’WPC] œŁ‚¹§,,xĻ‹PČ’š‡'\…gøV[Ūē Ä(yŖ²ķ Į‚āÅ!3»=óO‰¤t4Rõ¦“Iw$ļaKąZTEŚųTĀUb•¹{łp¾Ū¦ūh-ffMwøŚźm‹Ōqš,N(÷ēźWżzZģ+ĖNjՂGŠ%dbM†žoƞśŲŽĀFš*ącJ7”?ĶSeń9YÕU.b)÷‘ģ‚ż­šöķęŽB„iśÓ”-¹ÄS‰]$Ē×ŗĮi]ßĒqpF(Ā?r\UĻ×yąI|OŪńśf+ŒĪE!fOń½ė»ē»9Ņ`­ „œ° %énš2½±ęC×½Ŗ4żŖ±]^½ēŽųlyĢé¬Ö•Ę˜K{ŗA(„ōN<˜Ą‡NS“M$tm‘K‚ĆŸ?Ž!Ų äaŽŲP¤Ī£©ÅjÆČ¹ģR%Ģ[g­/ YöA]½†ÖÜöĄ¬epmø4]żķEÖė„ńŽ›5%1ørŁźØą#`,«$ÆŃi\1ĪłĮ(b9"/XŒž”æ°Ż#CŁ\#»ŠÅ²ä0…DŖš’]gZµŪ>ŸÉu&ęsĢŌ°nŪ[¬LHRXž›ņ+µ3ą,’™ŸMOĆĘØ·XBƒ$Žž&į˜Ū<óµģTÄr%U>ĢD 0µ 0<Å 0Y 0_Z 0i¹ 0P" Ęr 0į8 0( D+A AMl l l l l l l l l l ¹ 0NÉ 0Ę #ĮŻ UNž %ģMņ(öN^ w,40D mFō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Sandra Lovelace v. Canada, Communication No. R.6/24 (29 December 1977) U.N. Doc. Supp. No.4) U.N. Doc. Supp. No."Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0’’.Strongņ ņŌ  Ōó óŌ  ԁ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2·_$££Ż ƒ÷–!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XįMXXXŌŌ€XįMXXXįMŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(ĶO$——Ō’ŌņņóóŌ’Ō(ž÷–$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XźXXXŌŌ€XźXXXźŌŌԘHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX Øó* Äpģ*c(„³Corel ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ÷–!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XįMXXXŌŌ€XįMXXXįMŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņLovelace€v.€CanadaóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€R.6/24*/Š H˜ ŠĢ30€July€1981Š  d ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by:€óóSandra€Lovelace€Š xČ  ŠĢņņState€party€concerned:€óóCanada€Š D”  ŠĢņņDate€of€communication:€óó29€December€1977óó€Š ` ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantŠ Ā Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Š Øų ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€30€July€1981;€Š tÄ ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€R.6/24€submitted€to€theŠ @ ŠCommittee€by€Sandra€Lovelace€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€CovenantŠ &v Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€Š  \ ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theŠ Ų( Šcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned;€Š ¾ ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€the€following:€Š Š Ś ŠÓZÓĢĢÓ  Óņ ņņņVIEWS€UNDER€ARTICLE€5€(4)€OF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLóóó óŠ <#Œ" ŠÓHÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€dated€29€December€1977€and€supplemented€by€lettersŠ ī%>!% Šof€17€April€1978,€28€November€1979€and€20€June€1980,€is€a€32„year„old€woman,€living€inŠ Ō&$"& ŠCanada.€She€was€born€and€registered€as€"Ō_ŌMaliseetŌ_Ō€Indian"€but€has€lost€her€rights€and€statusŠ ŗ' #' Šas€an€Indian€in€accordance€with€section€12€(1)€(b)€of€the€Indian€Act,€after€having€married€aŠ  (š#( Šnon„Indian€on€23€May€1970.€Pointing€out€that€an€Indian€man€who€marries€a€non„IndianŠ †)Ö$) Šwoman€does€not€lose€his€Indian€status,€she€claims€that€the€Act€is€discriminatory€on€theŠ l*¼%* Šrounds€of€sex€and€contrary€to€articles€2€(1),€3,€23€(1)€and€(4),€26€and€27€of€the€Covenant.€AsŠ R+¢&+ Što€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€she€contends€that€she€was€not€required€to€exhaustŠ 8,ˆ', Šlocal€remedies€since€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€in€The€Attorney„General€of€Canada€v.Š -n(- ŠJeanette€Ō_ŌLavalleŌ_Ō,€Richard€Isaac€et€ņņal.€óóv.€Ō_ŌIvonneŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌBedardŌ_Ō€ņņ/1óó97ņņ4/óó€Ō_ŌS.C.R.Ō_Ō€1349,€held€that€sectionŠ ° Š12€(1)€(b)€was€fully€operative,€irrespective€of€its€inconsistency€with€the€Canadian€Bill€ofŠ –ę ŠRights€on€account€of€discrimination€based€on€sex.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.€By€its€decision€of€18€July€1978€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theŠ H˜ Šcommunication,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€to€the€State€partyŠ . ~ Šconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityŠ  d Šof€the€communication.€This€request€for€information€and€observations€was€reiterated€by€aŠ ś J Šdecision€of€the€Committee's€Working€Group,€dated€6€April€1979.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€14€August€1979€the€Human€Rights€Committee€declared€theŠ ¬ ü  Šcommunication€admissible€and€requested€the€author€of€the€communication€to€submitŠ ’ā  Šadditional€information€concerning€her€age€and€her€marriage,€which€had€not€been€indicatedŠ xČ  Šin€the€original€submission.€At€that€time€no€information€or€observations€had€been€receivedŠ ^®  Šfrom€the€State€party€concerning€the€question€of€admissibility€of€the€communication.€Š D”  ŠĢ4.€In€its€submission€dated€26€September€1979€relating€to€the€admissibility€of€theŠ ` Šcommunication,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€it€had€no€comments€on€thatŠ öF Špoint€to€make.€This€fact,€however,€should€not€be€considered€as€an€admission€of€the€meritsŠ Ü, Šof€the€allegations€or€the€arguments€of€the€author€of€the€communication.€Š Ā ŠĢ5.€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€concerning€the€merits€of€theŠ ŽŽ Šcase,€dated€4€April€1980,€the€State€party€recognized€that€"many€of€the€provisions€of€the€...Š tÄ ŠIndian€Act,€including€section€12€(1)€(b),€require€serious€reconsideration€and€reform".€TheŠ ZŖ ŠGovernment€further€referred€to€an€earlier€public€declaration€to€the€effect€that€it€intended€toŠ @ Šput€a€reform€bill€before€the€Canadian€Parliament.€It€none€the€less€stressed€the€necessity€ofŠ &v Šthe€Indian€Act€as€an€instrument€designed€to€protect€the€Indian€minority€in€accordance€withŠ  \ Šarticle€27€of€the€Covenant.€A€definition€of€the€Indian€was€inevitable€in€view€of€the€specialŠ ņB Šprivileges€granted.€to€the€Indian€communities,€in€particular€their€right€to€occupy€reserveŠ Ų( Šlands.€Traditionally,€patrilineal€family€relationships€were€taken€into€account€for€determiningŠ ¾ Šlegal€claims.€Since,€additionally,€in€the€farming€societies€of€the€nineteenth€century,€reserveŠ ¤ō Šland€was€felt€to€be€more€threatened€by€non„Indian€men€than€by€non„Indian€women,€legalŠ Š Ś Šenactments€as€from€1869€provided€that€an€Indian€woman€who€married€a€non„Indian€manŠ p!Ą  Šwould€lose€her€status€as€an€Indian.€These€reasons€were€still€valid.€A€change€in€the€law€couldŠ V"¦! Šonly€be€sought€in€consultation€with€the€Indians€themselves€who,€however,€were€divided€onŠ <#Œ" Šthe€issue€of€equal€rights.€The€Indian€community€should€not€be€endangered€by€legislativeŠ "$r# Šchanges.€Therefore,€although€the€Government€was€in€principle€committed€to€mendingŠ %X $ Šsection€12€(1)€(b)€of€the€Indian€Act,€no€quick€and€immediate€legislative€action€could€beŠ ī%>!% Šexpected.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ6.€The€author€of€the€communication,€in€her€submission€of€20€June€1980,€disputes€theŠ  (š#( Šcontention€that€legal€relationships€within€Indian€families€were€traditionally€patrilineal€inŠ †)Ö$) Šnature.€Her€view€is€that€the€reasons€put€forward€by€the€Canadian€Government€do€not€justifyŠ l*¼%* Šthe€discrimination€against€Indian€women€in€section€12€(1)€(b)€of€the€Indian€Act.€SheŠ R+¢&+ Šconcludes€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€should€recommend€the€State€party€to€amendŠ 8,ˆ', Šthe€provisions€in€question.€Š -n(- Ї7.1€In€an€ņņInterim€decision,€óóadopted€on€31€July€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€set€outŠ ° Šthe€issues€of€the€case€in€the€following€considerations:€Š –ę ŠĢ7.2€The€Human€Rights€Committee€recognized€that€the€relevant€provision€of€the€Indian€Act,Š b² Šalthough€not€legally€restricting€the€right€to€marry€as€laid€down€in€article€23€(2)€of€theŠ H˜ ŠCovenant,€entails€serious€disadvantages€on€the€part€of€the€Indian€woman€who€wants€to€marryŠ . ~ Ša€non„Indian€man€and€may€in€fact€cause€her€to€live€with€her€Ō_ŌfiancŌ_Ō€in€an€unmarriedŠ  d Šrelationship.€There€is€thus€a€question€as€to€whether€the€obligation€of€the€State€party€underŠ ś J Šarticle€23€of€the€Covenant€with€regard€to€the€protection€of€the€family€is€complied€with.Š ą 0 ŠMoreover,€since€only€Indian€women€and€not€Indian€men€are€subject€to€these€disadvantagesŠ Ę   Šunder€the€Act,€the€question€arises€whether€Canada€complies€with€its€commitment€underŠ ¬ ü  Šarticles€2€and€3€to€secure€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€without€discrimination€as€to€sex.€OnŠ ’ā  Šthe€other€hand,€article€27€of€the€Covenant€requires€States€parties€to€accord€protection€toŠ xČ  Šethnic€and€linguistic€minorities€and€the€Committee€must€give€due€weight€to€this€obligation.Š ^®  ŠTo€enable€it€to€form€an€opinion€on€these€issues,€it€would€assist€the€Committee€to€have€certainŠ D”  Šadditional€observations€and€information.€Š *z  ŠĢ7.3€In€regard€to€the€present€communication,€however,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€mustŠ öF Šalso€take€into€account€that€the€Covenant€has€entered€into€force€in€respect€of€Canada€on€19Š Ü, ŠAugust€1976,€several€years€after€the€marriage€of€Mrs.€Lovelace.€She€consequently€lost€herŠ Ā Šstatus€as€an€Indian€at€a€time€when€Canada€was€not€bound€by€the€Covenant.€The€HumanŠ Øų ŠRights€Committee€has€held€that€it€is€empowered€to€consider€a€communication€when€theŠ ŽŽ Šmeasures€complained€of,€although€they€occurred€before€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant,Š tÄ Šcontinued€to€have€effects€which€themselves€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€after€thatŠ ZŖ Šdate.€It€is€therefore€relevant€for€the€Committee€to€know€whether€the€marriage€of€Mrs.Š @ ŠLovelace€in€1970€has€had€any€such€effects.€Š &v ŠĢ7.4€Since€the€author€of€the€communication€is€ethnically€an€Indian,€some€persisting€effectsŠ ņB Šof€her€loss€of€legal€status€as€an€Indian€may,€as€from€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€forŠ Ų( ŠCanada,€amount€to€a€violation€of€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€The€Human€RightsŠ ¾ ŠCommittee€has€been€informed€that€persons€in€her€situation€are€denied€the€right€to€live€on€anŠ ¤ō ŠI~Ō_ŌdianŌ_Ō€reserve€with€resultant€separation€from€the€Indian€community€and€members€of€theirŠ Š Ś Šfamilies.€Such€prohibition€may€affect€rights€which€the€Covenant€guarantees€in€articles€12€(1),Š p!Ą  Š17,€23€(1),€24€and€27.€There€may€be€other€such€effects€of€her€loss€of€status.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€invited€the€parties€to€submit€their€observations€on€theŠ "$r# Šabove€considerations€and,€as€appropriate,€to€furnish€replies€to€the€following€questions:€Š %X $ ŠĢ(a)€How€many€Indian€women€marry€non„Indian€men€on€an€average€each€year?€StatisticalŠ Ō&$"& Šdata€for€the€last€20€years€should€be€provided.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ(b)€What€is€the€legal€basis€of€a€prohibition€to€live€on€a€reserve?€Is€it€a€direct€result€of€the€lossŠ †)Ö$) Šof€Indian€status€or€does€it€derive€from€a€discretionary€decision€of€the€Council€of€theŠ l*¼%* Šcommunity€concerned?€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ(c)€What€reasons€are€adduced€to€Justify€the€denial€of€the€right€of€abode€on€a€reserve?€Š -n(- Ї(d)€What€legislative€proposals€are€under€consideration€for€ensuring€full€equality€between€theŠ ° Šsexes€with€regard€to€Indian€status?€How€would€they€affect€the€position€of€Mrs.€Lovelace?Š –ę ŠHow€soon€can€it€be€expected€that€legislation€will€be€introduced?€Š |Ģ ŠĢ(e)€What€was€Mrs.€Lovelace's€place€of€abode€prior€to€her€marriage?€Was€she€at€that€timeŠ H˜ Šliving€with€other€members€of€her€family?€Was€she€denied€the€right€to€reside€on€a€reserve€inŠ . ~ Šconsequence€of€her€marriage?€Š  d ŠĢ(f)€What€other€persisting€effects€of€Mrs.€Lovelace's€loss€of€status€are€there€which€may€beŠ ą 0 Šrelevant€to€any€of€the€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant?€Š Ę   ŠĢ9.1€In€submissions€dated€22€October€and€2€December€1980€the€State€party€and€the€author,Š ’ā  Šrespectively,€commented€on€the€Committee's€considerations€and€furnished€replies€to€theŠ xČ  Šquestions€asked.€Š ^®  ŠĢ9.2€It€emerges€from€statistics€provided€by€the€State€party€that€from€1965€to€1978,€on€anŠ *z  Šaverage,€510€Indian€women€married€non„Indian€men€each€year.€Marriages€between€IndianŠ ` Šwomen€and€Indian€men€of€the€same€band€during€that€period€were€590€on€the€average€eachŠ öF Šyear;€between€Indian€women€and€Indian€men€of€a€different€band€422€on€the€average€eachŠ Ü, Šyear;€and€between€Indian€men€and€non„Indian€women€448€on€the€average€each€year.€Š Ā ŠĢ9.3€As€to€the€legal€basis€of€a€prohibition€to€live€on€a€reserve,€the€State€party€offers€theŠ ŽŽ Šfollowing€explanations:€Š tÄ ŠĢ"Section€14€of€the€Indian€Act€provides€that€'(an€Indian)€woman€who€is€a€member€of€a€bandŠ @ Šceases€to€be€a€member€of€that€band€if€she€marries€a€person€who€is€not€a€member€of€thatŠ &v Šband'.€a/€As€such,€she€loses€the€right€to€the€use€and€benefits,€in€common€with€other€membersŠ  \ Šof€the€band,€of€the€land€allotted€to€the€band.€b/€It€should,€however,€be€noted€that€'when€(anŠ ņB ŠIndian€woman)€marries€a€member€of€another€band,€she€thereupon€becomes€a€member€of€theŠ Ų( Šband€of€which€her€husband€is€a€member'€As€such,€she€is€entitled€to€the€use€and€benefit€ofŠ ¾ Šlands€allotted€to€her€husband's€band.€Š ¤ō ŠĢ"An€Indian€(including€a€woman)€who€cease€to€be€a€member€of€a€band€ceases€to€be€entitledŠ p!Ą  Što€reside€by€right€on€a€reserve.€None€the€less€it€is€possible€for€an€individual€to€reside€on€aŠ V"¦! Šreserve€if€his€or€her€presence€thereon€is€tolerated€by€a€band€or€its€members.€It€should€beŠ <#Œ" Šnoted€that€under€section€30€of€the€Indian€Act,€any€person€who€trespasses€on€a€reserve€isŠ "$r# Šguilty€of€an€offence.€In€addition,€section€31€of€the€Act€provides€that€an€Indian€or€a€band€(andŠ %X $ Šof€course€its€agent,€the€Band€Council)€may€seek€relief€or€remedy€against€any€person,€otherŠ ī%>!% Šthan€an€Indian,€who€is€or€has€been€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ"(a)€unlawfully€in€occupation€or€possession€of,€Š  (š#( ŠĢ"(b)€claiming€adversely€the€right€to€occupation€or€possession€of,€or€Š l*¼%* ŠĢ"(c)€trespassing€upon€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Ša€reserve€or€part€thereof."€Š ° ŠĢ9.4€As€to€the€reasons€adduced€to€justify€the€denial€of€the€right€of€abode€on€a€reserve,€theŠ |Ģ ŠState€party€states€that€the€provisions€of€the€Indian€Act€which€govern€the€right€to€reside€onŠ b² Ša€reserve€have€been€enacted€to€give€effect€to€various€treaty€obligations€reserving€to€theŠ H˜ ŠIndians€exclusive€use€of€certain€lands.€Š . ~ ŠĢ9.5€With€regard€to€the€legislative€proposals€under€consideration,€the€State€party€offers€theŠ ś J Šfollowing€information:€Š ą 0 ŠĢ"Legislative€proposals€are€being€considered€which€would€ensure€that€no€Indian€person,€maleŠ ¬ ü  Šor€female,€would€lose€his€or€her€status€under€any€circumstances€other€than€his€or€her€ownŠ ’ā  Špersonal€desire€to€renounce€it.€Š xČ  ŠĢ"In€addition,€changes€to€the€present€sections€under€which€the€status€of€the€Indian€woman€andŠ D”  Šminor€children€is€dependent€upon€the€status€of€her€spouse€are€also€being€considered.€Š *z  ŠĢ"Further€recommendations€are€being€considered€which€would€give€Band€Councils€powersŠ öF Što€pass€by„laws€concerning€membership€in€the€band;€such€by„laws,€however,€would€beŠ Ü, Šrequired€to€be€non„discriminatory€in€the€areas€of€sex,€religion€and€family€affiliation.€Š Ā ŠĢ"In€the€case€of€Mrs.€Lovelace,€when€such€new€legislation€is€enacted,€she€would€then€beŠ ŽŽ Šentitled€to€be€registered€as€an€Indian.€Š tÄ ŠĢ"Legislative€recommendations€are€being€prepared€for€presentation€to€Cabinet€for€approvalŠ @ Šand€placement€on€the€Parliamentary€Calendar€for€introduction€before€the€House€by€mid„Š &v Š1981."€Š  \ ŠĢ9.6€As€to€Mrs.€Lovelace's€place€of€abode€prior€to€her€marriage€both€parties€confirm€that€sheŠ Ų( Šwas€at€that€time€living€on€the.€Tobique€Reserve€with€her€parents.€Sandra€Lovelace€adds€thatŠ ¾ Šas€a€result€of€her€marriage,€she€was€denied€the€right€to€live€on€an€Indian€reserve.€As€to€herŠ ¤ō Šabode€since€then€the€State€party€observes:€Š Š Ś ŠĢ"Since€her€marriage€and€following€her€divorce,€Mrs.€Lovelace€has,€from€time€to€time,€livedŠ V"¦! Šon€the€reserve€in€the€home€of€her€parents,€and€the€Band€Council€has€made€no€move€toŠ <#Œ" Šprevent€her€from€doing€so.€However,€Mrs.€Lovelace€wishes€to€live€permanently€on€theŠ "$r# Šreserve€and€to€obtain€a€new€house.€To€do€so,€she€has€to€apply€to€the€Band€Council.€HousingŠ %X $ Šon€reserves€is€provided€with€money€set€aside€by€Parliament€for€the€benefit€of€registeredŠ ī%>!% ŠIndians.€The€Council€has€not€agreed€to€provide€Mrs.€Lovelace€with€a€new€house.€It€considersŠ Ō&$"& Šthat€in€the€provision€of€such€housing€priority€is€to€be€given€to€registered€Indians."€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ9.7€In€this€connexion€the€following€additional€information€has€been€submitted€on€behalf€ofŠ †)Ö$) ŠMrs.€Lovelace:€Š l*¼%* ŠĢ"At€the€present€time,€Sandra€Lovelace€is€living€on€the€Tobique€Indian€Reserve,€although€sheŠ 8,ˆ', Šhas€no€right€to€remain€there.€She€has€returned€to€the€'Reserve,€with€her€children€because€herŠ -n(- Šmarriage€has€broken€up€and€she€has€no€other€place€to€reside.€She€is€able€to€remain€on€theŠ ° Šreserve€in€violation€of€the€law€of€the€local€Band€Council€because€dissident€members€of€theŠ –ę Štribe€who€support€her€cause€have€threatened€to€resort€to€physical€violence€in€her€defenceŠ |Ģ Šshould€the€authorities€attempt€to€remove€her."€Š b² ŠĢ9.8€As€to€the€other€persisting€effects€of€Mrs.€Lovelace's€loss€of€Indian€status€the€State€partyŠ . ~ Šsubmits€the€following:Š  d ŠĢ"When€Mrs.€Lovelace€lost€her€Indian€status€through€marriage€to€a€non„Indian,€she€also€lostŠ ą 0 Šaccess€to€federal€government€programs€for€Indian€people€in€areas€such€as€education,Š Ę   Šhousing,€social€assistance?€etc.€At€the€same€time,€however,€she€and€her€children€becameŠ ¬ ü  Šeligible€to€receive€similar€benefits€from€programs€the€provincial€government€provides€forŠ ’ā  Šall€residents€of€the€province.€Š xČ  ŠĢ"Mrs.€Lovelace€is€no€longer€a€member€of€the€Tobique€band€and€no€longer€an€Indian€underŠ D”  Šthe€terms€of€the€Indian€Act.€She€however€is€enjoying€all€the€rights€recognized€in€theŠ *z  ŠCovenant,€in€the€same€way€as€any€other€individual€within€the€territory€of€Canada€and€subjectŠ ` Što€its€jurisdiction."€Š öF ŠĢ9.9€On€behalf€of€Sandra€Lovelace€the.€following€is€submitted€in€this€connexion:€Š Ā ŠĢ"All€the€consequences€of€loss€of€status€persist€in€that€they€are€permanent€and€continue€toŠ ŽŽ Šdeny€the€complainant€rights€she€was€born€with.€Š tÄ ŠĢ"A€person€who€ceases€to€be€an€Indian€under€the€Indian€Act€suffers€the€followingŠ @ Šconsequences:€Š &v ŠĢ"(1)€Loss€of€the€right€to€possess€or€reside€on€lands€on€a€reserve€(as.€25€and€28€(1)).€ThisŠ ņB Šincludes€loss€of€the€right€to€return€to€the€reserve€after€leaving,€the€right€to€inherit€possessoryŠ Ų( Šinterest€in€land€from€parents€or€others,€and€the€right€to€be€buried€on€a€reserve;€Š ¾ ŠĢ"(2)€An€Indian€without€status€cannot€receive€loans€from€the€Consolidated€Revenue€Fund€forŠ Š Ś Šthe€purposes€set€out€in€section€70;€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ"(3)€An€Indian€without€status€cannot€benefit€from€instruction€in€farming€and€cannot€receiveŠ <#Œ" Šseed€without€charge€from€the€Minister€(see€section€71);€Š "$r# ŠĢ"(4)€An€Indian€without€status€cannot€benefit€from€medical€treatment€and€health€servicesŠ ī%>!% Šprovided€under€section€73€(1)€(g);€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ"(5)€An€Indian€without€status€cannot€reside€on€tax€exempt€lands€(section€87);€Š  (š#( ŠĢ"(6)€A€person€ceasing€to€be€an€Indian€loses€the€right€to€borrow€money€for€housing€from€theŠ l*¼%* ŠBand€Council€(Consolidated€Regulations€of€Canada,€1978,€c.€949);€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ"(7)€A€person€ceasing€to€be€an€Indian€loses€the€right€to€cut€timber€free€of€dues€on€an€IndianŠ -n(- Šreserve€(section€4€„€Indian€Timber€Regulations,€c.€961,€1978€Consolidated€Regulations€ofŠ ° ŠCanada);€Š –ę ŠĢ"(8)€A€person€ceasing€to€be€an€Indian€loses€traditional€hunting€and€fishing€rights€that€mayŠ b² Šexist;€Š H˜ ŠĢ"(9)€The€major€loss€to€a€person€ceasing€to€be€an€Indian€is€the€loss€of€the€cultural€benefits€ofŠ  d Šliving€in€an€Indian€community,€the€emotional€ties€to€home,€family,€friends€and€neighbours,Š ś J Šand€the€loss€of€identity."€Š ą 0 ŠĢ10.€ņņThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóin€the€examination€of€the€communication€before€it,€hasŠ ¬ ü  Što€proceed€from€the€basic€fact€that€Sandra€Lovelace€married€a€non„Indian€on€23€May€1970Š ’ā  Šand€consequently€lost€her€status€as€a€Maliseet€Indian€under€section€12€(1)€(b)€of€the€IndianŠ xČ  ŠAct.€This€provision€was€„€and€still€is€„€based€on€a€distinction€ņņde€jure€óóon€the€ground€of€sex.Š ^®  ŠHowever,€neither€its€application€to€her€marriage€as€the€cause€of€her€loss€of€Indian€status€norŠ D”  Šits€effects€could€at€that€time€amount€to€a€violation€of€the€Covenant,€because€this€instrumentŠ *z  Šdid€not€come€into€force€for€Canada€until€19€August€1976.€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€notŠ ` Šcompetent,€as€a€rule,€to€examine€allegations€relating€to€events€having€taken€place€before€theŠ öF Šentry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol.€Therefore€as€regards€Canada€itŠ Ü, Šcan€only€consider€alleged€violations€of€human€rights€occurring€on€or€after€19€August€1976.Š Ā ŠIn€the€case€of€a€particular€individual€claiming€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation,€it€cannot€expressŠ Øų Šits€view€on€the€law€in€the€abstract,€without€regard€to€the€date€on€which€this€law€was€appliedŠ ŽŽ Što€the€alleged€victim.€In€the€case€of€Sandra€Lovelace€it€follows€that€the€Committee€is€notŠ tÄ Šcompetent€to€express€any€view€on€the€original€cause€of€her€loss€of€Indian€status,€i.e.€theŠ ZŖ ŠIndian€Act€as€applied€to€her€at€the€time€of€her€marriage€in€1970.€Š @ ŠĢ11.€The€Committee€recognizes,€however,€that€the€situation€may€be€different€if€the€allegedŠ  \ Šviolations,€although€relating€to€events€occurring€before€19€August€1976,€continue,€or€haveŠ ņB Šeffects€which€themselves€constitute€violations,€after€that€date.€In€examining€the€situation€ofŠ Ų( ŠSandra€Lovelace€in€this€respect,€the€Committee€must€have€regard€to€all€relevant€provisionsŠ ¾ Šof€the€Covenant.€It€has€considered,€in€particular,€the€extent€to€which€the€general€provisionsŠ ¤ō Šin€articles€2€and€3€as€well€as€the€rights€in€articles€12€(1),€17€(1),€23€(1),€24,€26€and€27,€mayŠ Š Ś Šbe€applicable€to€the€facts€of€her€present€situation.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ12.€The€Committee€first€observes€that€from€19€August€1976€Canada€had€undertaken€underŠ <#Œ" Šarticle€2€(1)€and€(2)€of€the€Covenant€to€respect€and€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€itsŠ "$r# Šterritory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction,€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€withoutŠ %X $ Šdistinction€of€any€kind€such€as€sex,€and€to€adopt€the€necessary€measures€to€give€effect€toŠ ī%>!% Šthese€rights.€Further,€under€article€3,€Canada€undertook€to€ensure€the€equal€right€of€men€andŠ Ō&$"& Šwomen€to€the€enjoyment€of€these€rights.€These€undertakings€apply€also€to€the€position€ofŠ ŗ' #' ŠSandra€Lovelace.€The€Committee€considers,€however,€that€it€is€not€necessary€for€theŠ  (š#( Špurposes€of€her€communication€to€decide€their€extent€in€all€respects.€The€full€scope€of€theŠ †)Ö$) Šobligation€of€Canada€to€remove€the€effects€or€inequalities€caused€by€the€application€ofŠ l*¼%* Šexisting€laws€to€past€events,€in€particular€as€regards€such€matters€as€civil€or€personal€status,Š R+¢&+ Šdoes€not€have€to€be€examined€in€the€present€case,€for€the€reasons€set€out€below.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š13.1€The€Committee€considers€that€the€essence€of€the€present€complaint€concerns€theŠ ° Šcontinuing€effect€of€the€Indian€Act,€in€denying€Sandra€Lovelace€legal€status€as€an€Indian,€inŠ –ę Šparticular€because€she€cannot€for€this€reason€claim€a€legal€right€to€reside€where€she€wishesŠ |Ģ Što,€on€the€Tobique€Reserve.€This€fact€persists€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant,€andŠ b² Šits€effects€have€to€be€examined,€without€regard€to€their€original€cause.€Among€the€effectsŠ H˜ Šreferred€to€on€behalf€of€the€author€(quoted€in€paragraph€9.9,€above,€and€listed€(1)€to€(9)),€theŠ . ~ Šgreater€number,€((1)€to€(8)),€relate€to€the€Indian€Act€and€other€Canadian€rules€in€fields€whichŠ  d Šdo€not€necessarily€adversely€affect€the€enjoyment€of€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€In€thisŠ ś J Šrespect€the€significant€matter€is€her€last€claim,€that€"the€major€loss€to€a€person€ceasing€to€beŠ ą 0 Šan€Indian€is€the€loss€of€the€cultural€benefits€of€living€in€an€Indian€community,€the€emotionalŠ Ę   Šties€to€home,€family,€friends€and€neighbours,€and€the€loss€of€identity".€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ13.2€Although€a€number€of€provisions€of€the€Covenant€have€been€invoked€by€SandraŠ xČ  ŠLovelace,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€one€which€is€most€directly€applicable€to€thisŠ ^®  Šcomplaint€is€article€27,€which€reads€as€follows:€Š D”  ŠĢ"In€those€States€in€which€ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€exist,€persons€belongingŠ ` Što€such€minorities€shall€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€the€other€members€ofŠ öF Štheir€group,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€profess€and€practise€their€own€religion,€or€to€useŠ Ü, Štheir€own€language."€Š Ā ŠĢIt€has€to€be€considered€whether€Sandra€Lovelace,€because€she€is€denied€the€legal€right€toŠ ŽŽ Šreside€dn€the€Tobique€Reserve,€has€by€that€fact€been€denied€the€right€guaranteed€by€articleŠ tÄ Š27€to€persons€belonging€to€minorities,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€and€to€use€their€ownŠ ZŖ Šlanguage€in€community€with€other€members€of€their€group.€Š @ ŠĢ14.€The€rights€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant€have€to€be€secured€to€"persons€belonging"Š  \ Što€the€minority.€At€present€Sandra€Lovelace€does€not€qualify€as€an€Indian€under€CanadianŠ ņB Šlegislation.€However,€the€Indian€Act€deals€primarily€with€a€number€of€privileges€which,€asŠ Ų( Šstated€above,€do€not€as€such€come€within€the€scope€of€the€Covenant.€Protection€under€theŠ ¾ ŠIndian€Act€and€protection€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant€therefore€have€to€beŠ ¤ō Šdistinguished.€Persons€who€are€born€and€brought€up€on€a€reserves€who€have€kept€ties€withŠ Š Ś Štheir€community€and€wish€to€maintain€these€ties€must€normally€be€considered€as€belongingŠ p!Ą  Što€that€minority€within€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant.€Since€Sandra€Lovelace€is€ethnically€aŠ V"¦! ŠMaliseet€Indian€and€has€only€been€absent€from€her€home€reserve€for€a€few€years€during€theŠ <#Œ" Šexistence€of€her€marriage,€she€is,€in€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,€entitled€to€be€regarded€asŠ "$r# Š"belonging"€to€this€minority€and€to€claim€the€benefits€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€TheŠ %X $ Šquestion€whether€these€benefits€have€been€denied€to€her,€depends€on€how€far€they€extend.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ15.€The€right€to€live€on€a€reserve€is€not€as€such€guaranteed€by€article€27€of€the€Covenant.Š ŗ' #' ŠMoreover,€the€Indian€Act€does€not€interfere€directly€with€the€functions€which€are€expresslyŠ  (š#( Šmentioned€in€that€article.€However,€in€the€opinion€of€the€Committee€the€right€of€SandraŠ †)Ö$) ŠLovelace€to€access€to€her€native€culture€and€language€"in€community€with€the€otherŠ l*¼%* Šmembers"€of€her€group,€has€in€fact€been,€and€continues€to€be€interfered€with,€because€thereŠ R+¢&+ Šis€no€place€outside€the€Tobique€Reserve€where€such€a€community€exists.€On€the€other€hand,Š 8,ˆ', Šnot€every€interference€can€be€regarded€as€a€denial€of€rights€within€the€meaning€of€article€27.Š -n(- ŠRestrictions€on€the€right€to€residence,€by€way€of€national€legislation,€cannot€be€ruled€outŠ ° Šunder€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€This€also€follows€from€the€restrictions€to€article€12€(1)€ofŠ –ę Šthe€Covenant€set€out€in€article€12€(3).€The€Committee€recognizes€the€need€to€define€theŠ |Ģ Šcategory€of€persons€entitled€to€live€on€a€reserve,€for€such€purposes€as€those€explained€by€theŠ b² ŠGovernment€regarding€protection€of€its€resources€and€preservation€of€the€identity€of€itsŠ H˜ Špeople.€However,€the€obligations€which€the€Government€has€since€undertaken€under€theŠ . ~ ŠCovenant€must€also€be€taken€into€account.€Š  d ŠĢ16.€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€statutory€restrictions€affecting€the€rightŠ ą 0 Što€residence€on€a€reserve€of€a€person€belonging€to€the€minority€concerned,€must€have€bothŠ Ę   Ša€reasonable€and€objective€justification€and€be€consistent€with€the€other€provisions€of€theŠ ¬ ü  ŠCovenant,€read€as€a€whole.€Article€27€must€be€construed€and€applied€in€the€light€of€the€otherŠ ’ā  Šprovisions€mentioned€above,€such€as€articles€12,€17€and€23€in€so€far€as€they€may€be€relevantŠ xČ  Što€the€particular€case,€and€also€the€provisions€against€discrimination,€such€as€articles€2,€3€andŠ ^®  Š26,€as€the€case€may€be.€It€is€not€necessary,€however,€to€determine€in€any€general€mannerŠ D”  Šwhich€restrictions€may€be€justified€under€the€Covenant,€in€particular€as€a€result€of€marriage,Š *z  Šbecause€the€circumstances€are€special€in€the€present€case.€Š ` ŠĢ17.€The€case€of€Sandra€Lovelace€should€be€considered€in€the€light€of€the€fact€that€herŠ Ü, Šmarriage€to€a€non„Indian€has€broken€up.€It€is€natural€that€in€such€a€situation€she€wishes€toŠ Ā Šreturn€to€the€environment€in€which€she€was€born,€particularly€as€after€the€dissolution€of€herŠ Øų Šmarriage€her€main€cultural€attachment€again€was€to€the€Maliseet€band.€Whatever€may€be€theŠ ŽŽ Šmerits€of€the€Indian€Act€in€other€respects,€it€does€not€seem€to€the€Committee€that€to€denyŠ tÄ ŠSandra€Lovelace€the€right€to€reside€on€the€reserve€is€reasonable,€or€necessary€to€preserve€theŠ ZŖ Šidentity€of€the€tribe.€The€Committee€therefore€concludes€that€to€prevent€her€recognition€asŠ @ Šbelonging€to€the€band€is€an€unjustifiable€denial€of€her€rights€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant,Š &v Šread€in€the€context€of€the€other€provisions€referred€to.€Š  \ ŠĢ18.€In€view€of€this€finding,€the€Committee€does€not€consider€it€necessary€to€examine€whetherŠ Ų( Šthe€same€facts€also€show€separate€breaches€of€the€other€rights€invoked.€The€specific€rightsŠ ¾ Šmost€directly€applicable€to€her€situation€are€those€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€TheŠ ¤ō Šrights€to€choose€one's€residence€(article€12),€and€the€rights€aimed€at€protecting€family€lifeŠ Š Ś Šand€children€(articles€17,€23€and€24)€are€only€indirectly€at€stake€in€the€present€case.€The€factsŠ p!Ą  Šof€the€case€do€not€seem€to€require€further€examination€under€those€articles.€The€Committee'sŠ V"¦! Šfinding€of€a€lack€of€a€reasonable€justification€for€the€interference€with€Sandra€Lovelace'sŠ <#Œ" Šrights€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant€also€makes€it€unnecessary,€as€suggested€aboveŠ "$r# Š(paragraph€12),€to€examine€the€general€provisions€against€discrimination€(articles€2,€3€andŠ %X $ Š26)€in€the€context€of€the€present€case,€and€in€particular€to€determine€their€bearing€uponŠ ī%>!% Šinequalities€predating€the€coming€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€Canada.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ19.€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€OptionalŠ  (š#( ŠProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theŠ †)Ö$) Šfacts€of€the€present€case,€which€establish€that€Sandra€Lovelace€has€been€denied€the€legalŠ l*¼%* Šright€to€reside€on€the€Tobique€Reserve,€disclose€a€breach€by€Canada€of€article€27€of€theŠ R+¢&+ ŠCovenant.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š____________Š ° Š*/€€€Mr.€Walter€Ō_ŌSurmaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌTarnopolskyŌ_Ō,€pursuant€to€rule€85€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,Š –ę Šdid€not€participate€in€the€consideration€of€this€communication€or€in€the€adoption€of€the€viewsŠ |Ģ Šof€the€Committee€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€in€this€matter.€Š b² ŠĢņņaóó/€€€Mrs.€Lovelace€married€a€non„Indian.€As€such,€she€ceased€to€be€a€member€of€the€Ō_ŌTobiqueŌ_ŌŠ . ~ Šband.€In€addition,€by€the€application€of€subparagraph€12€(1)€(b)€of€the€Indian€Act,€she€lostŠ  d Šher€Indian€status.€Š ś J ŠĢņņbóó/€€€It€should€be€noted€that€when€an€Indian€ceases€to€be€a€member€of€a€band?€he€is€entitled,Š Ę   Šif€he€meets€the€conditions€set€out€in€sections€15€and€16€of€the€Indian€Acts€to€compensationŠ ¬ ü  Šfrom€Her€Majesty€for€this€loss€of€membership.€Š ’ā  ŠĢĢÓ¹Óņņņ ņÓ  ÓAPPENDIXó óóó€Š D”  ŠÓGˆÓÓÓĢņņIndividual€opinion€submitted€by€a€member€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€rule€94Š ` Š(3)€of€the€Committee's€provisionalóó€ņņrules€of€procedure€Communication€No.€R.€6/24óó€Š öF ŠĢIndividual€opinion€appended€to€the€Committee's€views€at€the€request.€of€Mr.€Nejib€Bouziri:€Š Ā ŠĢ[Original:€French]€Š ŽŽ ŠĢ[30€July€1981]Š ZŖ ŠĢIn€the€Lovelace€case,€not€only€article€27€but€also€articles€2€(para.€1),€3,€23€(paras.€1€and€4)Š &v Šand€26€of€the€Covenant€have€been€breached,€for€some€of€the€provisions€of€the€Indian€Act€areŠ  \ Šdiscriminatory,€particularly€as€between€men€and€women.€The€Act€is€still€in€force€and,€evenŠ ņB Šthough€the€Lovelace€case€arose€before€the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€became€applicableŠ Ų( Šin€Canada,€Mrs.€Lovelace€is€still€suffering€from€the€adverse€discriminatory€effects€of€the€ActŠ ¾ Šin€matters€other€than€that€covered€by€article€27.€Š ¤ō ŠÓ‡ˆÓ