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 <1 :Outline206_1d23  d..<1 :Outline207_1d23  d..<1 :Outline208_1d23  d..<1 :Outline209_1d23  d..<+ :Outline338_123  ..<1 :Outline339_1d23  d..<+ :Outline356_123  ..\  `&Times New Roman(-2F$ !UKUS.,  (-2F$ !UKUS.,  'dxdo&"D&raw Object Text <C HKKKKdd<6X9`(Courier New(-2F$ !UKUS.,  ($    (\ Y`Symbol<6X9`(Courier  !UKUS.,  _~XӚXXX2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @   2\  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    i  3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  ݀AccordingtotheStateparty,theauthorwentfirsttoMalaysia,wherehestayeduntil16May1992,  thentoSingaporeon16May1992andfinallyarrivedinCanadaon19May1992.Theauthordid   notclaimprotectionineitherofthefirsttwocountries.2\݌ ! ЌUK.,UK., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ USUK., P !UKUS.,  __~XӚXXX_____ @  @ 2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @ 2  3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    ii  _ 3S~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  ݀TheStatepartyprovidesanexplanationofthisprocedureinits_PDRCC_ԀGuidelines.24݌ # ЌUK.,UK., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ USUK., l !UKUS.,  __~XӚXXX_________2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @ 2  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    iii  _ 3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  ݀TheStatepartydoesnotsaywhatthespecificriskswereinrelationtothiscase.2^݌ b%  ЌUK.,UK., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ USUK., c !UKUS.,  _~XӚXXX2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @   2\  3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    iv  3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  USUK.,ԀTheStatepartyhasprovidedthetext ImmigrationApplicationsinCanadamadeonHumanitarian B'" orCompassionate(H&C)Grounds,whichdescribesthisprocedureindetail.2\݌ 2(# ЌUK.,US., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ UK.,UK.,USUK.,(B2$ !UKUS.,    0  )Hairline d  !UKUS.,  _~XӚXXX @  @  @  @  @  @  @  @ 2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @   2  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    v  3Q~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  USUK.,ԀUK.,US.,3USUK.,Xv.TheNetherlandsUK.,US.,aUSUK.,Ԁ(036/1995),UK.,US.,USUK.,_J.U.A._Ԁv.SwitzerlandUK.,US.,USUK.,Ԁ(100/1997),UK.,US.,GUSUK.,_H.D._Ԁv.SwitzerlandUK.,US.,USUK., *b% (112/1998),UK.,US.,USUK.,_S.M.R._Ԁand_M.M.R._Ԁv.SwitzerlandUK.,US.,2USUK.,Ԁ(103/1998).2"݌ +R& ЌUK.,US., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ UK.,UK.,USUK.,  !UKUS.,  ____~XӚXXX_______2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @ 2  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    vi  _ 3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  _USUK.,ԀTheStatepartydoesnotprovidethenameortheregistrationnumberofthiscase.2^݌ ,2( ЌUK.,US., @ ~XӚXX~XӚ   @ UK.,UK.,USUK.,  .*   !UKUS.,  __~XӚXXX_____________2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @ 2U  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    vii  _ 3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  FRUK.,_Ԁ_UK.,FR, FRUK.,_Travauxprparatoires_UK.,FR, (FRUK.,_ԀoftheConvention.2U݌  ЌUK.,FR,  @ ~XӚXX~XӚ  _ @ UK.,UK.,USUK., r !UKUS.,  _~XӚXXX2 @ UKUK.,~XӚXX~XӚ   @   2\  _3 ~XӚXh~XӚ~XӚXh~XӚ    viii  3~XӚXX~XӚ~XӚXX~XӚ  ݀_Reports_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Amnesty_Ԁ_International_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_other_Ԁ_organizations_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_provided_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_counsel_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_support_Ԁ_of_  _this_Ԁ_argument_.USUK.,tQ+O*/Corelӈ(, 3|x U !UKUS.,  _  ~XӚXXX COMMITTEEAGAINSTTORTURE  S.V.v.Canada  CommunicationNo.49/1996 F 15May2001  " VIEWS   :  Submittedby:S.V.etal._(names_Ԁwithheld) <     ` [representedbycounsel] R  Allegedvictim:Theauthors   Stateparty:Canada j Dateofcommunication:15May1996  ?+' '/ 7?G X?  TheCommitteeagainstTorture,establishedunderarticle17oftheConventionagainst  TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,    Meetingon15May2001, ` Ѐ  HavingconcludeditsconsiderationofcommunicationNo.49/1996,submittedtothe  CommitteeagainstTortureunderarticle22oftheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel, b InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment, (x   Havingtakenintoaccountallinformationmadeavailabletoitbytheauthorofthe ! communication,hiscounselandtheStateparty, z"   AdoptsitsViewsunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConvention. !V$ Ѐ1.  TheauthorsofthecommunicationareMr.S.V.,hiswifeanddaughter,citizensofSriLanka X#' currentlyseekingrefugeestatusinCanada.TheyclaimthatforciblereturntoSriLankawould $n( constituteaviolationofarticles3and16oftheConventionagainstTorturebyCanada.Theyare $4 ) representedbycounsel. % * 1.2  On12June1996theCommitteeforwardedthecommunicationtotheStatepartyfor 6'", commentsandrequesteditnottoexpeltheauthorswhiletheircommunicationwasunder 'L#- considerationbytheCommittee. ($.  Thefactsassubmittedbytheauthors  N*%0 2.1  TheauthorisaTamilfromtheareaofJaffnainthenorthofSriLanka.HeandhiswifeM +*'2 havetwochildren,an8yearolddaughteranda2yearoldsonwhowasborninCanadaandisa ,'3 Canadiancitizen.Theauthorsclaimthatintheperiodfrom1987untiltheirdeparturefromSri f-(4 Lankain1992they,andespeciallytheauthor,sufferedseriouspersecutionfromtheIndian  PeacekeepingForce(_IPKF_),theLiberationTigersofTamilElam(_LTTE_),theSriLankanArmy v (_SLA_)andtheColombopolice.Theauthorwasarrestedonseveraloccasionsand,inthecourseof < atleasttwoofthem,hewastorturedbythearmyandthepolice. R 2.2  TheauthorwasamemberoftheTamilUnitedLiberationFront(_TULF_),whichadvocated  theestablishmentofanautonomousTamilstateinSriLankabypeacefulmeans.InOctober1987, T  amilitaryconflictbrokeoutbetween_LTTE_Ԁand_IPKF_.Theauthorandhiswifewereforcedto  j vacatetheirhome,in_Thirunelvely_,_Jaffna_,toescapethebombing.Whentheyreturnedtotheir  0 home,theyfoundthatithadbeenoccupiedby_IPKF_Ԁmembers.Whentheauthoraskedthemto    leave,theyrefusedandaccusedhimofbeingamemberof_LTTE_. l   2.3  InMay1988,theauthorwasdetainedinacampestablishedonhisownpropertybythe  H  _Eelam_ԀPeoplesRevolutionaryLiberationFront,amilitantTamilgroupalliedto_IPKF_.Hewas   detainedfor10days,duringwhichhewasrepeatedlyassaultedandquestionedaboutpossible   connectionsto_LTTE_. J  2.4  In1990,_LTTE_ԀtookcontroloftheTamilregion.Theauthorspropertywasappropriatedby &  _LTTE_Ԁandhehimselfwasthreatenedatgunpointwhenhedemandedthattheyvacatetheproperty.   Hewasthenforcedtoabandonhishomepermanentlyandthefamilymovedto_Kaithady_,_Jaffna_. b 2.5  InDecember1990,whiletravellingfromColomboto_Jaffna_,theauthorwasdetainedby_SLA_ > in_Vavuniya_.Hewasquestioned,accusedofbeingamemberof_LTTE_Ԁandbrutallyassaulted.Three  dayslaterhewasbeatenagaininanattempttoextractaconfession.Hisheadwasbangedrepeatedly z againstawalluntilhefellunconscious.Theauthorsclaimthat,asaresultofthisincident,theauthor @ sufferedbraindamagethathasgravelyimpairedhisabilitytospeak.Followingthisincident,the V authorwenttoColomboseekingmedicaltreatment.    2.6  InMarch1991,aftertheassassinationoftheSriLankanDeputyMinisterofDefence,the X policebeganaroundupofallTamilmalesinColombo.Theauthor,whohadbeenstayingwithhis n cousininColombo,wasarrestedbyfourarmedpoliceofficerson4March1991.Hewas 4 interrogatedabouthispresenceinColomboandaccusedofbeingan_LTTE_Ԁmember.Hewas  repeatedlyassaultedbythepolicewithhandsandriflebuttsandstayedindetentionfortwodays. p  Hewasreleasedaftertheinterventionofalawyerretainedbyhiscousin.Hiscousinadvisedthe 6! authorthathecouldnolongerresidewithhimashefearedfurthertroublewiththepolice.The L" authorreturnedto_Jaffna_. #   2.7  On18February1992,_LTTE_Ԁattemptedtoforcetheauthortojointhemovement.Whenhe N!% refused,theyorderedhimtoreporttotheirofficethenextday.Shouldhefailtoreport,hewastold "d& thathewouldbeconsideredanenemyoftheTamilpeople.Theauthorunderstoodthisstatement "*' asathreattokillhimandfledforColombothatevening. #( 2.8  On3March1992,thelodgeinwhichhewasstayinginColombowasraidedbythepolice ,%| * andtheauthor,alongwithotherTamilmales,werearrested.Hewastakento_Wellawatte_Ԁpolice %B!+ stationandquestionedabouthisreasonsforbeinginColomboandhisconnectionswith_LTTE_.He &", wasreleasedthefollowingdayonconditionthathereportweeklytothepoliceandnotchangehis ~'"- addressinColombo. D(#. 2.9  Henceforth,theauthorfearedthathecouldatanytimebearrested,interrogatedandtortured ) %0 onsuspicionthathewasamemberof_LTTE_.Hedecidedthathissafetywasnolongerassured *%1 anywhereinSriLanka.HeleftforCanadaon13March1992andarrivedthefollowingMay.tionofthe_    i      _ԀHe \+&2 claimedConventionrefugeestatusonthebasisofpersecutionowingtohisrace,hispolitical ",r'3 opinionsandhismembershipinaparticularsocialgroup. ,8(4  -(5 2.10  Theauthorswifestatesthatshewasvisitedonseveraloccasionsin_Jaffna_Ԁby_LTTE_  memberslookingforherhusband.An_LTTE_Ԁmemberdemandedthatshepay200,000rupeesas v punishmentforherhusbandsdisobedience,givingheronemonthinwhichtocomeupwiththe < money.AsaresultshefledwithherdaughtertoColombo.InColomboshehadtoregisterwiththe R policeandheridentitycardwasconfiscated.Shewasaccusedofbeingan_LTTE_Ԁsupporter.In  August1992,afterapoliceroundupofTamils,shedecidedthattherewasnosafeplaceforherself  andherdaughterinSriLankaandsheleftforCanadainSeptember1992.Uponherarrivalshe T  claimedrefugeestatusforherselfandherdaughter.  j 2.11  TheImmigrationandRefugeeBoard,afterahearingon4March1993,foundthattheauthors    couldnotbeaccordedrefugeestatus.First,theextortionactivitiesof_LTTE_Ԁdidnotconstitute l   persecutionbutratherharassmentnotcausingunduehardship.Secondly,theauthorshadin 2   Colomboaninternalflightalternative;theBoardfoundthattherewasnoseriouspossibilityofthe  H  authorbeingpersecutedinColomboandtherefore,itwasnotunreasonablethathecouldfindrefuge   inthatcity.   2.12  Bydecision,dated7January1994,theFederalCourtTrialDivisiondismissedthefamilys `  applicationforleavetoapplyforjudicialreviewinwhichtheyallegederrorsoffactandoflawin &  theRefugeeBoardsdecision.   2.13  On28January1994,theauthorsappliedforareviewbyCanadianImmigration,underthe (x PostDeterminationRefugeeClaimantinCanadaprogramme(_PDRCC_),ofthedecisionnottogrant > theauthorsrefugeestatus.Thepurposeof_PDRCC_Ԁreviewistoidentifyindividualswho,although  determinednottobeConventionrefugees,faceanobjectivelyidentifiablerisktolifeorinhumane z treatmentshouldtheybereturnedtotheircountryoforigin. @ 2.14  Theauthorsapplicationfor_PDRCC_Ԁreviewwasrejectedon9November1995.Itwasthe  viewofthe_PDRCC_Ԁofficerthat,althoughtherewerestronggroundsfortheauthorsfearingtoreturn  tothenorthofSriLanka,aninternalflightalternativeexistedinColombo.Henotedinparticular X thattheassaultby_SLA_Ԁwhichcausedtheauthorsmedicalproblemshadoccurrednear_Jaffna_.The n arrestsbytheColombopolicewerepartofapatternofgeneralharassmentofTamilsbythepolice 4 whichhefeltdidnotconstitutean objectivelyidentifiablerisk,giventhatmostdetaineeswere  releasedwithinthreedaysthoughsomehadbeenrequiredtopaybribestoobtaintheirrelease.He p  alsoindicatedthatpartoftheauthorsextendedfamilylivedinColomboandcouldfacilitatetheir 6! successfulsettlementinthecity.Inaddition,themedicalreportindicatingthattheauthorsuffered L" posttraumaticstressdisorderwhichmightbeaggravatedifheweretoreturntoSriLankahadonly # beenmadeonthebasisofonevisittoadoctorratherthaninthecontextofongoingtreatmentand  $ wasnotspecificconcerningtheconditionsthatcouldtriggerrecurrenceofthetrauma. N!% 2.15  Theauthorsmadeafurtherappealon13May1995totheMinisterofImmigrationbasedon "*' theHumanitarianandCompassionateGroundsprocedureundersection114(