ÿWPC  ­”Ý´:S­ÞÿÙÅY `&ôÍ5/&_¯êôÙñ!Ó™IšqŠ®(¿nc~öu®ŸÓÔEcôO üë¢IFàÿ´Ð)è¾AðÃи§™ EÞp…‰oL®¨:ð¹ñ%é1kp² ~õ©ím+så‘G¬$I¼gæ³Æ“\pqú b¬äÉz:8ݪè~ÕéåL*ºß‰OjãÐ)ø9uä{QbëWç0; à7gwru½”ëEDV=úòr^›½ëýÏRÊSì–.õà«‚õ¨º¢í®M§¡Þ$øÝ£‘Ñò2½×$Qo¡šþ划¤õ×°þfôþM¬ðÇÚ8ˆ€I,a›ðŽWWœRŸ¯A}êÊf£„pa¹Ž‘Ë8ÔÕ+× !íh7nºTb»ŠÈ÷ò’ º<ð¶V—=’ë`šÅ6ÂÃÕÚWg±“Û‹¾ÅÞóo71ìmÛÚåÜÆ“Ÿ Š`Âp` V •'ö³÷?äóu”²/¼—†»šæ3Îïðì2ŸNOݘ(ͰQ[Þ8‹®Þkl5 É6gW¬&É<È1 ö”Ü&ùI Å‡øÉÿÞ¦ry‘á;Öáï~åU>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #Á UNÎ % M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(ž…{$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xf”XX XÔÔ€Xf”XX Xf”ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X“¨Ž) 'gt) ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ …{!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XnXXX XÔÔ€XnXXX XnXÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòG.€R.€B.€v.€SwedenóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€83/1997Ð H˜ ÐÌ15€May€1998Ð  d ÐÌCAT/C/20/D/83/1997Ð à 0 ÐòòóóÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó€:€G.€R.€B.€(name€withheld)€[represented€by€counsel]€Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Sweden€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€2€June€1997€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ Zª ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€15€May€1998,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€83/1997,€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ ¾ ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication,€her€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð "$r# ÐÓãÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóó€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÓûÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€G.€R.€B.,€a€Peruvian€citizen€born€in€1966,€currentlyÐ †)Ö$) Ðresiding€in€Sweden,€where€she€is€seeking€asylum.€She€claims€that€her€forced€return€to€PeruÐ l*¼%* Ðwould€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€TheÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthor€also€claims€that€a€deportation€per€se€would€constitute€a€violation€of€article€16€of€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐConvention.€Ms.€G.€R.€B.€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ô‡òòFacts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Ð ° ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€she€belongs€to€a€politically€active€family€in€Palcamayo€in€theÐ |Ì ÐDepartment€of€Junin.€Her€parents€were€sympathizers€of€the€legal€Communist€Party€of€PeruÐ b² Ðand€party€meetings€were€frequently€held€in€their€home.€The€author€also€became€a€supporterÐ H˜ Ðof€the€party.€From€1983€to€1985,€the€author€studied€to€become€a€nurse€in€Tarma,€anotherÐ . ~ Ðtown€in€the€same€department,€and€she€was€at€that€time€actively€involved€in€the€party'sÐ  d Ðactivities.€From€1985€to€1992,€the€author,€who€had€been€granted€a€scholarship,€studiedÐ ú J Ðmedicine€in€the€former€Soviet€Union€(Ukrainian€SSR).€Ð à 0 ÐÌ2.2€On€9€May€1991,€the€author€left€Ukraine€to€visit€her€parents,€and€she€arrived€in€Peru€onÐ ¬ ü  Ð11€May€1991.€She€intended€to€stay€in€Peru€until€August€1991.€When€arriving€in€PalcamayoÐ ’â  Ðshe€learnt€from€her€family€that€her€parents'€house€had€been€searched€by€government€soldiersÐ xÈ  Ðin€February€the€same€year.€The€soldiers€had€confiscated€books€and€magazines,€some€ofÐ ^®  Ðwhich€had€been€sent€by€the€author€from€Ukraine.€The€author's€parents€had€been€taken€to€aÐ D”  Ðprison,€where€the€father€had€been€severely€beaten€and€tortured€before€they€were€released.Ð *z  ÐHer€father€told€the€author€that€she€should€return€to€Ukraine€as€soon€as€possible€since€it€wasÐ ` Ðdangerous€for€her€to€stay€in€Peru.€She€nevertheless€decided€to€stay€a€couple€of€days€withÐ öF Ðrelatives€in€Tarma.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ2.3€On€16€May€1991,€the€author€took€a€bus€from€Tarma€to€Palcamayo€in€order€to€visit€herÐ ¨ø Ðparents.€According€to€the€author,€the€bus€was€stopped€on€the€way€by€two€men€belonging€toÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Sendero€Luminoso.€They€forced€the€author€off€the€bus€and€she€was€raped€and€held€as€aÐ tÄ Ðprisoner€for€one€or€two€nights€before€she€managed€to€escape.€Her€parents€reported€the€matterÐ Zª Ðto€the€police,€but€according€to€the€author€they€did€not€show€any€interest€in€the€matter.€TheÐ @ Ðauthor€then€returned€to€Ukraine€on€19€May€1991.€Ð &v ÐÌ2.4€A€short€time€after€her€return€to€Ukraine,€explosives€went€off€at€the€doorstep€of€herÐ òB Ðparent's€house,€wounding€an€aunt€and€a€cousin.€According€to€the€author,€the€explosion€wasÐ Ø( Ða€revenge€for€her€escape.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.5€The€author€arrived€in€Sweden€on€12€March€1993€and€requested€asylum€two€weeks€later.Ð Š Ú ÐOn€27€January€1994,€the€Swedish€Immigration€Board€rejected€her€application,€consideringÐ p!À  Ðthat€there€were€no€indications€that€she€was€persecuted€by€the€Peruvian€authorities,€and€thatÐ V"¦! Ðthe€acts€by€Sendero€Luminoso€could€not€be€considered€as€persecution€by€authorities,€butÐ <#Œ" Ðcriminal€activities.€The€Aliens€Appeals€Board€rejected€the€author's€appeal€on€8€June€1995,Ð "$r# Ðadding€that€the€risk€of€persecution€from€non„governmental€entities€like€Sendero€LuminosoÐ %X $ Ðcould€in€exceptional€cases€constitute€a€ground€for€granting€refugee€status,€but€that€in€anÐ î%>!% Ðinternal€flight€alternative€existed€in€the€author's€case.€A€new€application,€based€on€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðalleged€rape€and€medical€evidence€showing€that€the€author€suffered€from€a€post„€traumaticÐ º' #' Ðstress€disorder,€was€turned€down€by€the€Board€on€19€April€1996.€On€10€February€1997,€aÐ  (ð#( Ðsecond€application,€invoking€humanitarian€reasons,€was€rejected€by€the€Aliens€AppealsÐ †)Ö$) ÐBoard.€A€third€application,€based€on€a€letter€to€the€Board€from€the€Human€Rights€Watch€andÐ l*¼%* Ðfurther€medical€evidence€to€support€her€claim,€was€turned€down€on€23€May€1997.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð -n(- Ї3.1€The€author€considers€that€there€exists€a€substantial€risk€for€her€to€be€subjected€to€tortureÐ ° Ðboth€by€Sendero€Luminoso€and€the€State€authorities,€for€which€internal€flight€is€no€safeÐ –æ Ðsolution.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ3.2€The€author€further€claims€that,€in€view€of€her€fragile€psychiatric€condition€and€the€severeÐ H˜ Ðpost„traumatic€stress€disorder€from€which€she€is€suffering€as€a€result€of€her€having€beenÐ . ~ Ðraped€by€Sendero€Luminoso€members,€the€deportation€as€such€would€constitute€a€violationÐ  d Ðof€article€16€of€the€Convention.€Ð ú J ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóó€Ð Æ   ÐÌ4.1€On€1€August€1997,€the€Committee,€through€its€Special€Rapporteur€transmitted€theÐ ’â  Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€for€comments€and€requested€the€State€party€under€rule€108,Ð xÈ  Ðparagraph€9,€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€not€to€expel€the€author€while€her€communication€wasÐ ^®  Ðunder€consideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð D”  ÐÌ4.2€By€submission€of€30€September€1997,€the€State€party€informs€the€Committee€that,Ð ` Ðfollowing€its€request€under€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€the€Swedish€Immigration€Board€hasÐ öF Ðdecided€to€stay€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€while€her€communication€is€underÐ Ü, Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð  ÐÌ4.3€As€regards€the€domestic€procedure,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€basic€provisionsÐ ŽÞ Ðconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€and€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€found€in€the€1989€AliensÐ tÄ ÐAct,€as€amended€on€1€January€1997.€For€the€determination€of€refugee€status€there€areÐ Zª Ðnormally€two€instances,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.Ð @ ÐIn€exceptional€cases,€an€application€is€referred€to€the€Government€by€either€of€the€twoÐ &v Ðboards.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€Government€has€no€jurisdiction€ofÐ  \ Ðits€own€in€cases€not€referred€to€it€by€either€of€the€boards.€Decisions€to€refer€a€given€case€toÐ òB Ðthe€Government€are€taken€by€the€boards€independently.€The€State€party€clarifies€that€theÐ Ø( ÐSwedish€Constitution€prohibits€any€interference€by€the€Government,€the€Parliament€or€anyÐ ¾ Ðother€public€authority€in€the€decision€making€of€an€administrative€authority€in€a€particularÐ ¤ô Ðcase.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€AliensÐ Š Ú ÐAppeals€Board€enjoy€the€same€independence€as€a€court€of€law€in€this€respect.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.4€As€of€January€1997,€the€Aliens€Act€has€been€amended.€According€to€the€amended€ActÐ <#Œ" Ð(chap.€3,€sect.€4,€in€conjunction€with€sect.€3),€an€alien€is€entitled€to€a€residence€permit€if€heÐ "$r# Ðor€she€experiences€a€well„founded€fear€of€being€subjected€to€the€death€penalty€or€to€corporalÐ %X $ Ðpunishment€or€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€UnderÐ î%>!% Ðchapter€2,€section€5(b),€of€the€Act,€an€alien€who€is€refused€entry,€can€reapply€for€a€residenceÐ Ô&$"& Ðpermit€if€the€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€beenÐ º' #' Ðexamined€in€the€case€and€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€willÐ  (ð#( Ðotherwise€be€in€conflict€with€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€on€refusalÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€entry€or€expulsion.€New€circumstances€cannot€be€assessed€by€the€administrativeÐ l*¼%* Ðauthorities€ex€officio,€but€only€upon€application.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.5€Chapter€8,€section€1€of€the€Act,€which€corresponds€to€article€3€of€the€Convention€Ô_ÔagainstÐ -n(- ÐTorture,€has€been€amended€and€now€provides€that€an€alien,€who€has€been€refused€entry€orÐ ° Ðwho€shall€be€expelled,€may€never€be€sent€to€a€country€where€there€are€òòreasonable€groundsóóÐ –æ Ð(previously€firm€reasons)€to€believe€that€he€or€she€would€be€in€danger€of€suffering€capitalÐ |Ì Ðor€corporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€to€torture€òòor€other€inhuman€or€degradingÐ b² Ðtreatment€or€punishmentóó€(text€in€italics€added€in€the€revised€text),€nor€to€a€country€where€heÐ H˜ Ðis€not€protected€from€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€he€would€be€in€such€danger.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.6€As€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€is€not€awareÐ ú J Ðof€the€same€matter€having€been€presented€to€another€international€instance€of€internationalÐ à 0 Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€author€can€at€any€time€lodge€aÐ Æ   Ðnew€application€for€re„examination€of€her€case€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board,€based€on€newÐ ¬ ü  Ðfactual€circumstances.€The€State€party€draws€the€attention€to€the€fact€that€a€fourth€newÐ ’â  Ðrequest€for€a€residence€permit€is€currently€pending€before€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.Ð xÈ  ÐHowever,€since€the€new€circumstances€invoked€do€not€mainly€relate€to€the€risks€faced€by€theÐ ^®  Ðauthor€if€deported,€but€to€humanitarian€reasons€to€let€her€remain€in€Sweden,€the€GovernmentÐ D”  Ðis€not€making€a€formal€objection€that€domestic€remedies€are€not€exhausted,€but€leaves€thisÐ *z  Ðquestion€to€the€discretion€of€the€Committee.€Finally,€the€State€party€contends€that€theÐ ` Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,Ð öF Ðsince€the€author's€claim€lacks€necessary€substantiation.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.7€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sÐ ¨ø Ðjurisprudence€in€the€cases€of€òòÔ_ÔMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó€òò1€óóand€òòErnesto€Gorki€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€v.Ð ŽÞ ÐSwedenóóòò€2óó€and€the€criteria€established€by€the€Committee,€first,€that€a€person€must€personallyÐ tÄ Ðbe€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture,€and,€second,€that€such€torture€must€be€a€necessary€andÐ Zª Ðforeseeable€consequence€of€the€return€of€the€person€to€his€or€her€country.€Ð @ ÐÌ4.8€The€State€party€reiterates€that€when€determining€whether€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ  \ Ðapplies,€the€following€considerations€are€relevant:€(a)€the€general€situation€of€human€rightsÐ òB Ðin€the€receiving€country,€although€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€orÐ Ø( Ðmass€violations€of€human€rights€is€not€in€itself€determinative;€(b)€the€personal€risk€of€theÐ ¾ Ðindividual€concerned€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€would€beÐ ¤ô Ðreturned;€and€(c)€the€risk€of€the€individual€of€being€subject€to€torture€if€returned€must€be€aÐ Š Ú Ðòòforeseeable€and€necessary€consequenceóó.€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€mere€possibility€thatÐ p!À  Ða€person€be€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€country€of€origin€does€not€suffice€to€prohibit€hisÐ V"¦! Ðor€her€return€for€being€incompatible€with€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ4.9€As€to€the€current€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€Peru,€the€State€party€reiterates€thatÐ %X $ Ðfor€members€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€the€Ô_ÔMovimientoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRevolucionarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTpacÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAmaruÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔMRTAÔ_Ô)Ð î%>!% Ðor€similar€terrorist€organizations€who€are€wanted€by€the€Peruvian€authorities,€the€risk€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðtorture€or€ill„treatment€cannot€be€disregarded.€However,€it€adds,€with€respect€to€persons€notÐ º' #' Ðbelonging€to€any€of€the€categories€above,€there€is€in€general€no€reason€of€concern.€AccordingÐ  (ð#( Ðto€the€State€party,€although€the€human€rights€situation€is€far€from€satisfactory,€no€pattern€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðgross€flagrant€or€mass€violations€exists€in€Peru.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ4.10€As€regards€its€assessment€of€whether€the€author€would€be€personally€at€risk€of€beingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsubjected€to€torture€when€returned€to€Peru,€the€State€party€relies€on€the€evaluation€of€theÐ -n(- Ðfacts€and€evidence€made€by€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€AppealsÐ ° ÐBoard,€showing€that€there€are€no€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€personallyÐ –æ Ðwould€be€at€risk.€On€27€January€1994,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€rejected€theÐ |Ì Ðauthor's€application€on€the€basis€that€there€were€no€indications€that€she€currently€was€ofÐ b² Ðinterest€to€the€Peruvian€authorities,€òòinter€aliaóó,€because€she€had€not€been€politically€activeÐ H˜ Ðsince€1985€and€had€been€able€to€visit€the€country€twice€without€encountering€difficulties€withÐ . ~ Ðthe€authorities.€As€to€persecution€by€the€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€the€Board€of€ImmigrationÐ  d Ðstressed€that€such€persecution€should€be€considered€as€criminal€activities€non„attributableÐ ú J Ðto€the€national€authorities€and€was€therefore€not€a€reason€to€grant€residence€permit€inÐ à 0 ÐSweden.€On€8€June€1995,€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€maintained€that€no€sufficient€groundsÐ Æ   Ðfor€asylum€existed€on€account€of€risk€for€persecution€from€the€Peruvian€authorities,€addingÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€as€to€the€threat€from€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€this€was€considered€to€be€of€local€character€andÐ ’â  Ðan€internal€flight€alternative€would€therefore€be€possible.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.11€On€19€April€1996,€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€rejected€a€new€application€for€a€residenceÐ D”  Ðpermit€by€the€author,€based€on€the€newly€presented€circumstances€that€she€had€beenÐ *z  Ðabducted€and€raped€by€members€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€and€medical€certificates€from€aÐ ` Ðpsychologist€and€psychotherapist€regarding€the€author's€present€state€of€health.€The€AliensÐ öF ÐAppeals€Board€considered€that€rape€in€itself€did€not€represent€grounds€for€asylum€andÐ Ü, Ðpointed€out€that€for€asylum€to€be€granted,€such€a€crime€must,€òòinter€aliaóó,€have€beenÐ Â Ðperpetrated€or€sanctioned€by€the€authorities,€or€the€situation€must€be€such€that€sufficientÐ ¨ø Ðprotection€against€such€an€act€cannot€be€provided€by€the€authorities.€The€Board€did€notÐ ŽÞ Ðconsider€that€the€circumstances€in€the€present€case€indicated€that€this€was€the€situation€andÐ tÄ Ðmaintained€that€there€existed€an€internal€flight€alternative.€As€to€the€humanitarian€reasonsÐ Zª Ðinvoked€by€the€author,€the€Board€did€not€consider€them€to€be€sufficient€to€grant€a€residenceÐ @ Ðpermit.€Ð &v ÐÌ4.12€On€10€February€1997,€the€Board€rejected€a€second€new€application€for€residence€permit,Ð òB Ðbased€on€further€medical€evidence€of€the€author's€state€of€health.€The€Board€considered€that,Ð Ø( Ðin€accordance€with€established€practice,€a€residence€permit€could€only€be€granted€onÐ ¾ Ðhumanitarian€grounds€in€exceptional€cases,€such€as€when€the€applicant€suffered€from€a€life„Ð ¤ô Ðthreatening€disease€for€which€treatment€was€not€available€in€the€country€of€origin€or€whereÐ Š Ú Ðthe€person€suffered€from€an€exceptionally€serious€disability.€The€humanitarian€reasons€forÐ p!À  Ðasylum€were€not€considered€to€be€sufficient€in€the€present€case.€On€23€May€1997,€a€thirdÐ V"¦! Ðnew€application€was€rejected,€in€which€the€author€invoked€the€Committee's€decision€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcase€òòErnesto€Gorki€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó,€a€letter€from€the€Human€Rights€Watch€and€furtherÐ "$r# Ðnew€medical€evidence.€The€Board€did€not€consider€that€the€information€invoked€in€theÐ %X $ Ðapplication€revealed€any€new€circumstances€that€would€entitle€the€author€to€remain€inÐ î%>!% ÐSweden.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ4.13€With€reference€to€the€decisions€by€the€Swedish€authorities,€accounted€for€above,€theÐ  (ð#( ÐState€party€reiterates€the€main€elements€in€the€author's€story€which€indicate€that€she€does€notÐ †)Ö$) Ðrisk€persecution€by€Peruvian€authorities.€The€author€states€that€at€the€time€when€SenderoÐ l*¼%* ÐÔ_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€started€its€terrorist€acts€in€the€region,€she€and€her€family,€being€supporters€of€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðlegal€Communist€Party,€were€accused€of€having€committed€acts€of€terrorism.€However,€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðauthor€has€not€been€politically€active€since€1985€when€she€left€Peru€to€study€in€the€SovietÐ -n(- ÐUnion.€Further,€the€author€visited€Peru€in€both€1988€and€1991,€without€experiencing€anyÐ ° Ðdifficulties€with€the€authorities.€In€1993,€the€author€obtained€a€valid€passport€without€anyÐ –æ Ðproblems€from€the€Peruvian€embassy€in€Moscow.€Adding€the€author's€own€statement€thatÐ |Ì Ðher€family€reported€her€abduction€by€the€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€to€the€police,€there€is€nothingÐ b² Ðto€indicate€that€the€authorities€were€particularly€interested€in€her€or€her€relatives€in€Peru.€InÐ H˜ Ðthis€connection,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€did€not€apply€for€asylum€until€after€twoÐ . ~ Ðweeks€in€Sweden,€indicating€that€she€was€not€in€immediate€need€of€protection.€Ð  d ÐÌ4.14€As€regards€the€persecution€that€the€author€fears€from€the€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€the€StateÐ à 0 Ðparty€stresses€that€the€acts€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€cannot€be€attributable€to€the€authorities.Ð Æ   ÐNevertheless,€the€State€party€recognizes€that,€depending€on€the€circumstances€in€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðindividual€case,€grounds€might€exist€to€grant€a€person€asylum€although€the€risk€ofÐ ’â  Ðpersecution€is€not€related€to€a€government€but€to€a€non„governmental€entity.€However,€theÐ xÈ  ÐState€party's€view€in€the€present€case€is€that,€even€if€there€is€a€risk€of€persecution€fromÐ ^®  ÐSendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€it€is€of€local€character€and€the€author€could€therefore€secure€her€safetyÐ D”  Ðby€moving€within€the€country.€Ð *z  ÐÌ4.15€The€State€party€concludes€that€the€information€provided€by€the€author€about€herÐ öF Ðpolitical€affiliation€and€experiences€of€abuse€by€the€guerilla€movement€does€not€demonstrateÐ Ü, Ðthat€the€risk€of€her€being€tortured€is€a€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€her€returnÐ Â Ðto€Peru.€An€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€would€therefore€notÐ ¨ø Ðconstitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ4.16€Finally,€as€regards€the€question€of€whether€there€are€any€humanitarian€grounds€to€letÐ Zª Ðthe€author€remain€in€Sweden,€the€State€party€shares€the€assessment€of€the€Aliens€AppealsÐ @ ÐBoard,€that€there€were€not€sufficient€reasons€to€grant€residence€permit€on€such€grounds€atÐ &v Ðthe€time€of€the€decisions.€It€is€once€again€stressed€that€a€fourth€new€application€based€onÐ  \ Ðhumanitarian€grounds€is€pending€before€the€Board.€Ð òB ÐÌ4.17€By€way€of€conclusion,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€Committee€has€found€violations€ofÐ ¾ Ðarticle€3€in€all€the€cases€against€Sweden€which€it€so€far€has€examined€on€the€merits.€In€thisÐ ¤ô Ðcontext,€the€State€party€points€out€that€its€immigration€authorities€have€a€considerableÐ Š Ú Ðexperience,€involving€difficult€assessments€as€regards€the€credibility€of€the€informationÐ p!À  Ðsubmitted.€Moreover,€they€have€a€considerable€knowledge€about€the€human€rights€situationsÐ V"¦! Ðin€different€countries.€The€State€party€also€recalls€that€the€test€applied€by€the€EuropeanÐ <#Œ" ÐCommission€of€Human€Rights€under€article€3€of€the€European€Convention€for€the€ProtectionÐ "$r# Ðof€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms,€is€in€principle€the€same€as€the€one€applied€byÐ %X $ Ðthe€Committee€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€However,€the€EuropeanÐ î%>!% ÐCommission€has€declared€inadmissible€most€complaints€against€Sweden€as€manifestly€ill„Ð Ô&$"& Ðfounded.€The€State€party€expresses€its€concern€about€a€possible€development€of€differentÐ º' #' Ðstandards€under€the€two€human€rights€instruments€of€essentially€the€same€right.€The€StateÐ  (ð#( Ðparty€argues€that€diverging€standards€in€this€respect€would€create€serious€problems€for€statesÐ †)Ö$) Ðwhich€have€declared€themselves€bound€by€both€instruments.€Problems€would€arise€whenÐ l*¼%* Ðstates€attempt€to€adapt€themselves€to€international€case„law,€if€this€case„law€is€inconsistent.Ð R+¢&+ ÐAccording€to€the€State€party,€inconsistent€case„law€may€also€have€serious€detrimental€effectsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðon€the€overall€credibility€of€the€human€rights€protection€system€at€international€level.€Ð -n(- ЇòòCounsel's€commentsóó€Ð ° ÐÌ5.1€In€a€letter€dated€2€December€1997,€counsel€informs€the€Committee€that€the€author'sÐ |Ì Ðfourth€new€application€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€has€been€withdrawn.€Ð b² ÐÌ5.2€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€refutes€the€statement€of€theÐ . ~ ÐState€party€that€except€for€members€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMRTAÔ_Ô€or€similar€terroristÐ  d Ðorganizations€who€are€wanted€by€Peruvian€authorities,€there€is€no€reason€to€express€concernÐ ú J Ðabout€the€use€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€in€Peru.€The€author€draws€the€attention€of€theÐ à 0 ÐCommittee€to€the€case€of€the€Peruvian€asylum„seeker€Napoleon€Ô_ÔAponteÔ_Ô€Inga€who€wasÐ Æ   Ðdeported€from€Sweden€and€immediately€arrested€by€Peruvian€authorities€at€the€airport,Ð ¬ ü  Ðdetained€and€tortured€for€a€period€of€three€months.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ5.3€As€to€the€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€by€Peruvian€authorities,€counsel€further€pointsÐ ^®  Ðout€that€the€reason€why€the€author€did€not€encounter€any€problems€with€the€authoritiesÐ D”  Ðduring€her€visit€in€Peru€during€1988€was€simply€that€at€that€time€the€guerilla€movement€wasÐ *z  Ðhardly€present€in€the€department€of€Junin€and€the€situation€was€therefore€fairly€calm.Ð ` ÐCounsel€states€that€it€is€not€correct€to€say€that€the€author€did€not€have€any€difficulties€withÐ öF Ðthe€authorities€during€her€visit€in€1991.€In€fact,€and€as€pointed€out€earlier,€owing€to€her€fearÐ Ü, Ðof€the€authorities€she€did€not€even€dare€to€stay€with€her€parents,€but€preferred€to€live€withÐ Â Ðother€relatives€in€another€town.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ5.4€Counsel€refutes€the€argument€of€an€existing€internal€flight€alternative,€since€the€authorÐ tÄ Ðhas€seen€the€faces€of€the€members€of€Sendero€Ô_ÔLuminosoÔ_Ô€who€abducted€and€raped€her€andÐ Zª Ðfor€that€reason€is€not€safe€anywhere€in€the€country.€Ð @ ÐÌ5.5€Counsel€further€states€that€the€fact€that€the€author€did€not€apply€for€asylum€immediatelyÐ  \ Ðat€the€Swedish€border€does€not€indicate€anything€about€the€author's€need€of€protection.€SheÐ òB Ðwas€simply€tired€after€a€long€journey,€in€a€very€bad€mental€condition€and€under€severe€stress.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ5.6€Counsel€concludes€that€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€wouldÐ ¤ô Ðbe€subjected€to€torture€if€returned€to€Peru.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€againstÐ "$r# ÐTorture€must€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€TheÐ %X $ ÐCommittee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5(a),€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐConvention,€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ Ô&$"& Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€also€notes€that€aÐ º' #' Ðfourth€new€application€previously€pending€before€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board€has€beenÐ  (ð#( Ðwithdrawn€and€that€all€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted€and€finds€that€no€furtherÐ †)Ö$) Ðobstacles€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€exist.€Since€both€the€State€party€and€theÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor's€counsel€have€provided€observations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐCommittee€proceeds€immediately€with€the€consideration€of€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð6.2€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€author€to€Peru€wouldÐ ° Ðviolate€the€obligation€of€Sweden€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€to€returnÐ –æ Ða€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€or€sheÐ |Ì Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Before€the€Committee€is€also€the€issue€ofÐ b² Ðwhether,€pursuant€to€article€16,€paragraph€1,€the€forced€return€per€se€would€constitute€cruel,Ð H˜ Ðinhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€not€amounting€to€torture€as€defined€in€articleÐ . ~ Ð1.€Ð  d ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€1,€whether€there€areÐ à 0 Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subject€toÐ Æ   Ðtorture€upon€return€to€Peru.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€accountÐ ¬ ü  Ðall€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existence€of€aÐ ’â  Ðconsistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€beÐ ^®  Ðpersonally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldÐ D”  Ðreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÐ *z  Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forÐ ` Ðdetermining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponÐ öF Ðhis€return€to€that€country;€specific€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individualÐ Ü, Ðconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossÐ Â Ðviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€dangerÐ ¨ø Ðof€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ6.4€The€Committee€notes€that€the€facts€on€which€the€author's€claim€are€based,€are€not€inÐ Zª Ðdispute.€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€author€has€never€been€subjected€to€torture€orÐ @ Ðill„treatment€by€the€Peruvian€authorities€and€that€she€has€not€been€politically€active€sinceÐ &v Ð1985€when€she€left€Peru€to€study€abroad.€According€to€unchallenged€information,€the€authorÐ  \ Ðhas€been€able€to€visit€Peru€on€two€occasions€without€encountering€difficulties€with€theÐ òB Ðnational€authorities.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ6.5€The€Committee€recalls€that€the€State€party's€obligation€to€refrain€from€forcibly€returningÐ ¤ô Ða€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€or€sheÐ Š Ú Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€is€directly€linked€to€the€definition€of€tortureÐ p!À  Ðas€found€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.€For€the€purposes€of€the€Convention,€according€toÐ V"¦! ÐArticle€1,€"the€term€'torture'€means€any€act€by€which€severe€pain€or€suffering,€whetherÐ <#Œ" Ðphysical€or€mental,€is€intentionally€inflicted€on€a€person€for€such€purposes€as€obtaining€fromÐ "$r# Ðhim€or€a€third€person€information€or€a€confession,€punishing€him€for€an€act€he€or€a€thirdÐ %X $ Ðperson€has€committed€or€is€suspected€of€having€committed,€or€intimidating€or€coercing€himÐ î%>!% Ðor€a€third€person,€or€for€any€reason€based€on€discrimination€of€any€kind,€òòwhen€such€pain€orÐ Ô&$"& Ðsuffering€is€inflicted€by€or€at€the€instigation€of€or€with€the€consent€or€acquiescence€of€aÐ º' #' Ðpublic€official€or€other€person€acting€in€an€official€capacityóó".€The€Committee€considers€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€issue€whether€the€State€party€has€an€obligation€to€refrain€from€expelling€a€person€whoÐ †)Ö$) Ðmight€risk€pain€or€suffering€inflicted€by€a€non„governmental€entity,€without€the€consent€orÐ l*¼%* Ðacquiescence€of€the€Government,€falls€outside€the€scope€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ6.6€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€numerous€reports€of€torture€in€Peru,€but€recallsÐ -n(- Ðthat,€for€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€riskÐ ° Ðmust€exist€of€being€tortured€in€the€country€to€which€a€person€is€returned.€On€the€basis€of€theÐ –æ Ðconsiderations€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€such€risk€has€not€beenÐ |Ì Ðestablished.€Ð b² ÐÌ6.7€The€Committee€must€further€decide€whether,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€16,€theÐ . ~ Ðauthor's€forced€return€would€constitute€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishmentÐ  d Ðnot€amounting€to€torture€as€defined€in€article€1,€in€view€of€the€author's€poor€state€of€health.Ð ú J ÐThe€Committee€notes€the€medical€evidence€presented€by€the€author€demonstrating€that€sheÐ à 0 Ðsuffers€severely€from€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€most€probably€as€the€consequence€ofÐ Æ   Ðthe€abuse€faced€by€the€author€in€1991.€The€Committee€considers,€however,€that€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðaggravation€of€the€author's€state€of€health€possibly€caused€by€her€deportation€would€notÐ ’â  Ðamount€to€the€type€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€envisaged€by€article€16€of€theÐ xÈ  ÐConvention,€attributable€to€the€State€party.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ7.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÐ *z  Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theÐ ` Ðview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€or€articleÐ öF Ð16€of€the€Convention.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ___________Ð ¨ø ÐÌ1/€€€Communication€No.€13/1993€(CAT/C/12/D/13/1993),€Views€adopted€on€27€April€1994.Ð tÄ ÐÌ2/€€€Communication€No.€39/1996€(CAT/C/18/39/1996),€Views€adopted€on€7€May€1997.Ð @ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð  \ ÐÓqÓ