ÿWPC ¥K_ûN#ò]±2µ½î§{à>½Ë0Ô&—;¸/^ó¹”j˜îͧø:C¬ £¢@¾±ŠLÄÓ=Du .£‰"¿“«ɹ [c>}òPd-ÎÔEû©ËÊ›°µC‡Oø¥íjÙYÔ YI`;Ü‚ýf‰u7¤Ú~|D#Ï5×™¸þï9ÏE&›™¥ ðÞ¡“<5ØÂ+1Ÿ2¼B}ÔX”NjÜih™y)öþž¼~Ä€#:½S£D'xµ{pÛ»  ׸Å`,óßçëèá)í™aúÍì0k§½Â›R xr•o¥Æqe{q©ÈQ š?KýÃÞ©˜í»ü¸¢›±EÀ(¬bèá!ê¡l¦ÄzŸ–{p=˜SÛñ¢qÞn²A¨§l̪ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_À 0iƈ 0ÑN 0( D+G AMr ¿ 0¶Ï #Á… UNF %” Mš (ž NÆ ^ È wÔ 4Ø ì mî ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Leopoldo Buffo Carballal v. Uruguay, Communication No. 33/1978 (8 April 1981), U.N. Doc. C4il 1981), U.N. Doc. C"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2C$££Ý ƒ•!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X5·XXXÔÔ€X5·XXX5·ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(Ž•$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X.XXXÔÔ€X.XXX.Ô˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXv}û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ•!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X5·XXXÔÔ€X5·XXX5·ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔCarballalÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€33/1978Ð H˜ ÐÌ27€March€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Leopoldo€Buffo€Ô_ÔCarballalÔ_Ô€on€30€May€1978€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€27€March€1981€(twelfth€session)óó€Ð Ü, ÐÌÓ  ÓÌòòò òViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€this€communication,€dated€30€May€1978,€is€Leopoldo€Buffo€Ô_ÔCarballalÔ_Ô,€a€36„Ð @ Ðyear„old€Uruguayan€national,€residing€in€Mexico.€He€submitted€the€communication€on€hisÐ &v Ðown€behalf.€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€the€following:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ2.2€Upon€arriving€in€Argentina€on€4€January€1976€(by€legally€crossing€the€border€betweenÐ ¤ô ÐUruguay€and€Argentina),€he€was€arrested€without€a€warrant€of€arrest€and€handed€over€toÐ Š Ú Ðmembers€of€the€Uruguayan€Navy,€who€took€him€back€to€the€city€of€Ô_ÔPaysand6Ô_Ô,€Uruguay.€HeÐ p!À  Ðwas€not€informed€of€why€he€had€been€deprived€of€his€liberty.€A€few€days€later€he€wasÐ V"¦! Ðtransferred€to€Montevideo.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ2.3€During€the€first€period€of€detention,€until€12€February€1976,€he€was€repeatedly€subjectedÐ %X $ Ðto€torture€(blows,€hanging€from€his€hands€and€forced€to€stand€motionless„„"Ô_ÔplantdnÔ_Ô"„„forÐ î%>!% Ðlong€periods).€On€12€February€1976,€after€having€been€forced€to€sign€a€statement€to€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðeffect€that€he€had€suffered€no€abuses,€he€was€transferred€to€the€military€barracks€of€the€FifthÐ º' #' ÐArtillery.€From€there,€he€was€taken€to€a€large€truck€garage.€The€author€describes€the€eventsÐ  (ð#( Ðas€follows:€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌThey€moved€us€all€to€a€large€truck€garage€with€a€concrete€roof€and€two€big€doors€that€wereÐ R+¢&+ Ðopen€summer€and€winter.€We€slept€on€the€floor,€which€was€covered€with€oil€and€grease.€WeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhad€neither€mattress€nor€blankets.€For€the€first€time€since€I€was€detained,€I€was€allowed€toÐ -n(- Ðtake€a€bath,€although€I€had€to€put€on€the€same€clothes,€soiled€by€my€own€vomit,€blood€andÐ ° Ðexcrement.€When€I€took€off€the€blindfold€I€became€dizzy.€Later€on,€my€family€was€allowedÐ –æ Ðto€send€me€a€mattress.€In€this€dungeon€I€remained€incommunicado,€sitting€on€the€rolled„upÐ |Ì Ðmattress€during€the€day,€blindfolded€and€with€my€hands€bound.€We€were€allowed€to€sleepÐ b² Ðat€night.€The€only€food€was€a€cup€of€soup€in€the€morning€and€another€at€night.€They€wouldÐ H˜ Ðnot€allow€our€relatives€to€bring€us€food€or€medicine.€I€suffered€from€chronic€diarrhoea€andÐ . ~ Ðfrequent€colds.€Ð  d ÐÌ2.4€On€5€May€1976€he€appeared€before€a€military€court,€and€on€28€July€1976€he€was€broughtÐ à 0 Ðbefore€the€court€again€to€be€notified€that€his€release€had€been€ordered.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ2.5€In€spite€of€the€order€for€his€release,€he€was€still€detained€at€the€Fifth€Artillery€barracksÐ ’â  Ðunder€the€Ô_Ôr6gimeÔ_Ô€of€"prompt€security€measures"€until€26€January€1977.€He€was,€however,Ð xÈ  Ðforbidden€to€leave€Montevideo€and€ordered€to€report€to€the€authorities€every€15€days.€HeÐ ^®  Ðgained€asylum€in€the€Embassy€of€Mexico€in€Montevideo€on€4€March€1977€with€his€wife€andÐ D”  Ðchildren.€At€the€time€his€home€was€plundered€and€his€belongings€were€taken€away.€Ð *z  ÐÌ2.6€The€author€claims€that€during€his€detention€he€was€effectively€barred€from€any€recourse,Ð öF Ðnot€only€because€he€had€no€access€to€the€outside€world€while€he€was€held€incommunicadoÐ Ü, Ð(until€28€July€1976)€but€also,€from€then€on,€because€of€the€interpretation€given€by€theÐ Â ÐUruguayan€authorities€to€the€relevant€provision€of€the€Constitution€in€respect€of€detentionÐ ¨ø Ðunder€"prompt€security€measures".€He€states€that€he€was€never€charged€with€any€offenceÐ ŽÞ Ðunder€the€law€and€alleges€that€the€sole€reason€for€the€injustices€inflicted€upon€him€was€hisÐ tÄ Ðpolitical€opinions,€the€nature€of€which,€however,€he€fails€to€specify.€Ð Zª ÐÌ2.7€He€states€that€he€did€not€receive€any€compensation€after€his€release.€Ð &v ÐÌ2.8€He€submits€that€he€was€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€7,€9€(1,€2,€3,€4,€5),€Ô_ÔI0Ô_Ô€(1€and€3),Ð òB Ð12,€17€and€19€(1)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ3.€On€28€July€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€communicationÐ ¤ô Ðto€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€requesting€informationÐ Š Ú Ðand€observations€Ô_ÔrelerantÔ_Ô€to€the€question€of€admissibility.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.€By€letter€dated€29€December€1978,€the€State€party€argued€that€the€alleged€violation€tookÐ <#Œ" Ðplace€on€4€January€1976,€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€for€Uruguay,€and€madeÐ "$r# Ðthe€general€observation€that€every€person€in€the€national€territory€has€free€access€to€theÐ %X $ Ðcourts€and€to€public€administrative€authorities€and€may€exercise€freely€all€the€administrativeÐ î%>!% Ðand€judicial€remedies€provided€for€under€the€legal€system€of€the€country.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.€On€24€April€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ(a)€Having€concluded€that,€although€the€date€of€arrest€was€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐCovenant€for€Uruguay,€the€alleged€violations€continued€after€that€date,€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ(b)€Being€unable€to€conclude€that,€with€regard€to€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€on€theÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôbasis€of€the€information€before€it,€there€were€any€further€remedies€which€the€alleged€victimÐ ° Ðshould€or€could€have€pursued,€Ð –æ ÐÌTherefore€decided:€Ð b² ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð . ~ ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beÐ ú J Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ à 0 Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifÐ Æ   Ðany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ6.€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ xÈ  Ðexpired€on€25€November€1979.€By€notes€dated€23€November€1979€and€13€February€1980,Ð ^®  Ðthe€State€party€requested€the€Committee€to€accord€a€reasonable€extension€of€time.€The€onlyÐ D”  Ðsubmission€received€to€date€from€the€State€party€consists€of€a€brief€note,€dated€7€July€1980,Ð *z  Ðin€which€the€State€party€reaffirms€that€the€legal€system€in€force€affords€every€guarantee€ofÐ ` Ðdue€process€and€adds€the€following€explanations:€Ð öF ÐÌThe€author's€assertions€about€the€conditions€of€his€detention€under€the€prompt€securityÐ Â Ðmeasures€are€completely€unfounded,€for€in€no€Uruguayan€place€of€detention€may€anyÐ ¨ø Ðsituation€be€found€which€could€be€regarded€as€violating€the€integrity€of€persons.€LeopoldoÐ ŽÞ ÐBurro€Carballal€was€arrested€on€4€January€1976€for€his€presumed€connections€withÐ tÄ Ðsubversive€activities€and€was€interned€under€the€prompt€security€measures;€he€was€grantedÐ Zª Ðunconditional€release€on€28€June€1976.€On€29€June€1976€the€Fifth€Military€Court€ofÐ @ ÐInvestigation€closed€the€preliminary€investigation€proceedings€for€lack€of€evidence.Ð &v ÐAfterwards,€Buffo€Carballal€took€refuge€in€the€Mexican€Embassy€before€leaving€for€Mexico.Ð  \ ÐThe€foregoing€shows€that€justice€in€Uruguay€is€not€arbitrary€and€that€in€the€absence€of€anyÐ òB Ðelements€constituting€proof€of€criminal€acts,€no€one€is€deprived€of€his€liberty.€For€all€theseÐ Ø( Ðreasons,€the€author's€assertions,€which€are€merely€accusations€devoid€of€all€foundation,€areÐ ¾ Ðhereby€rejected.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€it€has€been€informed€by€the€Government€ofÐ p!À  ÐUruguay€in€another€case€(No.€9/1977)€that€the€remedy€of€habeas€corpus€is€not€applicable€toÐ V"¦! Ðpersons€detained€under€the€"prompt€security€measures".€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€received€no€further€correspondence€from€the€authorÐ %X $ Ðsubsequent€to€his€original€communication€of€30€May€1978.€Letters€addressed€to€him€by€theÐ î%>!% ÐSecretariat€have€been€returned€by€the€Mexican€postal€authorities€as€unclaimed.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ9.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€considering€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÐ  (ð#( Ðinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€in€article€5€(€1€)€of€the€OptionalÐ †)Ö$) ÐProtocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€been€essentiallyÐ l*¼%* Ðconfirmed€by€the€State€party,€are€unrefuted€or€are€uncontested,€except€for€denials€of€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðgeneral€character€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanation.€Leopoldo€BuffoÐ 8,ˆ', ÐCarballal€was€arrested€on€4€January€1976€and€held€incommunicado€for€more€than€fiveÐ -n(- Ðmonths,€much€of€the€time€tied€and€blindfolded,€in€several€places€of€detention.€Recourse€toÐ ° Ðhabeas€corpus€was€not€available€to€him.€He€was€brought€before€a€military€judge€on€5€MayÐ –æ Ð1976€and€again€on€28€June€or€28€July€1976,€when€an€order€was€issued€for€his€release.€HeÐ |Ì Ðwas,€however,€kept€in€detention€until€26€January€1977.€Ð b² ÐÌ10.€As€to€the€allegations€of€torture,€the€Committee€notes€that€they€relate€explicitly€to€eventsÐ . ~ Ðsaid€to€have€occurred€prior€to€23€March€1976€(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€theÐ  d ÐOptional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay).€As€regards€the€harsh€conditions€of€Mr.Ð ú J ÐBuffo€Carballal's€detention,€which€continued€after€that€date,€the€State€party€has€adduced€noÐ à 0 Ðevidence€that€the€allegations€were€duly€investigated.€A€refutation€in€general€terms€to€theÐ Æ   Ðeffect€that€"in€no€Uruguayan€place€of€detention€may€any€situation€be€found€which€could€beÐ ¬ ü  Ðregarded€as€violating€the€integrity€of€persons"€is€not€sufficient.€The€allegations€should€haveÐ ’â  Ðbeen€investigated€by€the€State€party,€in€accordance€with€its€laws€and€its€obligations€underÐ xÈ  Ðthe€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€whether€acts€and€treatment€whichÐ *z  Ðprimafacie€are€not€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant€could,€for€any€reasons€be€justified€underÐ ` Ðthe€Covenant€in€the€circumstances.€The€Government€has€referred€to€provisions€of€UruguayanÐ öF Ðlaw,€including€the€"prompt€security€measures".€The€Covenant€(art.€4)€allows€nationalÐ Ü, Ðmeasures€derogating€from€some€of€its€provisions€only€in€strictly€defined€circumstances,€andÐ Â Ðthe€Government€has€not€made€any€submission€of€fact€or€law€to€justify€derogation.€Moreover,Ð ¨ø Ðsome€of€the€facts€referred€to€above€raise€issues€under€provisions€from€which€the€CovenantÐ ŽÞ Ðdoes€not€allow€any€derogation€under€any€circumstances.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€duly€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€submission€thatÐ @ ÐLeopoldo€Burro€Carballal€was€arrested€and€detained€for€his€presumed€connection€withÐ &v Ðsubversive€activities.€Such€general€reference€to€"subversive€activities"€does€not,€however,Ð  \ Ðsuffice€to€show€that€the€measures€of€penal€prosecution€taken€against€Leopoldo€BuffoÐ òB ÐCarballal€were€compatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€The€Covenant€provides€inÐ Ø( Ðarticle€19€that€everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€hold€opinions€without€interference€and€thatÐ ¾ Ðthe€freedom€of€expression€set€forth€in€paragraph€2€of€that€article€shall€be€subject€only€to€suchÐ ¤ô Ðrestrictions€as€are€necessary€(a)€for€respect€of€the€rights€and€reputations€of€others€or€(b)forÐ Š Ú Ðthe€protection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order€(ordre€public),€or€of€public€health.€orÐ p!À  Ðmorals.€To€date,€the€State€party€has€never€explained€the€scope€and€meaning€of€"subversiveÐ V"¦! Ðactivities",€which€constitute€a€criminal€offence€under€he€relevant€legislation.€Such€anÐ <#Œ" Ðexplanation€is€particularly€necessary€in€the€present€case,€since€the€author€of€theÐ "$r# Ðcommunication€contends€that€he€has€been€prosecuted€solely€for€his€opinions.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€these€facts,€in€so€farÐ º' #' Ðas€they€have€occurred€on€or€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€enteredÐ  (ð#( Ðinto€force€in€respect€of€Uruguay)€or€continued€or€had€effects€which€themselves€constitute€aÐ †)Ö$) Ðviolation€after€that€date,€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€of:€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌArticles€7€and€10€(1),€because€of€the€conditions€under€which€Mr.€Buffo€Carballal€was€heldÐ 8,ˆ', Ðduring€his€detention;€Ð -n(- ЇArticle€9€(1),€because€he€was€not€released€until€approximately€six€or€seven€months€after€anÐ ° Ðorder€for€his€release€was€issued€by€the.€military€court;€Ð –æ ÐÌArticle€9€(2),€because€he€was€not€informed€of€the€charges€brought€against€him;€Ð b² ÐÌArticle€9€(3),€because€he€was€not€brottght€before€a€judge€until€four€months€after€he€wasÐ . ~ Ðdetained€and€44€days€after€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay;€Ð  d ÐÌArticle€9€(4),€because€recourse€to€habeas€corpus€was€not€available€to€him;€Ð à 0 ÐÌArticle€14€(3),€because€the€conditions€of€his€detention€effectively€barred€him€from€access€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðlegal€assistance.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ14.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ ^®  Ðprovide€effective€remedies,€if€applied€for,€including€compensation€for€the€violations€whichÐ D”  ÐMr.€Buffo€Carballal€has€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€sitnilar€violations€do€notÐ *z  Ðoccur€in€the€future.€