ÿWPC  ‚4C%)ú›˜êI¥û±—;”æ}PÊõð•øÚ„0¦@k|´>}øcÏ΃(‹åZªÉ ©Ço — ÿmîšç¶·àò©pÍÝ8ðûɦ%aÌŠ/áÁ"ŽW¿ÑŒs{ÜÙࣣB ûEì®®ÎÈ¿Z‰üõ¡¶¿:sÚ‘%r˜bì‹­éCòEXr>ò¾e¶R5MñâB-t.íëµlÖøöqQ"öœ¤T5A–‡eÚ”‘2à 癬ž³SðשNݘÈ–.ßÛŒr4¬âG:[fÜxk"7Çx#ˆRhÝ`è!)n^ŽKh·{{ò*:â ­ :3#­–Ûs——P8²~ÔÀ•òþö¶®c%Ñ™¯ÑTqvªOõ>º†…©Ù¢ø%U急*ïx,Í~§¨cÎl ó”¶îIÔ˜ù»^䮆å~ôyw ëÁB¸Æ<·P¿’¯ÈHÊÇ=ÒîÊÂaøjfr°¢‰âvj]4õ2|»5ò6–zLÞ"%BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #Á UNÎ % M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(ž%…$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xk˜XX XÔÔ€Xk˜XX Xk˜ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X­µú* Äpì*Ä@¡ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ %…!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XXX XÔÔ€XXX XÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔHaydinÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€SwedenóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€101/1997Ð H˜ ÐÌ20€November€1998Ð  d ÐÌCAT/C/21/D/101/1997Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔHalilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaydinÔ_Ô€[represented€by€counsel]€Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Sweden€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€7€December€1997€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ Zª ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€20€November€1998,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€101/1997,€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€against€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ ¾ ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication,€his€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð "$r# ÐÓIÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓgÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Ô_ÔHalilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaydinÔ_Ô,€a€Turkish€national€currentlyÐ †)Ö$) Ðresiding€in€Sweden,€where€he€is€seeking€refugee€status.€He€claims€that€his€forced€return€toÐ l*¼%* ÐTurkey€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€againstÐ R+¢&+ ÐTorture.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Ð ° ÐÌ2.1.€The€author€is€a€Turkish€national€of€Kurdish€ethnic€origin€from€Ô_ÔBagderedÔ_Ô,€close€toÐ |Ì ÐÔ_ÔAdiyamanÔ_Ô,€in€the€south„eastern€part€of€Turkey.€He€states€that€his€father€and€brother€wereÐ b² Ðactive€sympathizers€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔPartyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKarkerenÔ_Ô€Kurdistan)€and€that€in€1984€his€father€wasÐ H˜ Ðsentenced€to€two€years'€imprisonment€by€a€military€court€for€his€political€activities.€TheÐ . ~ Ðauthor€himself€began€to€support€the€organization€actively€in€1985.€He€started€by€giving€foodÐ  d Ðand€shelter€to€members€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô,€but€eventually€also€handed€out€propaganda€leaflets€inÐ ú J Ðhis€and€surrounding€villages.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ2.2.€In€1985€the€author€was€arrested€together€with€his€brother€and€kept€in€detention€withoutÐ ¬ ü  Ða€trial€in€Pram€Palace€prison,€Ô_ÔAdiyamanÔ_Ô,€for€a€period€of€40€days,€during€which€he€wasÐ ’â  Ðsubjected€to€torture.€He€was€beaten€with€fists,€truncheons€and€other€objects€on€his€back,Ð xÈ  Ðlower€legs,€face€and€the€soles€of€his€feet.€He€also€received€electric€shocks.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.3.€After€his€release€the€author€continued€his€political€activities,€of€which€he€claims€theÐ *z  ÐTurkish€authorities€were€aware.€Whenever€there€was€a€clash€between€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€TurkishÐ ` Ðpolice€or€military€near€the€author's€village€he€was€arrested,€kept€in€detention,€interrogatedÐ öF Ðfor€a€couple€of€hours€and€then€released.€He€was€beaten€and€insulted€in€order€to€force€him€toÐ Ü, Ðcooperate€with€the€Turkish€authorities€and€to€reveal€names€of€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€sympathizers.€FollowingÐ Â Ðone€of€those€clashes€between€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€the€security€forces€in€March€1990€in€aÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔneighbouringÔ_Ô€village,€the€author€was€informed€that€his€name€had€been€revealed€to€theÐ ŽÞ Ðauthorities.€He€then€fled,€together€with€his€father,€his€brother€and€other€inhabitants€of€hisÐ tÄ Ðvillage,€to€the€mountains.€From€there,€he€received€help€from€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€to€flee€the€country.€HeÐ Zª Ðarrived€in€Sweden€via€Romania,€where€he€stayed€for€one€and€a€half€months.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.4.€The€author€arrived€in€Sweden€on€7€July€1990€and€immediately€applied€for€asylum.€OnÐ  \ Ð20€June€1991€the€National€Immigration€Board€rejected€his€application.€His€appeal€wasÐ òB Ðsubsequently€rejected€by€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€on€1€December€1992.€A€so„called€"newÐ Ø( Ðapplication"€was€turned€down€by€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€on€23€November€1994,€and€twoÐ ¾ Ðfurther€"new€applications"€were€rejected€on€29€April€1996€and€15€November€1996,Ð ¤ô Ðrespectively.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ2.5.€The€author€went€into€hiding€and€in€December€1996,€the€immigration€authorities'Ð V"¦! Ðdecision€to€expel€the€author€could€no€longer€be€enforced€due€to€the€statute€of€limitation.€AÐ <#Œ" Ðnew€asylum€procedure€was€then€initiated.€On€2€October€1997,€the€National€ImmigrationÐ "$r# ÐBoard€rejected€the€author's€new€request€for€asylum.€His€appeal€was€subsequently€rejectedÐ %X $ Ðby€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€on€27€November€1997.€Another€"new€application"€was€turnedÐ î%>!% Ðdown€on€19€December€1997.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ3.1.€In€view€of€his€political€activities,€the€author€claims€that€there€exist€substantial€groundsÐ l*¼%* Ðto€believe€that€he€would€be€subjected€to€torture€if€he€were€to€be€returned€to€Turkey.€HisÐ R+¢&+ Ðforced€return€would€therefore€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ 8,ˆ', Ðagainst€Torture.€Ð -n(- Ї3.2.€Counsel€provides€a€medical€report€from€the€Center€for€Torture€and€Trauma€SurvivorsÐ ° Ðin€Stockholm€indicating€that€the€author€suffers€from€a€post„traumatic€stress€disorder€(PTSD).Ð –æ ÐHe€states€that€the€report€neither€confirms€nor€denies€that€the€author€has€been€subjected€toÐ |Ì Ðphysical€torture.€However,€the€medical€experts€underline€that€the€forms€of€torture€which€theÐ b² Ðauthor€claims€he€was€subjected€to€do€not€necessarily€leave€physical€marks.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ3.3.€In€support€of€the€author's€claim,€reference€is€made€to€a€letter€from€the€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€RegionalÐ  d ÐOffice€in€Stockholm€in€which€it€is€stated€that€it€is€essential€to€find€out€whether€TurkishÐ ú J Ðasylum„seekers€who€are€returned€would€be€at€risk€Ð à 0 ÐÌof€being€suspected€of€connection€to€or€sympathy€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€If€this€was€found€to€be€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcase,€they€should€not€be€considered€as€having€been€able€to€avail€themselves€of€an€internalÐ ’â  Ðflight€alternative.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€observationsóó€Ð D”  ÐÌ4.1.€By€submission€of€20€February€1998,€the€State€party€informs€the€Committee€that,Ð ` Ðfollowing€the€Committee's€request€under€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€theÐ öF ÐNational€Immigration€Board€decided€to€stay€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€while€hisÐ Ü, Ðcommunication€is€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð  ÐÌ4.2.€As€regards€the€domestic€procedure,€the€State€party€indicates€that€the€basic€provisionsÐ ŽÞ Ðconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€and€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€found€in€the€1989€AliensÐ tÄ ÐAct,€as€amended€on€1€January€1997.€There€are€normally€two€bodies€dealing€with€applicationsÐ Zª Ðfor€refugee€status:€the€National€Board€of€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€InÐ @ Ðexceptional€cases,€an€application€can€be€referred€to€the€Government€by€either€of€the€boards;Ð &v Ðthe€Government€has€no€jurisdiction€of€its€own€in€cases€not€referred€to€it€by€either€of€theÐ  \ Ðboards.€Decisions€to€refer€a€case€to€the€Government€are€taken€by€the€boards€independently.Ð òB ÐThe€State€party€explains€that€the€Swedish€Constitution€prohibits€any€interference€by€theÐ Ø( ÐGovernment,€the€Parliament€or€any€other€public€authority€in€the€decision„making€of€anÐ ¾ Ðadministrative€authority€in€a€particular€case.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€National€BoardÐ ¤ô Ðof€Immigration€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€enjoy€the€same€independence€as€a€court€of€lawÐ Š Ú Ðin€this€respect.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.3.€The€Aliens€Act€was€amended€on€10€January€1997.€According€to€the€amended€Act€(chap.Ð <#Œ" Ð3,€sect.€4,€in€conjunction€with€sect.€3),€an€alien€is€entitled€to€a€residence€permit€if€he€or€sheÐ "$r# Ðhas€a€well„founded€fear€of€being€subjected€to€the€death€penalty€or€to€corporal€punishmentÐ %X $ Ðor€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€Under€chapter€2,Ð î%>!% Ðsection€5€(b),€of€the€Act,€an€alien€who€is€refused€entry€can€reapply€for€a€residence€permit€ifÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€been€examined,€and€ifÐ º' #' Ðeither€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€will€otherwise€be€in€conflict€withÐ  (ð#( Ðhumanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€to€refuse€entry€to€or€expel€the€alien.€NewÐ †)Ö$) Ðcircumstances€cannot€be€assessed€by€the€administrative€authorities€ex€officio,€but€only€uponÐ l*¼%* Ðapplication.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.4.€Chapter€8,€section€1,€of€the€Act,€which€corresponds€to€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ -n(- Ðagainst€Torture,€as€amended,€now€provides€that€an€alien,€who€has€been€refused€entry€or€whoÐ ° Ðhas€been€ordered€expelled€may€never€be€sent€to€a€country€where€there€are€"reasonableÐ –æ Ðgrounds"€(previously€"firm€reasons")€to€believe€that€he€or€she€would€be€in€danger€ofÐ |Ì Ðsuffering€capital€or€corporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€to€torture€òòor€other€inhumanÐ b² Ðor€degrading€treatment€or€punishmentóó€(text€in€italics€added),€nor€to€a€country€where€he€is€notÐ H˜ Ðprotected€from€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€he€would€be€in€such€danger.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.5.€As€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€is€not€awareÐ ú J Ðof€the€same€matter€having€been€presented€to€another€international€body€of€internationalÐ à 0 Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€author€can€at€any€time€lodge€aÐ Æ   Ðnew€application€for€re„examination€of€his€case€to€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board,€based€on€newÐ ¬ ü  Ðfactual€circumstances.€Finally,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€communication€isÐ ’â  Ðinadmissible€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.6.€As€to€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sÐ D”  Ðjurisprudence€in€the€cases€of€òòÔ_ÔMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó€€1/€€and€òòErnest€Gorki€Tania€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€v.Ð *z  ÐSwedenóó,€2/€€and€the€criteria€established€by€the€Committee:€first,€that€a€person€mustÐ ` Ðpersonally€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€and€second,€that€such€torture€must€be€aÐ öF Ðnecessary€and€foreseeable€consequence€of€the€return€of€the€person€to€his€or€her€country.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.7.€The€State€party€reiterates€that€when€determining€whether€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ ¨ø Ðapplies,€the€following€considerations€are€relevant:€(a)€the€general€situation€of€human€rightsÐ ŽÞ Ðin€the€receiving€country,€although€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€orÐ tÄ Ðmass€violations€of€human€rights€is€not€in€itself€determinative;€(b)€the€personal€risk€of€theÐ Zª Ðindividual€concerned€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€would€beÐ @ Ðreturned;€and€(c)€the€risk€of€the€individual€being€subjected€to€torture€if€returned€must€be€aÐ &v Ðòòforeseeable€and€necessary€consequenceóó.€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€mere€possibility€thatÐ  \ Ða€person€will€be€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€country€of€origin€is€not€sufficient€toÐ òB Ðprohibit€his€or€her€return€on€the€ground€of€incompatibility€with€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.8.€The€State€party€states€that€it€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rights€problems€occurring€inÐ ¤ô ÐTurkey,€in€particular€in€the€south„eastern€part€of€the€country.€It€is€a€well„known€fact€thatÐ Š Ú Ðarbitrary€arrests,€demolitions€of€whole€villages€and€torture€are€used€in€the€fight€againstÐ p!À  ÐKurdish€separatists.€However,€in€the€State€party's€view,€the€situation€is€not€so€serious€thatÐ V"¦! Ðit€constitutes€a€general€obstacle€to€the€deportation€of€Turkish€citizens€of€Kurdish€origin€toÐ <#Œ" ÐTurkey.€A€large€part€of€the€population€consists€of€persons€of€Kurdish€origin.€While€many€ofÐ "$r# Ðthem€live€in€the€south„eastern€part€of€Turkey,€others€are€scattered€throughout€other€parts€ofÐ %X $ Ðthe€country€where€they€are€completely€integrated€into€the€Ô_ÔTurkish€society€in€general.€ItÐ î%>!% Ðshould€be€stressed€that,€according€to€current€practice,€if€an€expulsion€order€is€carried€out€withÐ Ô&$"& Ðrespect€to€a€Turkish€citizen€of€Kurdish€origin,€he€or€she€will€not€be€deported€from€SwedenÐ º' #' Ðto€the€Kurdish€areas€against€his€or€her€will,€but€to€Istanbul€or€Ankara.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.9.€As€regards€its€assessment€of€whether€or€not€the€author€would€be€personally€at€risk€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture,€the€State€party€relies€on€the€evaluation€of€the€facts€and€evidenceÐ R+¢&+ Ðmade€by€the€National€Immigration€Board€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€The€facts€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcircumstances€invoked€by€the€author€have€been€examined€twice€by€the€National€ImmigrationÐ -n(- ÐBoard€and€six€times€by€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€The€Swedish€authorities€have€notÐ ° Ðconsidered€credible€the€information€which€the€author€has€provided€about€his€politicalÐ –æ Ðactivities€and€about€the€torture€and€ill„treatment€which€he€claims€to€have€undergone.€WhenÐ |Ì Ðre„examining€the€facts€in€the€second€set€of€proceedings,€the€official€responsible€for€the€caseÐ b² Ðat€the€National€Immigration€Board€heard€the€author€in€person€and€was€able€to€make€anÐ H˜ Ðassessment€of€the€reliability€of€the€information€which€he€submitted€orally.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.10.€There€are€a€number€of€elements€in€the€author's€story€which€give€rise€to€doubts.€Firstly,Ð ú J Ðthe€author€has€continuously€reiterated€that€his€political€activities€were€always€known€to€theÐ à 0 ÐTurkish€authorities.€Still,€the€author€was€never€brought€to€trial€and€was€released€each€timeÐ Æ   Ðhe€was€apprehended.€If€the€applicant's€story€in€this€respect€was€true,€more€severe€actions€onÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€part€of€the€Turkish€authorities€would€be€expected.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ4.11.€The€author's€credibility€is€further€diminished€by€the€fact€that€he€has€not€been€able€toÐ ^®  Ðproduce€a€consistent€version€of€the€events€leading€to€his€flight€from€Turkey.€In€his€statementÐ D”  Ðmade€on€14€September€1990,€the€author€claimed€that€he€had€regularly€brought€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€leafletsÐ *z  Ðfrom€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€During€the€second€set€of€proceedings,€this€information€wasÐ ` Ðchanged€to€the€effect€that€guerilla€agents€came€to€the€village€and€left€posters.€Finally,€in€theÐ öF Ðauthor's€submission€to€the€National€Immigration€Board€on€8€June€1997,€he€claimed€that€theÐ Ü, Ðleaflets/posters€were€either€fetched€in€Syria€or€brought€to€his€home.€Ð  ÐÌ4.12.€Further,€the€author€had€also€given€two€completely€different€versions€of€how€theÐ ŽÞ Ðmilitary€authorities€discovered€his€activities.€In€1990€he€claimed€that€one€of€the€injuredÐ tÄ Ðguerillas€had€informed€the€military€authorities€of€his€activities€for€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€However,€beforeÐ Zª Ðthe€National€Immigration€Board€in€1997€he€stated€that€three€guerillas€had€been€killed€in€aÐ @ Ðclash€outside€his€native€village€and€that€the€military€authorities€suspected€the€villagers€andÐ &v Ðthe€village€elder€of€helping€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Then€he€stated€that€the€village€elder€had€told€him€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€military€authorities€had€found€documents€on€the€dead€bodies€with€the€names€of€contactsÐ òB Ðin€the€village€and€that€he€believed€that€the€author's€name€was€among€them.€In€view€of€theÐ Ø( Ðcurrent€situation€of€armed€conflict€in€which€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€is€involved€in€the€south„eastern€part€ofÐ ¾ ÐTurkey,€it€is€questionable€whether€a€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€member€would€take€the€risk€of€carrying€on€hisÐ ¤ô Ðperson€a€list€of€names€of€sympathizers.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ4.13.€The€Government€does€not€question€the€fact€that€the€author€exhibited€certain€symptomsÐ V"¦! Ðof€PTSD.€He€also€suffers€from€depression,€panic,€feelings€of€aggression€and€suicidal€ideas.Ð <#Œ" ÐHowever,€the€later€symptoms€stem€from€his€insecure€refugee€situation€and€the€fact€that€heÐ "$r# Ðhas€been€staying€illegally€in€Sweden€for€six€years.€The€medical€examinations€that€have€beenÐ %X $ Ðundertaken€have€found€no€physical€evidence€to€confirm€that€he€had€previously€beenÐ î%>!% Ðsubjected€to€torture.€In€this€context€it€should€also€be€noticed€that€in€1991€he€claimed€that€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðmolars€had€been€knocked€out€during€torture,€while€in€the€forensic€reports€from€1997€it€isÐ º' #' Ðrecorded€that€the€teeth€were€pulled€by€the€village€barber€because€of€toothache.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.14.€The€Government€states€that€the€author€has€not€made€it€credible€that€he€has€beenÐ l*¼%* Ðengaged€in€political€activities€that€would€make€him€of€interest€to€the€Turkish€authorities.€HeÐ R+¢&+ Ðhas€not€substantiated€that€he€had€been€arrested€and€undergone€torture€or€other€forms€of€ill„Ð 8,ˆ', Ðtreatment.€The€Government€shares€the€view€of€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€thatÐ -n(- Ðno€internal€place€of€refuge€is€available€for€persons€who€risk€being€suspected€of€being€activeÐ ° Ðin€or€sympathizers€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€However,€since€the€author€has€not€substantiated€that€heÐ –æ Ðwould€run€any€particular€risk€of€being€detained€and€tortured,€the€Government€is€of€theÐ |Ì Ðopinion€that€if€the€author€wishes€to€avoid€the€disturbances€that€undoubtedly€characterize€theÐ b² Ðsouth„east€he€has€the€possibility€of€staying€in€another€part€of€the€country.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ4.15.€The€State€party€concludes€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€author'sÐ  d Ðreturn€to€Turkey€would€not€have€the€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€exposing€himÐ ú J Ðto€a€real€risk€of€torture.€An€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€author€wouldÐ à 0 Ðtherefore€not€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð Æ   ÐÌòòCounsel's€commentsóó€Ð ’â  ÐÌ5.1.€Regarding€the€question€of€admissibility,€counsel€points€out,€in€her€submission€dated€12Ð ^®  ÐMay€1998,€that€the€procedure€for€re„examining€a€case€provided€for€in€chapter€2,€section€5Ð D”  Ð(b),€of€the€Aliens€Act€requires€that€new€circumstances€be€presented€to€the€Aliens€AppealÐ *z  ÐBoard.€In€the€present€case€there€are€no€new€circumstances.€Therefore,€all€domestic€remediesÐ ` Ðhave€been€exhausted.€Ð öF ÐÌ5.2.€Counsel€maintains€that€the€Swedish€Government€has€not€evaluated€the€risk€the€authorÐ Â Ðwould€face€if€he€were€to€be€expelled€to€Turkey,€but€has€focused€merely€on€his€credibility.Ð ¨ø ÐCounsel€acknowledges€that€the€author€has€on€different€occasions€given€the€authorities€anÐ ŽÞ Ðinconsistent€account€of€his€political€activities€and€his€flight;€but€these€inconsistencies€are€notÐ tÄ Ðmaterial€and€should€be€viewed€in€the€light€of€the€fact€that€the€author€suffers€from€PTSD.€InÐ Zª Ðthis€context€counsel€refers€to€the€Committee's€jurisprudence€in€the€cases€of€òòPauline€Ô_ÔMuzonzoÔ_ÔÐ @ ÐÔ_ÔPakuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKisokiÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó€and€òòÔ_ÔKavehÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYaraghÔ_Ô€Tala€v.€Swedenóó€where€it€is€stated€that€"completeÐ &v Ðaccuracy€is€seldom€to€be€expected€by€victims€of€torture€and€that€such€inconsistencies€as€mayÐ  \ Ðexist€in€the€author's€presentation€of€the€facts€are€not€material€and€do€not€raise€doubts€aboutÐ òB Ðthe€general€veracity€of€the€author's€claims".€Counsel€reiterates€that€the€author€is€sufferingÐ Ø( Ðfrom€PTSD.€She€states€that€when€asked€why€he€had€given€different€answers€to€the€NationalÐ ¾ ÐImmigration€Board€in€1997€and€during€the€initial€investigative€procedure€in€1990,€the€authorÐ ¤ô Ðcried€out€that€although€he€knew€it€was€important€to€repeat€what€he€had€said€almost€sevenÐ Š Ú Ðyears€before,€he€simply€couldn't€remember.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.3.€Concerning€the€inconsistencies,€counsel€further€states€that€they€are€not€of€the€magnitudeÐ <#Œ" Ðthat€the€State€party€claims.€She€states€that€the€author€has€in€fact€not€given€two€completelyÐ "$r# Ðdifferent€versions€of€how€the€military€discovered€his€activities,€since€the€core€elements€areÐ %X $ Ðthe€same.€Further,€counsel€draws€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€fact€that€the€questionÐ î%>!% Ðof€how€exactly€the€author's€activities€were€discovered€by€the€military€in€March€1990€is€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðreally€an€issue,€since€by€that€time€the€author€had€already€been€harassed€by€the€TurkishÐ º' #' Ðauthorities€for€several€years.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.4.€Counsel€further€refers€to€the€Swedish€Government's€remark€that€no€physical€medicalÐ l*¼%* Ðevidence€had€been€produced€to€indicate€that€the€author€had€been€subjected€to€torture.€SheÐ R+¢&+ Ðstates€that€according€to€the€specialists€at€the€Center€for€Torture€and€Trauma€Survivors€inÐ 8,ˆ', ÐStockholm€it€is€not€surprising€that€there€are€no€physical€traces€on€the€author's€body,€since€theÐ -n(- Ðforms€of€torture€to€which€the€author€was€subjected€do€not€necessarily€leave€marks.€Ð ° ÐÌ5.5.€Counsel€concludes€that€the€author€has€presented€sufficient€evidence€that€he€wasÐ |Ì Ðpolitically€active€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€that€he€is€well€known€to€the€Turkish€authorities;€that€he€hasÐ b² Ðbeen€detained,€tortured€and€ill„treated€because€of€his€political€activities;€and€finally€that€theÐ H˜ Ðhuman€rights€situation€in€Turkey€is€such€that€the€group€most€likely€to€be€exposed€toÐ . ~ Ðharassment,€prosecution€and€persecution€are€Kurds€suspected€of€being€connected€to€or€beingÐ  d Ðsympathizers€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€She€therefore€claims€that€the€author's€return€to€Turkey€would€haveÐ ú J Ðthe€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€exposing€him€to€a€real€risk€of€being€detainedÐ à 0 Ðand€tortured.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ5.6.€On€29€October€1998,€counsel€submitted€further€information€to€the€Committee,€indicatingÐ ’â  Ðthat€according€to€a€Kurdish€solidarity€association€based€in€Sweden,€of€which€the€author€hasÐ xÈ  Ðbeen€a€member€since€1996,€the€author€is€wanted€by€the€Turkish€police€and€the€TurkishÐ ^®  Ðsecurity€service.€It€is€further€claimed€that€the€author's€family€in€Turkey€has€been€questionedÐ D”  Ðby€the€police€on€three€occasions€during€the€past€six€months€about€the€whereabouts€of€theÐ *z  Ðauthor.€With€respect€to€this€additional€information€the€State€party€states,€in€a€letter€sent€toÐ ` Ðthe€Committee€on€16€November€1998,€that€it€has€not€altered€its€position€regarding€theÐ öF Ðadmissibility€and€merits€of€the€communication,€as€described€above.€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ6.1.€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€againstÐ tÄ ÐTorture€must€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€TheÐ Zª ÐCommittee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€theÐ @ ÐConvention,€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ &v Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€is€further€of€theÐ  \ Ðopinion€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted,€in€view€of€the€fact€thatÐ òB Ðno€new€circumstances€exist€on€the€basis€of€which€the€author€could€file€a€new€applicationÐ Ø( Ðwith€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€The€Committee€finds€that€no€further€obstacles€to€theÐ ¾ Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€exist.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ6.2.€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€author€to€TurkeyÐ p!À  Ðwould€violate€the€obligation€of€Sweden€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€toÐ V"¦! Ðreturn€a€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€heÐ <#Œ" Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ6.3.€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€whether€there€areÐ î%>!% Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subject€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðtorture€upon€return€to€Turkey.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€intoÐ º' #' Ðaccount€all€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€theÐ  (ð#( Ðexistence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€TheÐ †)Ö$) Ðaim€of€the€determination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€wouldÐ l*¼%* Ðbe€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldÐ R+¢&+ Ðreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÐ 8,ˆ', Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forÐ -n(- Ðdetermining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponÐ ° Ðhis€return€to€that€country;€specific€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individualÐ –æ Ðconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossÐ |Ì Ðviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€dangerÐ b² Ðof€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ6.4.€The€Committee€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rights€situation€in€Turkey.€Reports€fromÐ  d Ðreliable€sources€suggest€that€persons€suspected€of€having€links€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€are€frequentlyÐ ú J Ðtortured€in€the€course€of€interrogations€by€law€enforcement€officers€and€that€this€practice€isÐ à 0 Ðnot€limited€to€particular€areas€of€the€country.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€further€notesÐ Æ   Ðthat€the€Government€has€stated€that€it€shares€the€view€of€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô,€i.e.€that€no€place€of€refugeÐ ¬ ü  Ðis€available€within€the€country€for€persons€who€risk€being€suspected€of€being€active€in€orÐ ’â  Ðsympathizers€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.5.€The€Committee€recalls€that,€for€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€theÐ D”  Ðindividual€concerned€must€face€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€of€being€tortured€in€theÐ *z  Ðcountry€to€which€he€is€returned.€The€Committee€wishes€to€point€out€that€the€requirement€ofÐ ` Ðnecessity€and€predictability€should€be€interpreted€in€the€light€of€its€general€comment€on€theÐ öF Ðimplementation€of€article€3€which€reads:€"Bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€and€theÐ Ü, ÐCommittee€are€obliged€to€assess€whether€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€theÐ Â Ðauthor€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€were€he/she€to€be€expelled,€returnedÐ ¨ø Ðor€extradited,€the€risk€of€torture€must€be€assessed€on€grounds€that€go€beyond€mere€theory€orÐ ŽÞ Ðsuspicion.€However,€the€risk€does€not€have€to€meet€the€test€of€being€highly€probable"Ð tÄ Ð(A/53/44,€annex€IX,€para.€6).€Ð Zª ÐÌ6.6.€The€Committee€notes€the€medical€evidence€provided€by€the€author.€The€CommitteeÐ &v Ðnotes€in€particular€that€the€author€suffers€from€a€post„traumatic€stress€disorder€and€that€thisÐ  \ Ðhas€to€be€taken€into€account€when€assessing€the€author's€presentation€of€the€facts.€TheÐ òB ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author's€medical€condition€indicates€that€the€author€has€in€fact€beenÐ Ø( Ðsubjected€to€torture€in€the€past.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ6.7.€In€the€author's€case,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author's€family€background,€hisÐ Š Ú Ðpolitical€activities€and€affiliation€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô,€his€history€of€detention€and€torture,€as€wellÐ p!À  Ðas€indications€that€the€author€is€at€present€wanted€by€Turkish€authorities,€should€be€taken€intoÐ V"¦! Ðaccount€when€determining€whether€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€uponÐ <#Œ" Ðhis€return.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€pointed€to€contradictions€andÐ "$r# Ðinconsistencies€in€the€author's€story€and€further€notes€the€author's€explanations€for€suchÐ %X $ Ðinconsistencies.€The€Committee€considers€that€complete€accuracy€is€seldom€to€be€expectedÐ î%>!% Ðby€victims€of€torture,€especially€when€the€victim€suffers€from€post„traumatic€stressÐ Ô&$"& Ðsyndrome;€it€also€notes€that€the€principle€of€strict€accuracy€does€not€necessarily€apply€whenÐ º' #' Ðthe€inconsistencies€are€of€a€material€nature.€In€the€present€case,€the€Committee€considers€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€presentation€of€facts€by€the€author€does€not€raise€significant€doubts€as€to€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðtrustworthiness€of€the€general€veracity€of€his€claims.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ6.8.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€substantial€grounds€exist€forÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbelieving€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€returned€toÐ -n(- ÐTurkey.€Ð ° ÐÌ6.9.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€anÐ |Ì Ðobligation€to€refrain€from€forcibly€returning€the€author€to€Turkey,€or€to€any€other€countryÐ b² Ðwhere€he€runs€a€real€risk€of€being€expelled€or€returned€to€Turkey.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€English€being€the€original.]€Ð  d ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ Æ   ÐÌ1/€€€Communication€No.€13/1993€(CAT/C/12/D/13/1993),€Views€adopted€on€27€April€1994./Ð ’â  ÐÌ2/€€€Communication€No.€39/1996€(CAT/C/18/39/1996),€Views€adopted€on€7€May€1997.Ð ^®  ÐÓÜÓ