ÿWPCƒ e÷>BËiZù‘IQ‰„´Ð.Hù¨qz ßլܻF"i0Ÿ ±`HuuUtæ}ãF©?¡‡>GöL'HøäyÞZËÃO¯aù#çÞžuÚC ïÑ !¡]©7 ì’ÃO‹1Ý+@]c'•C‚OТ»Pkc›[‚µÑƒ¥=2é¸*1·$œM£ˆKrFc€­ÛwÆÞ+ĦèÈâ0’IÃ:/CÂ{wV®àq¥èVÔšDæŒhÈ»b.ˆÍ®0}pGvÈ5)¯‚cׇLèUúmŽ£Ck?~ùß:Þð– ¯‚"ÎÑcu+g¡­'XúËZ]Ÿ*ui+¿&PÈ¢±‡‚89]¶µµ÷„—c¡Tœ¯Å­€u 6‹¢µ)õÔ«^é®6.àpNXŒŽËr™¼Š³OÈ$²±å6Ò@¼X¿þG7+13;yÎ«Üø*65-Mu¸H±ccJ@WGsžFœ»H; ö~tןå"GÑŽ“b%àI5†5t®éÜ‹K¥ I¾=-ñ2xÚiTƭ🊮¾óƒæS¹­ôgÈ»£ÇpýO°w¢žüE R[¿ð/Øå ›ú±B—Ü{hº†*ûƒ´á­Émr~±a®2ÜI#¿žîWÅ!U>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Larry James Pinkney v. Canada, Communication No. R.7/27 (25 November 1977), U.N. Doc. Supp41977), U.N. Doc. Supp"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2@O$££Ý ƒu¬!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xw¿XXXÔÔ€Xw¿XXXw¿ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žu¬$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XiXXXÔÔ€XiXXXiÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX/¨ó* Äpì*.wpd´É ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒu¬!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xw¿XXXÔÔ€Xw¿XXXw¿ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ЀÌòòÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€R.7/27Ð H˜ ÐÌ29€October€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóLarry€James€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€òòÐ xÈ  ÐÌAlleged€victim:€óóthe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóCanada€òòÐ ` ÐÌDate€of€communication:€óó25€November€1977€(date€of€initial€letter)óó€Ð Ü, ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ŽÞ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð tÄ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€29€October€1981,€Ð @ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€R.7/27€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ  \ Ðby€Larry€James€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ òB Ðand€Political€Rights,€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð V"¦! ÐÓïÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òVIEWS€UNDER€ARTICLE€5€(4)€OF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLó óóó€Ð %X $ ÐÓþÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€25€November€1977€and€a€furtherÐ º' #' Ðletter€dated€7€April€1978€as€well€as€numerous€further€letters€received€from€the€author€duringÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€course€of€the€proceedings)€is€a€citizen€of€the€United€States€of€America€who€is€serving€aÐ †)Ö$) Ðprison€sentence€in€Canada.€He€describes€himself€as€a€black€political€activist,€having€beenÐ l*¼%* Ðinvolved€in€the€activities€of€several€political€organizations€since€1967€(Black€Panther€PartyÐ R+¢&+ Ð(1967„1968),€Black€National€Draft€Resistance€League€(Chairman)€(1969„1970),€SanÐ 8,ˆ', ÐFrancisco€Black€Caucus€(Co„Chairman)€(1970„1973),€Minister€of€Interior€for€the€RepublicÐ -n(- Ðof€New€Africa€(1970„1972)€under€the€name€of€Ô_ÔMakuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAtanaÔ_Ô€and,€since€1974,€Chairman€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Central€Committee€of€the€Black€National€Independence€Party).€He€entered€Canada€as€aÐ –æ Ðvisitor€in€September€1975.€On€10€May€1976€he€was€arrested€by€police€authorities€inÐ |Ì ÐVancouver,€British€Columbia,€on€charges€under€the€Canadian€Criminal€Code€and€remandedÐ b² Ðto€the€Lower€Mainland€Regional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€at€Ô_ÔOakallaÔ_Ô€British€Columbia,€pendingÐ H˜ Ðhis€trial€on€certain€criminal€charges.€Because€of€his€arrest€his€continued€presence€in€CanadaÐ . ~ Ðcame€to€the€attention€of€immigration€officials€and,€consequently€Curing€the€period€when€beÐ  d Ðwas€incarcerated€at€the€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô,€proceeding€s€were€taken€under€the€ImmigrationÐ ú J ÐAct€to€determine€whether€he€was€lawfully€in€Canada.€These€proceedings€took€place€duringÐ à 0 Ðthe€period€between€21€May€1976€and€10€November€1976€when€an€order€of€deportation€wasÐ Æ   Ðissued€against€him.€On€9€December€1976€he€was€convicted€by€the€County€Court€of€BritishÐ ¬ ü  ÐColumbia€of€the€charge€of€extortion€and€on€7€January€1977€he€was€sentenced€to€a€term€ofÐ ’â  Ðfive€years'€imprisonment.€On€8€February€1977,€he€sought€leave€to€appeal€against€hisÐ xÈ  Ðconviction€and€sentence€to€the€British€Columbia€C~Ô_ÔurtÔ_Ô€of€Appeal.€He€was€transferred€to€theÐ ^®  ÐBritish€Columbia€Penitentiary€on€11€February€1977.€On€6€December€1979€the€Court€ofÐ D”  ÐAppeal€dismissed€his€appeal€against€conviction€and€adjourned€his€appeal€against€sentenceÐ *z  Ðòòsine€die.óó€Ð ` ÐÌ2.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€claims€(a)€that€he€had€been€denied€a€fair€hearing€and€review€of€his€case€inÐ Ü, Ðregard€to€the€deportation€order,€which€is€Cue€to€come€into€effect€on€his€release€from€prison,Ð Â Ð(b)€that€he€is€the€victim€of€a€mistrial€in€regard€to€the€criminal€charges€brought€against€him,Ð ¨ø Ðand€(c)€that€he€has€been€subjected€to€wrongful€treatment€while€in€detention.€He€alleges€that,Ð ŽÞ Ðin€consequence,€the€State€party€has€violated€articles€10€(1)€and€(2)€(a),€13,€14€(1)€and€(3).(b),Ð tÄ Ð16€and€17€(1)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð Zª ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€18€July€1978€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô'sÐ &v Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ  \ Ðconcerned€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ òB Ðof€the€communication.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.€The€Committee€also€communicated€its€decision€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ5.€The€State€party's€submissions€on€the€question€of€admissibility€were€contained€in€lettersÐ p!À  Ðof€18€June€1979€and€10€January€1980€and€further€comments€from€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€wereÐ V"¦! Ðcontained€in€letters€of€11€and€15€July€1979€and€21€Ô_Ôand22Ô_Ô€February€1980.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ6.€On€2€April€1980€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided:€Ð %X $ ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€inadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€the€deportationÐ Ô&$"& Ðproceedings€and€the€deportation€order€issued€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô;€Ð º' #' ÐÌ(b)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€trial€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðconviction€on€the€charge€of€extortion;€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÔ_Ô(c)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€treatmentÐ 8,ˆ', Ðat€the€Lower€Mainland€Regional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€on€or€after€19€August€1976.€Ð -n(- Ї7.€In€its€observations€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€21€October€1980,€theÐ ° ÐState€party€submits€that€there€is€no€merit€to€the€author's€allegations€which€were€foundÐ –æ Ðadmissible€by€the€Committee€and€that€they€should€therefore€be€dismissed.€FurtherÐ |Ì Ðsubmissions€regarding€the€admissibility€and€merits€of€the€case€were€received€in€a€note€of€22Ð b² ÐJuly€1980€from€the€State€party€and€in€letters€of€10€and€22€December€1980€and€30€April,€24Ð H˜ ÐJune,€27€August€and€18€September€1981€from€the€author€of€the€communication€and€hisÐ . ~ Ðlawyer.€Ð  d ÐÌ(a)€òòThe€claims€concerning€the€deportation€orderóó€Ð à 0 ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€examined€the€further€submissions€regarding€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication,€has€found€no€grounds€to€reconsider€its€decision€of€2Ð ’â  ÐApril€1980.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(b)€òòThe€claims€concerning€the€alleged€mistrialóó€Ð D”  ÐÌ9.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleges€that€prior€to€his€arrest€in€May€1976,€he€has€spent€over€three€monthsÐ ` Ðin€Vancouver€compiling€specific€information€on€alleged€smuggling€activities€of€certain€EastÐ öF ÐIndian€Asian€immigrants€in€Canada,€.involving€smuggling€out€of€Africa€into€Europe,€CanadaÐ Ü, Ðand€the€United€States,€with€the€Ô_ÔcomlicityÔ_Ô€of€Canadian€Immigration€officials.€He€maintainsÐ Â Ðthat€he€was€doing€this€work€on€behalf€of€the€Governing€Central€Committee€of€the€BlackÐ ¨ø ÐNational€Independence€Party€(Ô_ÔBNICÔ_Ô)€with€a€view€to€putting€an€end€to€these€illegal€activities,Ð ŽÞ Ðwhich€he€contends€were€to€the€detriment€of€the€economy€of€African€countries.€The€authorÐ tÄ Ðfurther€indicates€that,€during€the€period€prior€to€his€arrest,€he€had€managed€to€establishÐ Zª Ðcontact€with€a€relative€of€the€persons€involved€in€the€smuggling€of€diamonds€and€large€sumsÐ @ Ðof€money€from€Kenya,€Tanzania,€Uganda€and€Zaire€into€Canada.€He€states€that€the€relativeÐ &v Ðrevealed€to€him€many€details€about€these€smuggling€activities,€that€he€recorded€thisÐ  \ Ðinformation€on€tape,€that€he€made€copies€of€the€letters€showing€dates€ant€amounts€ofÐ òB Ðtransactions,€names€of€people€involved€and€other€details€and€that€he€placed€this€material€inÐ Ø( Ða€briefcase€kept€in€a€24„hour€public€locker.€He€asserts€that€in€one€of€the€letters€which€wasÐ ¾ Ðcopied€reference€was€made€to€a€gift€in€cash€to€certain€Canadian€immigration€offices€for€theirÐ ¤ô Ðassistance€and€also€to€the€necessity€to€pay€more€money€to€a€Ô_ÔBOACÔ_Ô€airline€pilot€for€his€help.Ð Š Ú ÐThe€author€maintains€that€he€periodically€informed€by€telephone€the€Central€Committee€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe€Ô_ÔBNICÔ_Ô€and€a€security€official€at€the€Kenyan€Embassy€in€Washington€of€his€investigationÐ V"¦! Ðand€that€he€recorded€these€conversations€and€placed€the€tapes€in€the€briefcase.€The€authorÐ <#Œ" Ðmaintains€that€after€he€was€arrested,€in€May€1976,€the€briefcase€was€discovered€andÐ "$r# Ðconfiscated€by€the€police€and€that€the€material€necessary€for€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€mysteriouslyÐ %X $ Ðdisappeared€before€his€trial.€He€alleges€that€these€facts€were€ignored€by€the€trial€court,€thatÐ î%>!% Ðhe€was€accused€of€having€used€the€information€in€his€possession€with€a€view€to€obtainingÐ Ô&$"& Ðmoney€from€the€persons€allegedly€responsible€for€the€smuggling,€that€evidence€that€he€hadÐ º' #' Ðno€intention€of€committing€extortion€was€deliberately€withheld,€and€that€he€was€convictedÐ  (ð#( Ðon€the€basis€of€evidence€which€had€been€tampered€with€and€distorted€but€which€wasÐ †)Ö$) Ðnevertheless€presented€by€the€police€and€crown€attorney.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ10.€From€the€information€submitted€to€the€Committee€it€appears€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðconvicted€by€the€County€Court€of€British€Columbia€on€a€charge€of€extortion€on€9€DecemberÐ -n(- Ð1976.€The€sentence€of€five€years'€imprisonment€was€pronounced€on€7€January€1977.€On€8Ð ° ÐFebruary€1977,€he€sought€leave€to€appeal€against€his€conviction€and€his€sentence€to€theÐ –æ ÐBritish€Columbia€Court€of€Appeal.€He€argued€that€he€had€not€been€able€to€make€full€answerÐ |Ì Ðand€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€to€the€charge€of€extortion€before€the€trial€court€because€of€alleged€inability€ofÐ b² Ðthe€authorities€to€produce€the€missing€briefcase.€His€appeal,€however,€was€not€heard€untilÐ H˜ Ð34€months€later.€This€delay,€which€the€Government€of€British€Columbia€described€asÐ . ~ Ð"unusual€and€unsatisfactory",€Was€due€to€the€fact€that€the€trial€transcripts€were€not€producedÐ  d Ðuntil€June€1979.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleges€that€the€delay€in€the€hearing,€due€to€the€lack€of€the€trialÐ ú J Ðtranscripts,€was€a€deliberate€attempt€by€the€State€party€to€block€the€exercise€of€his€right€ofÐ à 0 Ðappeal.€The€State€party€rejects€this€allegation€and€submits€that,€notwithstanding€the€effortsÐ Æ   Ðof€officials€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Attorney€General€of€British€Columbia€to€hasten€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðproduction€of€the€trial€transcripts,€they€were€not€completed€until€June€1979,€"because€ofÐ ’â  Ðvarious€administrative€mishaps€in€the€Official€Reporters'€Office".€On€6€December€1979,€thatÐ xÈ  Ðis€34€months€after€leave€to€appeal„was€applied€for,€the€British€Columbia€Court€of€AppealÐ ^®  Ðheard€the€application,€granted€leave€to€appeal€and€on€the€same€day,€after€hearing€Mr.Ð D”  ÐÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€legal€counsel€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€dismissed€the€appeal€against€conviction,€and€(ii)€adjourned€theÐ *z  Ðappeal€against€sentence€òòsine€die,€óóto€be€heard€at€a€time€convenient€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€counsel.€Ð ` ÐÌ11.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€claims€violations€of€article€14€(1)€and€(3)€(b)€of€the€Covenant€in€that€he€wasÐ Ü, Ðnot€given€a€fair€hearing€or€adequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_ÔÐ Â Ðsince€he€was€denied€the€right€to€produce€the€documents€and€tapes€allegedly€proving€hisÐ ¨ø Ðinnocence.€He€also€claims€that€the€long€delay€in€hearing€his€appeal€has€resulted€in€violationsÐ ŽÞ Ðof€article€14€(3)€(c)€and€(5).€Ð tÄ ÐÌ12.€As€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€claim€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€trial€because€evidence€was€withheldÐ @ Ðwhich€would€have€proven€that€he€had€no€intent€to€commit€the€crime€of€extortion,€the€StateÐ &v Ðparty€in€its€observations€of€21€October€1980€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ  \ Ðmakes€the€following€submission:€Ð òB ÐÌ"Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€charged€under€section€305€of€the€Criminal€Code:€Ð ¾ ÐÌ'305.(1)€Everyone€who,€without€reasonable€justification€or€excuse€and€with€intent€to€extortÐ Š Ú Ðor€gain€anything€by€threats,€accusations,€menaces€or€violence€induces€or€attempts€to€induceÐ p!À  Ðany€person,€whether€or€not€he€is€the€person€threatened,€accused€or€menaced€or€to€whomÐ V"¦! Ðviolence€is€shown,€to€do€anything€or€cause€anything€to€be€done€is€guilty€of€an€indictableÐ <#Œ" Ðoffence€and€is€liable€to€imprisonment€for€14€years.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ'(2)€A€threat€to€institute€civil€proceedings€is€not€a€threat€for€the€purposes€of€this€section.''€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"In€order€to€prove€that€he€had€committed€this€offence,€the€Crown€had€to€prove€beyondÐ º' #' Ðreasonable€doubt:€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ(1)€That€the€accused€used€threats€to€induce€the€doing€of€something;€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ(2)€That€he€did€so€with€intent€to€extort€or€gain€something,€and€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð(3)€That€he€did€so€without€reasonable€justification€or€excuse.€Ð ° ÐÌ"In€the€present€case€the€Crown€met€this€burden€of€proof.€Using€tape€recordings€(andÐ |Ì Ðtranscripts€thereof)€of€two€telephone€conversations€between€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€and€his€intendedÐ b² Ðvictims,€it€showed€that€he€threatened€to€turn€over€the€content€of€a€stolen€file€containingÐ H˜ Ðinformation€on€the€smuggling€of€money€from€Kenya€to€Canada€as€well€as€an€applicationÐ . ~ Ðrequesting€that€family€allowance€payments€be€made€to€a€person€who€was€not€entitled€toÐ  d Ðreceive€them€under€Canadian€law€to€Canadian€and€Kenyan€authorities€unless€he€was€paid€theÐ ú J Ðsum€of€$100,000,€later€reduced€to€$50,000.€His€Ô_ÔHonourÔ_Ô€Judge€Ô_ÔMackinnonÔ_Ô,€of€the€County€ofÐ à 0 ÐÔ_ÔvancouverÔ_Ô,€who€presided€at€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€trial,€indicated€that,€in€the€absence€of€anyÐ Æ   Ðexplanation,€this€evidence€(which,€it€should€be€noted,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€agreed€with)€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðsufficient€to€support€a€conviction.€Although€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€contended€that€when€he€threatenedÐ ’â  Ðhis€intended€victims€he€had€no€intention€to€extort€money€from€them,€but€merely€wanted€toÐ xÈ  Ðsubstantiate€the€information€found€in€the€above„mentioned€file€in€order€to€maintain€hisÐ ^®  Ðreputation€as€a€reliable,€informer€with€the€Kenyan€Embassy€in€the€United€States,€the€trialÐ D”  Ðjudge,€after€a€study€of€the€evidence€adduced€by€both€the€Crown€and€the€accused,€includingÐ *z  Ðtestimony€by€the€accused,€concluded€that€the€communicant€did€intend€to€extort€money.€TheÐ ` Ðtrial€judge€noted€that€in€a€written€statement€dated€7€May€1976€which€he€had€made€to€theÐ öF Ðpolice€after€his€arrest,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€made€absolutely€no€mention€of€Kenya,€smugglingÐ Ü, Ðactivities€or€his€attempt€to€verify€information,€but€rather€referred€to€the€attempted€extortionsÐ Â Ðas€a€"business€deal".€The€judge€concluded€that€this€"can€only€be€interpreted€in€this€contextÐ ¨ø Ðas€an€exchange€of€the€file€for€money"€and€that€he€Could€"put€no€other€rational€interpretationÐ ŽÞ Ðon€this€statement€written€by€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€himself€...".€Furthermore,€he€indicated€that€additionalÐ tÄ Ðevidence€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€intention€could€be€found€in€various€papers€found€in€his€apartmentÐ Zª Ðand€largely€in€his€handwriting.€On€these€papers€were€written€specific€ideas€concerningÐ @ Ðthreats,€plans€to€pick€up€the€money€and€other€matters€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€denied€havingÐ &v Ðconsidered.€Ð  \ ÐÌ"At€the€communicant's€trial,€the€Crown€showed€that€he€had€intended€to€extort€money.€To€thisÐ Ø( Ðeffect,€the€7€May€1976€statement€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€made€to€the€police€and€the€variousÐ ¾ Ðpapers€found€in€his€apartment€were€particularly€decisive.€In€the€face€of€such€evidence,€theÐ ¤ô ÐÔ_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€of€the€accused€failed.€It€is€doubtful€whether€the€alleged€missing€evidence€wouldÐ Š Ú Ðhave€been€of€any€assistance€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô.€The€trial€judge€was€made€aware,€in€the€courseÐ p!À  Ðof€pleadings€of€the€smuggling€activities€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€intended€victims.€He€also€acceptedÐ V"¦! Ðas€a€fact€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€in€contact€with€a€representative€of€the€Kenyan€Embassy€in€theÐ <#Œ" ÐUnited€States€and€that€he€had€sent€and€intended€to€continue€sending€information€to€theÐ "$r# ÐEmbassy.€Part,€if€not€all€of€the€evidence€which€the€communicant€alleges€to€be€missing€was,Ð %X $ Ðtherefore,€available€at€trial.€Quite€evidently,€part€of€this€evidence€was€not€pertinent:€evidenceÐ î%>!% Ðof€crimes€which€might€have€been€committed€by€other€individuals€in€Canada€or€abroad€doesÐ Ô&$"& Ðnot€assist€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€in€proving€that€he€had€no€intention€of€committing€an€offence€inÐ º' #' ÐCanada.€The€rest€had€some€relevance€to€the€accused€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€but€did€not€succeed€in€creatingÐ  (ð#( Ðin€the€mind€of€the€presiding€judge€a€reasonable€doubt€as€to€the€absence€of€criminal€intent€onÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€part€of€the€accused.€Considering€the€overwhelming€proof€of€criminal€intent€adduced€byÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€Crown,€this€is€not€surprising."€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ13.€The€State€party€also€relies€on€the€consideration€of€the€Ease€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€inÐ -n(- Ðdismissing€the€appeal€against€conviction.€The€Court€of€Appeal€had€gone€through€theÐ ° Ðinformation€and€arguments€about,€the€allegedly€missing€evidence.€It€held€in€this€respect€thatÐ –æ Ð"if€this€matter€had€been€as€consequential€as€it€is€now€suggested€it€was,€much€more€strenuousÐ |Ì Ðefforts€would€have€been€taken€at€every€stage€of€the€proceedings€of€trial€to€Ô_ÔendeavourÔ_Ô€toÐ b² Ðresolve€the€issue€of€the€missing€briefcase"€and€that€the€information€put€before€it€wasÐ H˜ Ð"altogether€too€vague€to€support€the€submissions€now€advanced€on€behalf€of€the€applicant".Ð . ~ ÐThe€Government€adds:€:In€other€words,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€unable€to€convince€the€Court€(ofÐ  d ÐAppeal)€that€the€allegedly€missing€evidence€existed,€that€it€had€been€withheld€by€the€CrownÐ ú J Ðand€was€in€any€way€relevant."€Ð à 0 ÐÌ14.€The€Government's€view€is€that€the€facts€show:€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ(a)€That€in€one€form€or€another€most€if€not€all€if€the€allegedly€missing€evidence€was€putÐ xÈ  Ðbefore€the€trial€judge€and€found€not€to€be€relevant€or€pertinent;€Ð ^®  ÐÌ(b)€That€the€communicant€failed€to€exercise€due€diligence€in€order€to€obtain€the€allegedlyÐ *z  Ðmissing€evidence,€evidence€which€he€described€as€vital€to€his€case;€Ð ` ÐÌ(c)€That€he€failed€to€exhaust€all€local€remedies€when€he€failed€to€ask€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ Ü, ÐCanada€to€grant€him€leave€in€order€to€ascertain€whether€in€the€present€case€there€hadÐ Â Ðoccurred€a€breach€of€the€rights€to€a€full€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€and€to€a€fair€hearing€which€are€protected€byÐ ¨ø Ðthe€Criminal€Code€and€the€Canadian€Bill€of€Rights.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ15.€Concerning€the€issue€of€the€length€of€the€proceedings€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€due€toÐ Zª Ðthe€delay€in€the€production€of€the€transcripts€of€the€trial,€the€State€party€denies€any€allegationÐ @ Ðof€wrongdoing,€negligence€or€carelessness€on€the€part€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Attorney„Ð &v ÐGeneral.€It€acknowledges€that€the€delay€was€due€to€"administrative€mishaps€in€the€OfficialÐ  \ ÐReporter's€Office",€but€submits€that€responsibility€must€nevertheless€rest€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_ÔÐ òB Ðin€that€he€failed€to€seek€an€order€from€the€Court€of€Appeal€requiring€production€of€theÐ Ø( Ðtranscripts,€as€he€was€entitled€to€do€under€the€Criminal€Code€and€the€Rules€of€the€BritishÐ ¾ ÐColumbia€Supreme€Court.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ16.€In€his€reply€of€22€December€1980,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€lawyer€submits€the€following:€Ð p!À  ÐÌ"(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€òòMissing€evidenceóó€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"The€following€is€a€summary€of€evidence€presented€at€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€trial:€Ð %X $ ÐÌ"Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€arrested€by€detectives€and€members€of€the€Vancouver€City€Police€at€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðapartment€in€the€city€of€Vancouver€on€7€May€1976.€Just€prior€to€that€arrest,€VancouverÐ º' #' Ðpolice€detectives€conducted€a€search€of€that€apartment€and€seized€a€large€number€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðdocuments€and€other€items.€Subsequent€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€arrest,€two€black€briefcasesÐ †)Ö$) Ðbelonging€to€him€were€seized€as€well€by€police€from€a€bus€depot€locker.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_ÔÐ l*¼%* Ðtestified€that€he€had€been€in€possession€of€a€grey€briefcase€in€addition€to€the€two€blackÐ R+¢&+ Ðbriefcases€prior€to€his€arrest.€The€briefcase€that€he€alleges€contained€the€materials€vital€to€hisÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€was€one€of€the€black€briefcases€seized€from€the€bus€depot€locker.€He€testified€furtherÐ -n(- Ðthat€only€the€grey€briefcase€and€one€of€the€black€briefcases€had€ever€been€returned€to€him.Ð ° ÐDetective€Hope€testified€that€he€took€two€black€briefcases€to€the€police€station€in€Vancouver,Ð –æ Ðwhere€the€contents€were€cursorily€examined.€Detective€Hope€further€testified€that€no€list€ofÐ |Ì Ðthe€contents€of€those€briefcases€was€ever€made,€and€also€testified€that€while€he€did€notÐ b² Ðpersonally€recall€seeing€any€grey€briefcase€at€the€apartment€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€and€that€he€didÐ H˜ Ðnot€himself€seize€such€a€briefcase,€other€members€of€the€police€were€present€at€thatÐ . ~ Ðapartment€and€may€have€seized€such€a€briefcase.€Ð  d ÐÌ"There€was€evidence€led€at€trial€that€indicated€that€both€of€the€black€briefcases€were€at€oneÐ à 0 Ðpoint€in€time€given€into€the€custody€of€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police,€that€the€contentsÐ Æ   Ðwere€photocopied€by€the€R.C.M.P.,€and€that€both€briefcases€were€then€returned€to€VancouverÐ ¬ ü  ÐCity€Police.€There€was€as€well€testimony€that€other€agencies€had€shown€interest€in€theÐ ’â  Ðcontents€of€those€briefcases,€including€the€United€States€Federal€Bureau€of€Investigation,Ð xÈ  ÐCanadian€Immigration,€and€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police€Subversive€Section.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"While€Vancouver€police€records€indicated€that€both€black€briefcases€had€been€turned€overÐ *z  Ðto€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€lawyer€acting€at€that€time,€Ms.€Patricia€Connors,€Ms.€Connors€herself€gaveÐ ` Ðevidence€at€trial€indicating€that€she€had€recovered€one€grey€briefcase€and€one€blackÐ öF Ðbriefcase,€and€that€when€she€signed€the€police€record€indicating€that€she€had€picked€up€twoÐ Ü, Ðblack€briefcases,€she€had€not€carefully€examined€it€and€had€signed€it€carelessly.€RecordsÐ Â Ðfrom€the€Lower€Mainland€Regional€Correctional€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔOakallaÔ_Ô)€the€prison€where€Mr.Ð ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€detained€pending€his€trial,€indicated€that€one€grey€briefcase€and€one€blackÐ ŽÞ Ðbriefcase€were€received€by€them€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ"Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€testified€of€extensive€attempts€made€by€himself€and€by€others€on€his€behalf€toÐ @ Ðrecover€the€remaining€black€briefcase€from€the€police,€all€of€which€were€unsuccessful.€HeÐ &v Ðtestified€that€these€attempts€commenced€shortly€after€his€arrest€and€well€before€his€trial,€andÐ  \ Ðincluded€an€attempt€to€obtain€the€briefcase€by€order€of€a€provincial€court€judge€at€the€timeÐ òB Ðof€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€preliminary€hearing€and€an€attempt€to€seek€the€assistance€of€the€FederalÐ Ø( ÐMinister€of€Justice€Ô_ÔBasfordÔ_Ô€via€letter.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ"The€foregoing€summary€of€evidence€led€at€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€trial€is€substantiated€by€theÐ Š Ú Ðtranscripts€of€those€proceedings.€Those€transcripts€are€in€the€possession€of€ourselves€as€wellÐ p!À  Ðas€of€representatives€of€the€Province€of€British€Columbia.€They€comprise„some€nineÐ V"¦! Ðvolumes,€and€can€be€made€available€to€the€Committee€if€requested.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"This€summary€of€evidence€is€submitted€at€this€time€in€response€to€the€rather€minimalÐ %X $ Ðsummary€provided€in€the€State€party's€submission€at€pages€7€and€8.€In€addition,€it€is€clearÐ î%>!% Ðthat€counsel€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€at€trial€sought€an€adjournment€of€that€trial€òòsine€die€óóon€the€basisÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€evidence€adduced€concerning€the€briefcases€and€their€contents,€on€the€grounds€thatÐ º' #' Ðuntil€the€missing€briefcase€and€contents€were€produced,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€right€to€make€fullÐ  (ð#( Ðanswer€and€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€was€Ô_ÔimpariedÔ_Ô.€The€trial€judge€refused€this€application.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"(a)€The€State€party€argues€that€"most€if€not€all€of€the€allegedly€missing€evidence€was€putÐ R+¢&+ Ðbefore€the€trial€judge€and€found€not€to€be€relevant€or€pertinent".€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"It€is€submitted€on€behalf€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€that€there€is€no€basis€to€this€submission.€WhileÐ ° Ðmention€of€the€contents€of€the€missing€briefcase€was€made€at€trial€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô,€this€isÐ –æ Ðhardly€analogous€to€putting€this€evidence€before€the€trial€judge.€The€only€issue€at€trial€wasÐ |Ì Ðwhether€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€had€the€intent€to€extort€money.€His€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€was€that€he€was€forÐ b² Ðpolitical€reasons€testing€the€Ô_ÔveractiyÔ_Ô€of€information€he€had€obtained,€and€that€his€method€wasÐ H˜ Ðto€request€money€in€return€for€the€information.€Clearly,€the€political€motivations€of€Mr.Ð . ~ ÐÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€were€extremely€relevant,€and€if€further€evidence€corroborating€his€evidence€ofÐ  d Ðpolitical€activity€could€have€been€produced,€that€may€have€been€crucial.€It€is€impossible€toÐ ú J Ðdetermine€at€this€juncture€what€effect€the€presentation€of€all€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€evidence€mightÐ à 0 Ðhave€had€on€the€trial€Ô_Ô3udgeÔ_Ô's€finding€of€credibility.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ"(b)€The€State€party€further€argues€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€'failed€to€exercise€due€Ô_ÔOilingonceÔ_Ô€inÐ ’â  Ðorder€to€obtain€the€allegedly€missing€evidence'.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"It€is€respectfully€submitted€that€this€submission€also€is€completely€without€merit€and€fliesÐ D”  Ðin€the€face€of€the€evidence€led€at€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€trial€of€the€extensive€efforts€made€by€him€toÐ *z  Ðrecover€the€missing€evidence.€It€must€as€well€be€noted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleged€that€theÐ ` Ðmissing€briefcase€was€in€the€hands€the€police,€and€that€from€the€date€of€his€arrest€until€hisÐ öF Ðtrial,€he€was€being€held€in€custody€at€the€Ô_ÔOakallaÔ_Ô€prison€on€remand.€It€is€submitted€that€it€isÐ Ü, Ðremarkable€that€he€managed€to€make€the€efforts€that€he€did€to€recover€the€missing€evidence,Ð Â Ðand€further€that€the€evidence€of€the€attempts€made€corroborate€his€allegations€as€to€the€vitalÐ ¨ø Ðnature€of€the€missing€evidence.€The€evidence€led€at€trial€indicating€that€the€Vancouver€policeÐ ŽÞ Ðturned€the€black€briefcase€in€question€over€to€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police€forÐ tÄ Ðexamination€and€indicating€the€interest€shown€by€other€agencies,€including€CanadianÐ Zª ÐImmigration€and€the€American€F.B.I.€further€corroborates€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€allegationsÐ @ Ðconcerning€the€nature€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€missing€briefcase."€Ð &v ÐÌ17.€It€is€further€submitted€on€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€behalf€that€the€Government€of€British€ColumbiaÐ òB Ðmust€be€held€responsible€for€delay€resulting€from€mishaps€in€producing€the€trial€transcriptsÐ Ø( Ðand€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€itself,€being€aware€of€the€delay,€should€also€of€its€own€motionÐ ¾ Ðhave€taken€steps€to€expedite€their€production.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ18.€In€its€decision€of€2€April€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€observed€that€allegationsÐ p!À  Ðthat€a€domestic€court€had€committed€errors€of€fact€or€law€did€not€in€themselves€raiseÐ V"¦! Ðquestions€of€violation€of€the€Covenant€unless€it€appeared€that€some€of€the€requirements€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðarticle€14€might€not€have€been€complied€with;€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€complaints€relating€to€hisÐ "$r# Ðalleged€difficulties€in€producing€evidence€in€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€and€also€the€delay€in€producing€theÐ %X $ Ðtrial€transcripts€did€appear€to€raise€such€issues.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ19.€The€question€now€before€the€Committee€is€whether€any€facts€have€been€shown€whichÐ º' #' Ðaffected€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€right€to€a€fair€hearing€and€a€proper€conduct€of€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€TheÐ  (ð#( ÐCommittee€has€carefully€considered€all€the€information€before€it€in€Ô_ÔconnexionÔ_Ô€with€his€trialÐ †)Ö$) Ðand€subsequent€appeal€against€conviction€and€sentence.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ20.€As€regards€the€allegedly€missing€evidence,€it€has€been€established€that€the€questionÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwhether€it€existed,€and,€if€so,€whether€it€would€be€relevant,€was€considered€both€by€the€trialÐ -n(- Ðjudge€and€by€the€Court€of€appeal.€It€is€true€that€in€the€absence€of€the€allegedly€missingÐ ° Ðmaterial€itself,€the€Court's€findings€depended€on€an€assessment€of€the€information€beforeÐ –æ Ðthem.€However,€it€is€not€the€function€of€the€Committee€to€examine€whether€this€assessmentÐ |Ì Ðby€the€Courts€was€based€on€errors€of€fact,€or€to€review€their€application€of€Canadian€law,€butÐ b² Ðonly€to€determine€whether€it€was€made€in€circumstances€indicating€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ H˜ ÐCovenant€were€not€observed.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ21.€The€Committee€recalls€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€unable€to€convince€the€courts€that€suchÐ ú J Ðevidence€would€in€any€way€have€assisted€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€Such€a€point€is€normally€one€on€whichÐ à 0 Ðthe€assessment€of€the€domestic€courts€must€be€decisive.€But€in€any€event€the€Committee€hasÐ Æ   Ðnot,€in€all€the€information€before€it,€found€any€support€for€the€allegation€that€materialÐ ¬ ü  Ðevidence€was€withheld€by€the€Canadian€authorities,€depriving€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€of€a€fair€hearingÐ ’â  Ðor€adequate€facilities€for€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ22.€As€regards€the€next€aspect,€however,€the€Committee,€having€considered€all€theÐ D”  Ðinformation€relating€to€the€delay€of€two€and€a€half€years€in€the€production€of€the€transcriptsÐ *z  Ðof€the€trial€for€the€purposes€of€the€appeal,€considers€that€the€authorities€of€British€ColumbiaÐ ` Ðmust€be€considered€objectively€responsible.€Even€in€the€particular€circumstances€this€delayÐ öF Ðappears€excessive€and€might€have€been€prejudicial€to€the€effectiveness€of€the€right€to€appeal.Ð Ü, ÐAt€the€same€time,€however,€the€Committee€has€to€take€note€of€the€position€of€theÐ Â ÐGovernment€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€would€have€been€competent€to€examine€theseÐ ¨ø Ðcomplaints.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌThis€remedy,€nevertheless,€does€not€seem€likely€to€have€been€effective€for€the€purpose€ofÐ Zª Ðavoiding€delay.€The€Committee€observes€on€this€point€that€the€right€under€Article€14€(3)€(c)Ð @ Ðto€be€tried€without€undue€delay€should€be€applied€in€conjunction€with€the€right€under€ArticleÐ &v Ð14€(5)€to€review€by€a€higher€tribunal,€and€that€consequently€there€was€in€this€case€a€violationÐ  \ Ðof€both€of€these€provisions€taken€together.€Ð òB ÐÌ(c)€òòThe€claims€concerning€alleged€wrongful€treatment€while€in€detentionóó€Ð ¾ ÐÌ23.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleges€that€he€has€been€subjected€to€continual€racial€insults€and€ill„Ð Š Ú Ðtreatment€in€prison.€He€claims,€in€particular,€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€that€prison€guards€insulted€him,€humiliatedÐ p!À  Ðhim€and€physically€ill„treated€him€because€of€his€race,€in€violation€of€articles€10€(1)€and€17Ð V"¦! Ð(1)€of€the€Covenant,€and€(ii)€that€during€his€pre„trial€detention€he€was€not€segregated€fromÐ <#Œ" Ðconvicted€persons,€that€his€correspondence€was€arbitrarily€interfered€with€and€that€hisÐ "$r# Ðtreatment€as€an€Ô_ÔunconvictedÔ_Ô€person€was€far€worse€than€that€given€to€convicted€persons,€inÐ %X $ Ðviolation€of€articles€10€(1)€and€(2)€(a)€and€17€(1)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ24.€The€State€party€asserted€that€the€Corrections€Branch€of€the€Department€of€the€AttorneyÐ º' #' ÐGeneral€of€British€Columbia€undertook€two€separate€investigations€of€the€allegations€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðracial€insults€and€on€both€occasions€found€no€apparent€evidence€to€support€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô'sÐ †)Ö$) Ðclaims.€Moreover,€the€State€party€maintained€that€these€allegations€of€the€author€appearedÐ l*¼%* Ðin€the€context€of€sweeping€and€numerous€accusations€of€wrongdoing€by€various€federal€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðprovincial€government€officials€and€by€the€courts€in€Canada.€It€therefore€submitted€that€theseÐ 8,ˆ', Ðallegations€should€be€considered€to€be€"an€abuse€of€the€right€of€submission"€and€declaredÐ -n(- Ðinadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€In€so€far€as€the€communication€allegedÐ ° Ðthat€before€conviction€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€housed€in€the€same€wing€of€the€Lower€MainlandÐ –æ ÐRegional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€as€convicted€persons€and€that€his€mail€had€been€interfered€with,Ð |Ì Ðthe€State€party€claimed€that€these€allegations€were€not€brought€in€writing€to€the€attention€ofÐ b² Ðthe€appropriate€authority,€namely€the€Corrections€Branch€of€the€British€Columbia€MinistryÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Attorney€General,€by€or€on€behalf€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€(though€he€made€other€complaintsÐ . ~ Ðand€therefore€was€aware€of€the€procedure)€until€the€Branch€became€aware€of€his€letter€of€7Ð  d ÐApril€1978€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€The€State€party€therefore€submitted€that€Mr.Ð ú J ÐÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€had€failed€in€this€respect€to€exhaust€all€available€domestic€remedies€beforeÐ à 0 Ðsubmitting€his€claims€to€the€Committee.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô,€however,€pointed€out€that€he€wasÐ Æ   Ðinformed€that€an€investigation€had€been€made€into€him€complaints€by€the€Attorney€General'sÐ ¬ ü  ÐOffice€and€that€his€charges€were€unsubstantiated.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ25.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€did€not€accept€the€State€party's€argument€that€the€author'sÐ ^®  Ðcomplaint€concerning€alleged€racial€insults€should€be€declared€inadmissible€as€an€abuse€ofÐ D”  Ðthe€right€of€submission.€Moreover,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€author'sÐ *z  Ðcomplaints€appeared€to€have€been€investigated€by€the€appropriate€authorities€and€dismissedÐ ` Ðand€consequently€it€cannot€be€argued€that€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€TheÐ öF ÐCommittee€therefore€found€that€it€was€not€barred,€on€any€of€the€grounds€set€out€in€theÐ Ü, ÐOptional€Protocol€from€considering€these€complaints€on€the€merits,€in€so€far€as€they€relatedÐ Â Ðto€events€taking€place€on€or€after€19€August€1976€(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€theÐ ¨ø ÐOptional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Canada).€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ26.€According€to€the€information€submitted€to€the€Committee€by€the€State€party,€Mr.Ð Zª ÐÔ_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€allegations€that€he€was€insulted,€humiliated€and€physically€ill„treated€because€ofÐ @ Ðhis€race€by€prison€guards€while€he€was€detained€in€the€Lower€Mainland€Regional€CorrectionÐ &v ÐÔ_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€were€the€subject€of€inquiries€on€three€occasions€by€the€Inspection€and€StandardsÐ  \ ÐDivision€of€the€British€Columbia€Correction€Service.€The€first€of€these€was€in€February€1977Ð òB Ðfollowing€a€complaint€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€to€the€British€Columbia€Human€Rights€CommissionÐ Ø( Ðwhen€an€inspector€of€the€Division€interviewed€him€but€concluded€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€wasÐ ¾ Ðunable€to€furnish€sufficiently€specific€information€to€substantiate€his€complaints.€The€secondÐ ¤ô Ðand€third€were€in€1978€following€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€communication€to€the€Human€RightsÐ Š Ú ÐCommittee€when€he€was€not€interviewed€personally€as€he€had€by€then€left€the€LowerÐ p!À  ÐMainland€Regional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€but€his€lawyers€were€contacted€and€the€Director€ofÐ V"¦! ÐInspection€and€Standards€reported€that,€apart€from€one€comment€by€a€prison€guard€whichÐ <#Œ" Ðwas€overheard€by€one€of€his€lawyers€and€said€to€be€"detrimental€in€nature€or€toner,€theÐ "$r# Ðinvestigations€he€had€ordered€revealed€no€evidence€to€justify€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô"s€allegations.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ27.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€denies€that€he€was€ever€interviewed€personally€about€these€complaints€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðobjects€that€inquiries€conducted€by€another€department€of€the€service€complained€againstÐ º' #' Ðcannot€be€regarded€as€sufficiently€independent.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€has€not,€however,€submitted€toÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€Committee€any€contemporary€written€evidence€of€complaints€of€ill„treatment€made€byÐ †)Ö$) Ðhim€and€the€Committee€finds€that€it€does€not€have€before€it€any€verifiable€information€toÐ l*¼%* Ðsubstantiate€his€allegations€of€violations€of€articles€10€(1)€and€17€(1)€of€the€Covenant€in€thisÐ R+¢&+ Ðrespect.€The€Committee€is€not€in€a€position€to€inquire€further€in€this€matter.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð28.€With€regard€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€complaints€that€during€his€pre„trial€detention€he€was€notÐ ° Ðsegregated€from€convicted€prisoners€and€that€his€treatment€as€an€Ô_ÔunconvictedÔ_Ô€prisoner€wasÐ –æ Ðworse€than€that€given€to€convicted€prisoners,€the€State€party€in€its€submission€of€22€JulyÐ |Ì Ð1981€has€given€the€following€explanations:€Ð b² ÐÌ"A.7€òòServices€to€remand€prisoners:óó€Ð . ~ ÐÌ"In€his€7€April€1978€letter€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleges,€withoutÐ ú J Ðgiving€any€specific€example,€Ô_Ôthat'heÔ_Ô€was€treated,€as€a€remand€prisoner,€in€a€less€Ô_ÔfavourableÔ_ÔÐ à 0 Ðmanner€than€was€enjoyed€by€prisoners€under€sentence.€It€is€inevitable€that€the€treatmentÐ Æ   Ðextended€to€remand€prisoners€will€be€regarded€by€them€Ô_ÔunfavourablyÔ_Ô€when€compared€withÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€of€sentenced€prisoners,€since€the€recreational,€occupational€and€educational€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_ÔÐ ’â  Ðoffered€to€sentenced€prisoners€are€not€available€to€remand€prisoners€in€the€light€of€the€natureÐ xÈ  Ðand€anticipated€duration€of€their€incarceration.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"The€fact€that€benefits€identical€to€those€available€to€convicted€persons€are€not€available€toÐ *z  Ðremand€prisoners€does€not€mean€that€they€are€not€treated,€as€required€under€Article€10,Ð ` Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€with€humanity€andÐ öF Ðwith€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person.€Like€all€prisoners,€they€can€benefitÐ Ü, Ðfrom€the€physical€and€intellectual€amenities€offered€by€the€Correctional€Services,€e.g.Ð Â Ðexercise,€medical€treatment,€library€services,€religious€Ô_ÔcounsellingÔ_Ô.€It€is€true€that€they€cannotÐ ¨ø Ðavail€themselves€of€certain€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€mostly€destined€to€facilitate€the€social€reinsertionÐ ŽÞ Ðof€convicted€persons.€However,€this€does€not,€in€the€view€of€the€Government€of€Canada,Ð tÄ Ðimply€inhuman€treatment€or€an€attack€on€the€dignity€of€remand€prisoners..€In€fact,€theÐ Zª Ðcontrary€might€be€implied€since€these€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€aim€to€give€effect€to€Canada's€obligationÐ @ Ðto€socially€rehabilitate€convicted€individuals€(Covenant,€art.€10,€para.€3).€Ð &v ÐÌ"B.€òòContact€with€convicted€prisoners:óó€Ð òB ÐÌ"On€page€3€of€his€letter€of€7€April€1978€and€on€pages€2€and€3€of€his€letter€of€10€DecemberÐ ¾ Ð1980€to€the€Committee,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€alleges€that€he€was€incarcerated€at€the€Lower€MainlandÐ ¤ô ÐRegional€Correctional€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€in€an€area€of€that€institution€which€held€sentenced€prisonersÐ Š Ú Ðwhile€he€was€on€remand€status.€The€practice€at€the€L.€M.€R.€C.€C.€is€for€some€sentencedÐ p!À  Ðprisoners€in€protective€custody€to€serve€as€food€servers€and€cleaners€in€the€remand€area€ofÐ V"¦! Ðthe€prison.€This€arrangement€is€designed€to€keep€them€away€from€other€sentenced€prisonersÐ <#Œ" Ðwho€might€cause€them€harm.€The€sentenced€prisoners€in€the€remand€unit€are€not€allowed€toÐ "$r# Ðmix€with€the€prisoners€on€remand€except€to€the€extent€it€is€inevitable€from€the€nature€of€theirÐ %X $ Ðduties.€They€are€accommodated€in€separate€tiers€of€cells€from€those€occupied€by€remandÐ î%>!% Ðprisoners.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ"The€Government€of€Canada€is€of€the€view€that€lodging€convicted€prisoners€in€the€sameÐ  (ð#( Ðbuilding€as€remand€prisoners€does€not€contravene€article€10,€paragraph€2,€of€the€InternationalÐ †)Ö$) ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€This€was€recognized€in€the€annotations€on€the€textÐ l*¼%* Ðof€the€draft€international€covenant€on€human€rights€prepared€by€the€Secretary„General€of€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐUnited€Nations.€In€paragraph€42€of€the€said€annotations,€it€was€indicated€that:€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð'Segregation€in€the€routine€of€prison€life€and€work€could€be€achieved€though€all€prisonersÐ ° Ðmight€be€detained€in€the€same€buildings.€A€proposal€that€accused€persons€should€be€placedÐ –æ Ð~in€separate€quarters'€was€considered€to€raise€practical€problems;€if€adopted,€States€partiesÐ |Ì Ðmight€be€obliged€to€construct€new€prisons.'€Ð b² ÐÌ"Further,€the€Government€of€Canada€does€not€consider€that€casual€contact€with€convictedÐ . ~ Ðprisoners€employed€in€the€carrying€out€of€menial€duties€in€a€correction€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€results€in€aÐ  d Ðbreach€of€the€segregation€provisions€of€the€Covenant."€Ð ú J ÐÌ29.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€claims€that€the€contacts€resulting€from€such€employment€of€convictedÐ Æ   Ðprisoners€were€by€no€means€'casual'€but€were€'physical€and€regular'€since€they€did€in€factÐ ¬ ü  Ðbring€Ô_ÔunconvictedÔ_Ô€and€convicted€prisoners€together€in€physical€proximity€on€a€regular€basis.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ30.€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€requirement€of€article€10€(2)€(a)€of€the€CovenantÐ ^®  Ðthat€'accused€persons€shall,€save€in€exceptional€circumstances,€be€segregated€from€convictedÐ D”  Ðpersons'€means€that€they€shall€be€kept€in€separate€quarters€(but€not€necessarily€in€separateÐ *z  Ðbuildings).€The€Committee€would€not€regard€the€arrangements€described€by€the€State€partyÐ ` Ðwhereby€convicted€persons€work€as€food€servers€and€cleaners€in€the€remand€area€of€theÐ öF Ðprison€as€being€incompatible€with€article€10€(2)€(a),€provided€that€contacts€between€the€twoÐ Ü, Ðclasses€of€prisoners€are€kept€strictly€to€a€Ô_ÔminimunÔ_Ô€necessary€for€the€performance€of€thoseÐ Â Ðtasks.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ31.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€also€complains€that€while€detained€at€the€Lower€Mainland€RegionalÐ tÄ ÐCorrection€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€he€was€prevented€from€communicating€with€outside€officials€and€wasÐ Zª Ðthereby€subjected€to€arbitrary€or€unlawful€interference€with€his€correspondence€contrary€toÐ @ Ðarticle€17€(1)€of€the€Covenant.€In€its€submission€of€22€July€1981€the€State€party€gives€theÐ &v Ðfollowing€explanation€of€the€practice€with€regard€to€the€control€of€prisoners'€correspondenceÐ  \ Ðat€the€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô:€Ð òB ÐÌ""Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô,€as€a€person€awaiting€trial,€was€entitled€under€section€1.21€(d)€of€the€Ô_ÔGaolÔ_ÔÐ ¾ ÐRules€and€Regulations,€1961,€British€Columbia€Regulations€73/61,€in€force€at€the€time€of€hisÐ ¤ô Ðdetention€to€the€'provision€of€writing€material€for€communicating€by€letter€with€(his)€friendsÐ Š Ú Ðor€for€conducting€correspondence€or€preparing€notes€in€Ô_ÔconnexionÔ_Ô€with€(his)€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô'.€TheÐ p!À  ÐGovernment€of€Canada€does€not€deny€that€letters€sent€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€were€subject€to€controlÐ V"¦! Ðand€could€even€be€censored.€Section€2.40€(b)€of€the€Ô_ÔGaolÔ_Ô€Rules€and€Regulations,€1961€isÐ <#Œ" Ðclear€on€that€point:€'2.40€(b)€Every€letter€to€or€from€a€prisoner€shall€(except€as€hereinafterÐ "$r# Ðprovided€in€these€regulations€in€the€case€of€certain€communications€to€or€from€a€legal.Ð %X $ Ðadviser)€be€read€by€the€Warden€or€by€a€responsible€officer€deputed€by€him€for€the€purpose,Ð î%>!% Ðand€it€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€Warden€to€stop€or€censor€any€letter,€or€any€part€of€aÐ Ô&$"& Ðletter,€on€the€ground€that€its€Ô_Ôcontents'areÔ_Ô€objectionable€or€that€the€letter€is€of€excessiveÐ º' #' Ðlength.'€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ"Section€42€of€the€Correctional€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€Rules€and€Regulations,€British€Columbia€RegulationÐ l*¼%* Ð284/78,€which€came€into€force€on€6€July€1978€provides€that:€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ'42€(1)€A€director€or€a€person€authorized€by€the€director€may€examine€all€correspondenceÐ -n(- Ðother€than€privileged€correspondence€between€an€inmate€and€another€person€where€he€is€ofÐ ° Ðthe€opinion€that€the€correspondence€may€threaten€the€management,€operation,€discipline€orÐ –æ Ðsecurity€of€the€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ'(2)€Where€in€the€opinion€of€the€director,€or€a€person€authorized€by€the€director,Ð H˜ Ðcorrespondence€contains€matter€that€threatens€the€management,€operation,€discipline€orÐ . ~ Ðsecurity€of€the€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô,€the€director€or€person€authorized€by€the€director€mayÐ  d Ðcensor€that€matter.€Ð ú J ÐÌ'(3)€The€director€may€withhold€money,€or€drugs,€weapons,€or€any€other€object€which€mayÐ Æ   Ðthreaten€the€management,€operation,€discipline,€or€security€of€a€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô,€or€anÐ ¬ ü  Ðobject€in€contravention€of€the€rules€established€for€the€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€by€the€directorÐ ’â  Ðcontained€in€correspondence,€and€where€this€is€done€the€director€shall€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(a)€Advise€the€inmate,€Ð D”  ÐÌ(b)€In€so€far€as€the€money€or€object€is€not€held€as€evidence€for€the€prosecution€of€an€Ô_ÔoffonceÔ_ÔÐ ` Ðagainst€an€enactment€of€the€province€or€of€Canada,€place€the€money€or€object€in€safe„keepingÐ öF Ðand€give€it€to€the€inmate€on€his€release€from€the€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô,€and€Ð Ü, ÐÌ(c)€Carry€out€his€duties€under€this€section€in€a€manner€that,€in€so€far€as€is€reasonable,€respectsÐ ¨ø Ðthe€privacy€of€the€inmate€and€person€corresponding€with€the€inmate.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ'(4)€An€inmate€may€receive€books€or€periodicals€sent€to€him€directly€from€the€publisher.€Ð Zª ÐÌ'(5)€Every€inmate€may€send€as€many€letters€per€week€as€he€sees€fit.'€Ð &v ÐÌ32.€Although€these€rules€were€only€enacted€subsequent€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô's€departure€from€theÐ òB ÐLower€Mainland€Regional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô,€in€practice€they€were€being€applied€when€heÐ Ø( Ðwas€detained€in€that€institution.€This€means€that€privileged€correspondence,€defined€inÐ ¾ Ðsection€1€of€the€'regulations€as€meaning€'correspondence€addressed€by€an€inmate€to€aÐ ¤ô ÐMember€of€Parliament,€Members€of€the€Legislative€Assembly,€barrister€or€solicitor,Ð Š Ú Ðcommissioner€of€corrections,€regional€director€of€corrections,€chaplain,€or€the€director€ofÐ p!À  Ðinspection€and€standards',€were€not€examined€or€subject€to€any€control€or€censorship.€As€forÐ V"¦! Ðnon„privileged€correspondence,€it€was€only€subject€to€censorship€if€it€contained€matter€thatÐ <#Œ" Ðthreatened€the€management,€operation,€discipline,€or€security€of€the€correctional€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô.€AtÐ "$r# Ðthe€time€when€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€detained€therein,€the€procedure€governing€prisoners'Ð %X $ Ðcorrespondence€did€not€allow€for€a€general€restriction€on€the€right€to€communicate€withÐ î%>!% Ðgovernment€officials.€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€not€denied€this€right.€To€seek€to€restrict€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommunication€with€various€government€officials€while€at€the€same€time€allowing€his€accessÐ º' #' Ðto€his€lawyers€would€seem€a€futile€gesture€since€through€his€lawyers,€he€could€put€his€caseÐ  (ð#( Ðto€the€various€government€officials€whom€he€was€allegedly€prevented€from€contacting."€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ33.€In€his€letter€of€27€August€1981€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€comments€as€follows€on€these€submissionsÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€the€State€party:€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"Further,€on€page€5€of€the€Government€of€Canada's€submission,€it€is€alleged€by€theÐ ° ÐGovernment€that€my€mail€was€not€tampered€with€at€Ô_ÔOakallaÔ_Ô,€when€in€point€of€fact,€not€onlyÐ –æ Ðwas€my€mail€interfered€with€by€prison€authorities€in€the€normal€sense€of€the€requirementsÐ |Ì Ðaffecting€all€prisoners,€but€in€point€of€fact,€as€the€Government€well€knows,€in€some€instancesÐ b² Ðmy€mail€to€members€of€Government€(whose€mail€should€indeed€have€been€privileged€mail)Ð H˜ Ðnever€even€got€to€these€people,€for€it€never€even€left€the€prison,€once€I€mailed€it.€To€imply,Ð . ~ Ðas€does€the€Government,€that€such€actions€would€be€'futile'€for€prison€authorities€to€engageÐ  d Ðin,€due€to€my€having€access€to€my€lawyer€at€certain€very€definite€times,€is€absoluteÐ ú J Ðnonsense."€Ð à 0 ÐÌ34.€No€specific€evidence€has€been€submitted€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€to€establish€that€hisÐ ¬ ü  Ðcorrespondence€was€subjected€to€control€or€censorship€which€was€not€in€accordance€with€theÐ ’â  Ðpractice€described€by€the€State€party.€However,€article€17€of€the€Covenant€provides€not€onlyÐ xÈ  Ðthat€"No€one€shall€be€subjected€to€arbitrary€or€unlawful€interference€with€hisÐ ^®  Ðcorrespondence"€but€also€that€"Everyone€has€the€right€to€the€protection€of€the€law€againstÐ D”  Ðsuch€interference".€At€the€time€when€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€detained€at€the€Lower€MainlandÐ *z  ÐRegional€Correction€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€the€only€law€in€force€governing€the€control€and€censorship€ofÐ ` Ðprisoners'€correspondence€appears€to€have€been€section€2.40€(b)€of€the€Ô_ÔGaolÔ_Ô€Rules€andÐ öF Ð'Regulations€1961.€A€legislative€provision€in€the€very€general€terms€of€this€section€did€not,Ð Ü, Ðin€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,€in€itself€provide€satisfactory€legal€safeguards€againstÐ Â Ðarbitrary€application,€though,€as€the€Committee€has€already€found,€there€is€no€evidence€toÐ ¨ø Ðestablish€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔPinkneyÔ_Ô€was€himself€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€as€a€result.Ð ŽÞ ÐThe€Committee€also€observes€that€section€42€of€the€Correctional€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€Rules€andÐ tÄ ÐRegulations€that€came€into€force€on€6€July€1978€has€now€made€the€relevant€law€considerablyÐ Zª Ðmore€specific€in€its€terms.€Ð @ ÐÌ35.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ  \ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€communicationÐ òB Ðdiscloses€a€violation€of€article€14€(3)€(c)€and€(5)€of€the€Covenant€because€the€delay€inÐ Ø( Ðproducing€the€transcripts€of€the€trial€for€the€purpose€of€the€appeal€was€incompatible€with€theÐ ¾ Ðright€to€be€tried€with€undue€delay.Ð ¤ô ÐÓpÓÌ