ÿWPC)  \e}mÐÚ®£ÖKÍóî¿12š»´-}d©îÑå&0B†ÒÈ/+‘à¯ÿÔQ?"±ò²ÊܼŸ ì®Ü’í¯”»X«ç?–Â.l¨Kš$ˆ’¥ûŽüY.&ùâÆµ½ðADÆ4Âj^õ,‚}ŒR §Û·ã+¾¼Õ³XgÀyhî,]„XÌìÃ%nù¯±Õx”ènj2®ûÉ`¡X­,°*†ŸqCÍþ’¨Û7U-£á~õ^~6S9¶ý¼,ò("G°•D¦|x¿ÛŽçxÞyµ}j¾ƒgT‰¼ôá}‡â`P¿ âÞç¦ì8#ä‡D†Þ,\Zo³˜YQU'%¨šºÁä;)Ò¦§…L¸ì¼–ë¿ š¢c#1U½{(±À£NÁ+ ààç¸f9‘—œ^tjo+oÄ \XˆÉ#ìàSæÌzûvéQä€á„:´’ogT½S»„]!{]æ°°ã˧õUcœ0X†i(ÿðŠ|óß“€1ØZÖ–aÈᣲœ¹‘„K–®0å?>*µ/°TlBÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #! UN. %| M‚ († N® ^ ° w@¼ 4ü  m ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(žE$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X`XX XÔÔ€X`XX X`ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X3‰4)Æ UU £ [ [ [ [[[[as()ÿÿÁŸ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ E!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XPXX XÔÔ€XPXX XPÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòE.€A.€v.€SwitzerlandóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€28/1995ÌÌ10€November€1997ÌÌCAT/C/19/D/28/1995ÌÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€E.€A.€(name€deleted)€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Switzerland€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€14€June€1995€óóÐ  p ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ ä4 ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€ÌÌòòMeetingóó€on€10€November€1997,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€28/1995,€submitted€to€theÐ €Ð ÐCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÏCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€ÌÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€ÌÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð ô$D # ÐññÌññÌñ ñÓ™Óñ ñòòò òñ ñÓ  Óñ ñViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóó€Ð ¸'#& Ðñ ñÓ…ÓÓÓñ ñññÌññÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€a€Turkish€citizen€of€Kurdish€ethnic€origin,€born€inÏ1961,€who€left€Turkey€in€July€1990€and€requested€political€asylum€in€Switzerland€on€23€JulyÏ1990.€At€the€time€of€submission€the€author€was€residing€in€Switzerland,€but€on€10€AugustÏ1995€he€left€Switzerland€and€is€now€believed€to€be€residing€with€relatives€in€Munich,Ð D-”(, ÐGermany.€In€his€submission€the€author€claimed€that€his€expulsion€to€Turkey€would€haveÏconstituted€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,ÏInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€ÌÌñ ñòòñ ñThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorñ ñóóñ ñ€Ð `° ÐÌ2.1€The€author€has€been€a€sympathizer€of€the€illegal€organization€Dev„Ô_ÔYolÔ_Ô€since€the€end€ofÏthe€1970s.€He€was€involved€in€propaganda€activities€until€1980.€At€the€end€of€1980,€he€wasÏarrested€by€the€Turkish€authorities€and€kept€in€police€detention€for€one€and€a€half€months,Ïduring€which€he€was€tortured.€Later€he€was€again€detained€for€a€month,€since€he€failed€toÏappear€before€the€Military€Tribunal.€ÌÌ2.2€In€October€1980,€the€author€started€his€military€service.€On€22€April€1983,€the€MilitaryÏTribunal€acquitted€the€author€of€the€charges€against€him.€The€author€states,€however,€that€heÏcontinued€to€be€harassed€and€detained€for€short€periods,€despite€his€acquittal.€After€the€trial,Ïthe€author€halted€his€public€political€activities.€In€July€1988,€while€he€was€working€at€theÏÔ_ÔAtatrkÔ_Ô€dam,€he€was€stopped€by€the€police€and€interrogated€about€the€political€activities€ofÏhis€colleagues.€One€week€later,€he€had€a€collision€with€a€military€jeep,€because€of€which€heÏbroke€his€lower€leg€and€was€unable€to€work€for€17€months.€According€to€the€author,€theÏcollision€was€no€accident,€but€an€attack€in€order€to€scare€him.€ÌÌ2.3€The€author€further€explains€that€he€was€also€in€danger€because€of€political€activities€ofÏfamily€members.€His€elder€brother€was€detained€from€1975€to€1979/80€because€of€hisÏmembership€in€Dev„Ô_ÔYolÔ_Ô,€and€has€been€in€hiding€since.€The€author€has€lost€contact€with€hisÏbrother,€but€states€that€the€police€called€him€to€their€office€and€asked€after€his€brother,€aboutÏfive€months€before€he€left€Turkey.€When€he€was€once€again€called€to€the€police€office,€theÏauthor€became€afraid€and€decided€to€leave€the€country.€The€author€further€states€that€his€wifeÏand€children€had€to€leave€their€home€town€Cat€and€are€now€staying€with€family€in€Ô_ÔMersinÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ2.4€The€author's€application€for€refugee€status€was€considered€by€the€Swiss€Refugee€Office,Ïwhich€reviewed€his€submissions€against€other€relevant€information€obtained€by€the€SwissÏEmbassy€in€Ankara,€from€which€it€appeared€that€the€author€was€not€personally€in€danger€ofÏdetention€or€persecution.€By€decision€of€12€July€1994€the€author's€application€for€refugeeÏstatus€was€denied.€The€author's€appeal€was€considered€by€the€Asylum€Review€Commission,Ïwhich€confirmed€the€earlier€decision€on€28€March€1995.€ÌÌñ ñòòñ ñThe€complaintñ ñóóñ ñ€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ3.€The€author€submits€that€Turkey€is€a€country€where€torture€is€systematically€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€andÏthat€the€human€rights€situation€in€the€country€has€been€deteriorating€over€the€past€years.€TheÏauthor€states€that€he€is€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€Turkey€becauseÏhe€is€Kurd,€because€he€has€been€accused€of€membership€in€an€illegal€political€party€and€wasÏput€on€a€blacklist€because€of€this,€and€because€family€members€are€politically€active€andÏbeing€persecuted€by€the€authorities.€The€author€further€refers€to€statements€from€three€KurdÏactivists€who€have€been€recognized€as€refugees€in€Germany,€according€to€whom€the€authorÐ @-(, Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€detained€and€tortured€if€he€were€to€return€to€his€country.€ÌÌñ ñòòñ ñAdmissibility€considerationsñ ñóóñ ñ€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ4.1€By€note€Ô_ÔverbaleÔ_Ô€on€22€December€1995€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€theÏauthor€had€left€Switzerland€on€10€August€1995€and€that€he€was€no€longer€within€SwissÏjurisdiction.€It€argued€that€pursuant€to€rule€107,€paragraph€1€(b),€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÏprocedure,€the€author€lacked€the€quality€of€victim€for€purposes€of€article€22€of€theÏConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orÏPunishment.€ÌÌ4.2€In€his€submission€of€26€March€1996€author's€counsel€argued€that€the€author€only€left€theÏterritory€of€Switzerland€because€he€believed€that€he€was€in€imminent€danger€of€beingÏreturned€to€Turkey,€since€the€Committee€had€declined€to€request€Switzerland,€pursuant€toÏrule€108,€paragraph€9,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€that€he€not€be€expelled€whileÏthe€Committee€was€seized€of€the€case.€The€author,€however,€wished€to€maintain€hisÏcomplaint€before€the€Committee.€ÌÌ5.1€At€its€sixteenth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÏcommunication.€It€noted€that,€pursuant€to€article€22,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€theÏCommittee€may€consider€a€communication€from€an€individual€who€claims€to€be€a€victim€ofÏa€violation€of€a€provision€of€the€Convention€by€a€State€party,€provided€that€the€individual€isÏsubject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€that€State€party,€and€that€the€State€has€declared€that€it€recognizesÏthe€Committee's€competence€under€article€22.€ÌÌ5.2€The€Committee€observed€that€at€the€time€of€the€submission€of€the€author'sÏcommunication,€he€was€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State€party€and€that€the€communicationÏwas€properly€registered.€The€Committee€needed€not€to€examine€the€reasons€why€the€authorÏleft€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State€party€and€did€not€consider€his€absence€from€Switzerland€aÏground€for€inadmissibility.€In€the€absence€of€other€obstacles€to€admissibility,€and€bearing€inÏmind€that€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€in€Switzerland,€the€Committee€found€thatÏit€should€proceed€to€an€examination€of€the€merits€of€the€claim.€ÌÌ6.€On€8€May€1996,€the€Committee€therefore€decided€that€the€communication€was€admissible.€ÌÌñ ñòòñ ñState€party's€observations€on€the€merits€of€the€communicationñ ñóóñ ñ€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ7.1€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€author's€claim€has€been€duly€examined€by€the€OfficeÏÔ_ÔfdralÔ_Ô€des€Ô_ÔrfugisÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô)€and€by€the€Commission€de€Ô_ÔrecoursÔ_Ô€en€Ô_ÔmatireÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôd'asileÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔCRAÔ_Ô),€andÏthat€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara€was€requested€to€inquire€into€some€of€the€author'sÏallegations.€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€bases€his€claim€mainly€on€the€fact€that€heÏwas€suspected€of€membership€of€an€illegal€political€party,€but€that€he€was€acquitted€of€theseÏcharges€in€1983,€and€that€he€only€left€Turkey€seven€years€later.€ÌÌ7.2€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€its€embassy€in€AnkaraÐ @-(, Ðhas€made€enquiries€which€show€that€the€author€is€not€listed€by€the€police,€which€appearsÏlogical€since€he€was€acquitted€of€the€charges€against€him.€According€to€the€State€party,€theÏauthor's€declarations€about€the€arrests€he€has€undergone€since€his€acquittal€are€contradictoryÏand€vary€from€instance€to€instance.€As€to€his€political€activities€after€1983,€the€State€partyÏnotes€that€the€author€never€mentioned€these€before€the€Ô_ÔODRÔ_Ô€and€brought€it€up€for€the€firstÏtime€in€his€appeal€to€the€Ô_ÔCRAÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ7.3€As€to€the€author's€accident€in€1988,€the€State€party€argues€that€it€is€very€unlikely€that€thisÏwas€an€attack€on€him,€given€the€fact€that€it€happened€in€the€middle€of€the€day,€in€the€presenceÏof€many€witnesses€and€that€it€failed.€The€State€party€further€points€out€that€at€first€the€authorÏdeclared€that€the€collision€was€with€a€police€jeep,€whereas€later€he€said€that€it€was€with€aÏmilitary€jeep.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€interrogation€by€the€police€a€week€before€theÏaccident€appears€to€have€been€routine€procedure€and€is€not€linked€to€the€accident.€ÌÌ7.4€As€to€the€circumstances€of€the€author's€departure€from€Turkey,€the€State€party€notes€thatÏthe€author€states€that€he€left€Turkey€illegally€with€a€falsified€passport.€However,€the€SwissÏembassy€in€Ankara€found€that€the€author€had€been€issued€a€passport€in€1991€by€theÏcompetent€authorities€in€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô,€which€the€author€has€never€mentioned.€According€to€theÏState€party,€if€the€author€had€left€Turkey€in€the€circumstances€related€by€him,€the€TurkishÏauthorities€would€not€have€issued€him€a€new€passport.€ÌÌ7.5€As€to€the€author's€claim€that€close€family€members€are€politically€active€and€sought€byÏthe€police,€and€that€he€therefore€fears€torture€upon€his€return€to€Turkey,€the€State€partyÏcontends€that€the€Turkish€authorities€cannot€possibly€expect€the€author€to€have€stayed€inÏclose€contact€with€his€brother€over€the€past€five€years,€since€he€was€residing€outside€theÏcountry.€The€State€party€moreover€points€out€that€the€author's€brother€was€actually€arrestedÏon€4€April€1985€for€having€a€false€identity€card€on€him€and€subsequently€released,€whichÏseems€to€indicate€that€he€is€not€being€sought€by€the€authorities.€ÌÌ7.6€As€to€the€author's€own€political€activities,€the€State€party€notes€that€they€go€back€sevenÏyears€and€were€subject€to€a€judgement€of€acquittal.€The€State€party€notes€that€Dev„Ô_ÔYolÔ_Ô€noÏlonger€manifests€itself€actively€and€is€no€longer€an€object€of€interest€on€the€part€of€theÏTurkish€security€forces.€ÌÌ7.7€The€State€party€refers€to€the€text€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€observes€that€it€doesÏnot€imply€that€an€automatic€danger€of€torture€exists€when€human€rights€violations€regularlyÏtake€place€in€the€country€concerned,€but€only€that€this€situation€must€be€taken€into€accountÏwhen€determining€whether€a€danger€exists.€The€danger€must€be€concrete,€that€is€directlyÏaffecting€the€applicant,€and€serious,€that€is€highly€likely€to€occur.€With€reference€to€theÏarguments€outlined€above,€the€State€party€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€author€of€the€presentÏcommunication€has€not€shown€the€existence€of€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€suchÏa€danger€exists€if€he€were€to€return€to€Turkey.€ÌÌ7.8€With€regard€to€the€author's€reference€to€the€situation€of€Kurds€in€Turkey,€the€State€partyÏargues€that€reference€to€a€general€situation€cannot€in€itself€be€evidence€of€the€existence€of€aÐ @-(, Ðconcrete€and€serious€danger€for€the€author.€Moreover,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€authorÏcould€establish€himself€in€another€part€of€Turkey,€if€he€believes€that€the€region€of€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€isÏdangerous€for€him.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€author's€wife€and€childrenÏare€now€living€in€Ô_ÔMersinÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ7.9€Finally,€the€State€party€recalls€that€Turkey€is€a€party€to€the€Convention€against€TortureÏand€also€has€recognized€the€Committee's€competence€to€examine€individual€communicationsÏunder€article€22€of€the€Convention.€According€to€the€State€party,€a€finding€of€a€violation€byÏthe€Committee€in€the€instant€case€would€have€serious€and€paradoxical€results.€ÌÌññòòññCounsel's€comments€on€the€State€party's€submissionññóóññ€Ð è 8  ÐÌ8.1€Counsel€argues€that€the€existence€in€a€country€of€a€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÏviolations€of€human€rights€is€in€itself€an€indication€that€a€danger€of€torture€exists.€In€thisÏcontext,€counsel€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€contest€that€such€a€pattern€exists€inÏTurkey.€ÌÌ8.2€Moreover,€counsel€refers€to€his€initial€communication€and€argues€that€individual€groundsÏfor€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€torture€exist.€In€this€context,€counsel€notesÏthat€the€State€party€bases€itself€on€information€provided€by€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara.ÏCounsel€claims€that€the€information€provided€by€this€embassy€has€been€proven€wrong€onÏseveral€occasions€and€therefore€questions€the€reliability€of€the€information€provided€in€theÏauthor's€case.€ÌÌ8.3€Counsel€further€recalls€that€the€author€originates€from€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô,€and€that€even€the€SwissÏauthorities€are€of€the€opinion€that€no€refugee€claimant€should€be€sent€back€to€that€area€ofÏTurkey€because€of€the€violence€plaguing€the€region.€In€its€decision€in€the€author's€case,€theÏÔ_ÔCRAÔ_Ô€argued€that€the€author€could€safely€return€to€other€parts€of€Turkey.€According€toÏcounsel,€the€Ô_ÔCRAÔ_Ô€has€since€changed€its€jurisprudence€and€now€holds€that€no€safe€alternativesÏexist€for€persons€from€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô,€since€the€province€of€origin€is€always€mentioned€in€theÏidentity€cards€and€since€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€has€the€image€to€be€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô„friendly;€as€a€consequence,€personsÏfrom€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€are€at€a€particular€risk€during€identity€checks.€ÌÌ8.4€As€regards€the€State€party's€argument€that€a€finding€of€a€violation€would€lead€toÏparadoxical€situation,€since€Turkey€is€a€party€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€includingÏarticle€22,€counsel€argues€that€Turkey's€ratification€of€the€Convention€and€recognition€of€theÏcomplaints€procedure€cannot€preclude€the€application€of€article€3€to€Switzerland.€ÌÌññòòññState€party's€further€submission€and€counsel's€comments€thereonññóóññ€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ9.1€In€a€further€submission,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€information€in€which€theÏembassy€has€recognized€that€it€has€erred€in€the€past€concerned€declarations€that€a€person€wasÏnot€in€possession€of€a€passport,€and€that€this€does€not€affect€the€information€provided€by€theÏembassy€in€the€author's€case.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€CRA€has€found€theÏinformation€provided€by€the€embassy€to€be€fully€reliable.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€pointsÐ @-(, Ðout€that€the€information€furnished€by€its€representations€abroad€is€only€one€of€many€elementsÏon€which€the€authorities€base€their€decisions.€ÌÌ9.2€With€regard€to€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô,€the€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€Ô_ÔCRAÔ_Ô€has€rendered€aÏdecision€in€which€it€is€stated€that€persons€from€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€run€particular€risks€during€identityÏchecks€because€of€their€place€of€origin.€However,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€fact€that€theÏauthor€is€from€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€is€not€in€itself€sufficient€to€conclude€that€he€cannot€live€in€securityÏelsewhere€in€Turkey.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€points€out€that€thousands€of€Kurds€haveÏestablished€themselves€in€the€west€of€Turkey€in€recent€years€and€that€in€Istanbul€alone€moreÏthan€three€million€Kurds€are€registered.€ÌÌ10.1€Counsel€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€contested€that€its€embassy€in€Ankara€hasÏprovided€wrong€information€in€the€past.€He€contends€that€this€wrong€information€was€notÏlimited€to€declarations€about€the€issuance€of€passports.€Counsel€refers€to€a€report€publishedÏby€the€Swiss€Refugee€Aid€Ô_ÔOrganisationÔ_Ô,€in€which€it€is€stated€that,€although€it€cannot€beÏcontested€that€the€information€provided€by€the€embassy€is€reliable€in€relatively€many€cases,Ïmistakes€can€easily€be€made€and€a€whole€list€of€cases€exists€in€which€the€Embassy€gaveÏinformation€which€was€later€shown€wrong.€Counsel€also€refers€to€the€Committee's€Views€inÏcommunication€No.€21/1995€(Ismail€Alan€v.€Switzerland)€in€which€the€Committee€concludedÏthat€the€return€to€Turkey€would€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€despiteÏinformation€provided€by€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara€that€the€author€was€not€being€soughtÏby€the€police€and€that€no€passport€prohibition€for€him€existed.€ÌÌ10.2€Counsel€explains€that€the€embassy's€enquiries€are€made€by€an€officer€of€the€ODRÏaccredited€to€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs.€According€to€counsel,€the€Turkish€authoritiesÏwould€certainly€not€provide€any€information€which€could€damage€their€interests.€Since€mostÏof€this€information€is€to€be€considered€as€illegally€gathered,€because€of€the€lack€of€anÏinternational€legal€basis,€counsel€argues€that€this€evidence€should€be€treated€withÏcircumspection.€ÌÌ10.3€Counsel€submits€that€for€Kurds€from€Ô_ÔTunceliÔ_Ô€no€real€possibility€exists€to€settleÏelsewhere€in€Turkey,€and€that€they€are€subject€to€human€rights€violations€also€in€the€west€ofÏTurkey.€Counsel€refers€to€the€Committee's€Views€in€communication€No.€21/1995€(òòIsmailÐ 0"€  ÐAlan€v.€Turkeyóó)€in€which€the€Committee€held€that€since€the€police€were€looking€for€theÐ #l! Ðauthor,€it€was€not€likely€that€a€"safe"€area€for€him€existed€in€Turkey.€ÌÌ10.4€Finally,€counsel€submits€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Turkey€has€not€improved,€andÏthat€Amnesty€International,€in€its€annual€report€of€1996,€reports€that€torture€is€being€usedÏroutinely€as€has€also€been€recognized€by€the€Committee.€Counsel€also€refers€to€a€judgementÏby€the€Swiss€Federal€Court€of€11€September€1996,€concerning€an€extradition€to€Turkey,€inÏwhich€the€Court€found€that€serious€human€rights€violations€took€place€in€Turkey,€and€that€theÏextradition€should€therefore€be€subject€to€certain€assurances.€ÌÌññòòññExamination€of€the€meritsññóóññ€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð11.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationÏmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theÏConvention.€ÌÌ11.2€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€whether€there€areÏsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€E.€A.€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subject€to€tortureÏupon€return€to€Turkey.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€account€allÏrelevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€the€existence€of€aÏconsistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theÏdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personallyÏat€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€would€return.€It€followsÏthat€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rightsÏin€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€determining€that€a€particularÏperson€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country;Ïadditional€grounds€must€exist€to€show€that€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€atÏrisk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights€doesÏnot€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€inÏhis€or€her€specific€circumstances.€ÌÌ11.3€The€Committee€has€noted€that€the€State€party's€argument€that€the€danger€to€an€individualÏmust€be€serious€("substantial")€in€the€sense€of€being€highly€likely€to€occur.€The€CommitteeÏdoes€not€accept€this€interpretation€and€is€of€the€view€that€"substantial€grounds"€in€article€3Ïrequire€more€than€a€mere€possibility€of€torture€but€do€not€need€to€be€highly€likely€to€occurÏto€satisfy€that€provision's€conditions.€ÌÌ11.4€In€the€present€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author's€political€activities€date€backÏto€the€beginning€of€the€eighties,€at€which€time€he€was€arrested,€tortured,€prosecuted€andÏacquitted.€The€author€himself€states€that€he€did€not€resume€his€activities€and€although€wasÏinterrogated€by€the€police€twice€(once€in€1988€and€once€five€months€before€leaving)€there€isÏno€indication€that€the€police€intended€to€detain€him.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€finds€alsoÏthat€the€author€has€not€provided€substantiation€for€his€claim€that€the€collision€with€a€jeep€inÏ1988€was€in€fact€an€attack€on€him.€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€author€has€notÏcontested€the€State€party's€assertion€that€the€authorities€in€Tunceli€issued€him€a€passport€inÏ1991,€and€that€there€is€no€indication€that€the€police€are€looking€for€him€at€present.€ÌÌ11.5€The€Committee€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rights€situation€in€Turkey,€but€recalls€that,Ïfor€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€mustÏexist€of€being€tortured€in€the€country€to€which€a€person€is€returned.€On€the€basis€of€theÏconsiderations€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€such€risk€has€not€been€established.€ÌÌ11.6€The€Committee€considers€that€the€information€before€it€does€not€show€that€òòsubstantialÐ )à$( Ðóógrounds€exist€for€believing€that€the€author€will€be€personally€at€risk€of€being€subject€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðtorture€if€he€is€returned€to€Turkey.€ÌÌ12.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÐ @-(, Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theÏview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theÏConvention.€ÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original]€ÌÓ# Ó