¬ ü  Ðprovisional€rules€of€procedure€upon€receipt€of€a€written€request€or€on€behalf€of€the€authorÐ ’â  Ðcontaining€information€to€the€effect€that€the€reasons€for€inadmissibility€no€longer€apply,€theÐ xÈ  ÐState€party€shall€be€requested,€taking€into€account€the€spirit€and€purpose€of€rule€86€of€theÐ ^®  ÐCommittee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€not€to€carry€out€the€death€sentence€against€theÐ D”  Ðauthor,€before€he€had€a€reasonable€time,€after€completing€the€effective€domestic€remediesÐ *z  Ðavailable€to€him,€to€request€the€Committee€to€review€the€present€decision;Ð ` ÐÌ(c)€That€this€decision€shall€be€transmitted€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author.Ð Ü, ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌa/€€The€author's€initial€and€subsequent€submissions€do€not€provide€a€detailed€account€of€theÐ Zª Ðfacts.€The€following€description€is€drawn€primarily€from€the€outline€of€the€facts€containedÐ @ Ðin€the€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.