ÿWPC ‹QW‘¥‡Ò_„t%y/B•ÒónL¥©P‡¢€••Ü{„O‹s_÷:*¢ç,¥FEË §¡xÎS‰Õô (€•‚…µ.öNa¢é˜0oõDÁLm…å›ÂÍk]½7Tã¿Ê†4zñÝYMí£²(ÝeŽ×‚cë:7Ýüú@Œ¢±ÜuñƒúíS@XMb‡Ðbi›žê~"8é 2P£Ì2ɨÑÒ÷~>ø„ÕK)™,ËS¦ž¯ÃÈw`•SÁ®ä©uÛ0˜,¬OÍ) C…›­nõÊ‘D&öËÖRšöf/áŒØ5ƒe§Ô²O‹¯nÍœ×p…=w=†·vKÀω3SþŒ‹Ü>vÆÐ4 —Šm¢{ÂZsƒsHMc~Kâ!»Ûl̪ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_À 0iƈ 0ÑN 0( D+G AMr ¿ 0¶Ï #Á… UNF %” Mš (ž NÆ ^ È wÔ 4Ø ì mî ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Lucia Sala de Touron v. Uruguay, Communication No. 32/1978 (31 March 1981), U.N. Doc. CCPR41981), U.N. Doc. CCPR"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2{A$££Ý ƒSQ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X>_XXXÔÔ€X>_XXX>_ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ŽSQ$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X<·XXXÔÔ€X<·XXX<·Ô˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXÊ}û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒSQ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X>_XXXÔÔ€X>_XXX>_ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔTouronÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€32/1978Ð H˜ ÐÌ31€March€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Lucia€Sala€de€Ô_ÔTourenÔ_Ô€on€16€May€1978€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€Luis€Ô_ÔTouronÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€31€March€1981€(twelfth€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÓ  ÓÌòòò òViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€this€communication,€dated€16€May€1978,€is€an€Uruguayan€national,€residingÐ @ Ðin€Mexico.€She€submitted€the€communication€on€behalf€of€her€husband,€Luis€Ô_ÔTouronÔ_Ô,€a€54„Ð &v Ðyear„old€Uruguayan€citizen€and€a€former€municipal€official€of€the€city€of€Montevideo,Ð  \ Ðallegedly€detained€in€Uruguay.€Ð òB ÐÌ2.1€The€author€alleges€that€her€husband€was€arrested€on€21€January€1976€and€subjected€toÐ ¾ Ðcruel€and€inhuman€treatment€(of€which€she€gives€no€details)€during€his€detentionÐ ¤ô Ðincommunicado€from€the€date€of€arrest€until€August€1976.€She€states€that€he€wasÐ Š Ú Ðsubsequently€sentenced€to€14€years'€imprisonment€by€a€military€court€and€that€at€the€time€ofÐ p!À  Ðwriting€(16€May€1978)€his€case€was€still€pending€before€the€second€military€instance€(theÐ V"¦! ÐÔ_ÔSupremoÔ_Ô€Tribunal€Ô_ÔMilitarÔ_Ô).€She€further€states€that€her€husband,€having€been€subjected€duringÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€first€part€of€his€detention€to€the€Ô_ÔregimeÔ_Ô€of€"prompt€security€measures",€was€denied€theÐ "$r# Ðright€to€leave€the€country,€although€article€186€(17)€of€the€Uruguayan€Constitution€providesÐ %X $ Ðthat€persons€under€that€Ô_Ôr6gimeÔ_Ô€have€the€option€to€leave€the€country.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ2.2€The€author€maintains€that€no€formal€charges€were€made€against€her€husband€and€that€heÐ º' #' Ðwas€not€brought€before€a€judge€until€seven€months€after€his€arrest,€in€August€1976,€when€heÐ  (ð#( Ðwas€formally€charged€with€the€of€fence€of€"subversive€association"€and€afforded€the€rightÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€have€the€assistance€of€a€counsel;€that€the€real€reasons€for€his€arrest€were€his€politicalÐ l*¼%* Ðopinions€and€public€activities;€that€he€was€never€afforded€a€public€hearing€before€a€tribunal,Ð R+¢&+ Ðas€there€are€no€public€hearings€during€the€whole€procedure€of€first€instance;€that,€as€in€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcase€of€any€person€prosecuted€under€military€justice€in€Uruguay,€he€was€not€allowed€to€beÐ -n(- Ðpresent€at€the€trial€or€to€defend€himself€in€person;€and€that€the€Ô_ÔjudgemeritÔ_Ô€against€him€wasÐ ° Ðnot€made€public.€Ð –æ ÐÌ2.3€She€further€alleges€that€military€tribunals€do€not€have€the€competence€to€deal€with€theÐ b² Ðcases€of€civilian€detainees€under€article€253€of€the€Constitution€and€that€they€are€notÐ H˜ Ðimpartial€since,€as€part€of€the€armed€forces,€they€are€subordinated€to€the€military€hierarchy.Ð . ~ ÐAs€for€the€recourse€of€habeas€corpus,€the€authorities€allegedly€claim€that€it€is€not€applicableÐ  d Ðto€the€cases€of€persons€detained€under€"prompt€security€measures".€Ð ú J ÐÌ2.4€The€author€also€alleges€that,€pursuant€to€"Institutional€Act€No.€4"€(Acta€Ô_ÔlnstitucionalÔ_Ô€No.Ð Æ   Ð4)€of€1€September€1976,€her€husband€has€been€deprived€of€the€right€to€engage€in€politicalÐ ¬ ü  Ðactivities,€including€the€right€to€vote,€for€15€years.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ2.5€The€author€claims€that€articles€2,€3,€7,€9€(1),€(2),€(3),€(4),€(5),€10€(1),€(Ô_Ô2aÔ_Ô),€(3),€12,€14€(1),Ð ^®  Ð(2),€(Ô_Ô3aÔ_Ô,€3d,€Ô_Ô3eÔ_Ô€and€Ô_Ô3gÔ_Ô),€(5),€15,€25€(a€and€b)€and€26€of€the€Covenant€have€been€violated.€Ð D”  ÐÌ3.€On€28€July€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€communicationÐ ` Ðto€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€requesting€informationÐ öF Ðand€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility€of€the€communication.€The€time„Ð Ü, Ðlimit€for€the€State€party's€information€or€observations€expired€on€9€November€1978.€No€replyÐ Â Ðwas€received€from€the€State€party.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.€On€24€April€1979€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð @ ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beÐ  \ Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ òB Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€(including€copiesÐ Ø( Ðof€any€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€matter)€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€haveÐ ¾ Ðbeen€taken€by€it.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ5.€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ p!À  Ðexpired€on€25€November€1979.€By€notes€dated€23€November€1979€and€13€February€1980,Ð V"¦! Ðthe€State€party€requested€the€Committee€to€accord€a€reasonable€extension€of€time.€By€a€noteÐ <#Œ" ÐÔ_Ôdate0Ô_Ô€10€July€1980,€the€State€party€submitted€the€following€explanations€under€article€4€(2)Ð "$r# Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol:€Ð %X $ ÐÌ...€contrary€to€what€is€maintained€in€the€communication€under€consideration,€Mr.€LuisÐ Ô&$"& ÐÔ_ÔTouronÔ_Ô€was€not€detained€without€formal€charges€against€him;€as€was€fully€proved€by€his€ownÐ º' #' Ðstatements,€he€entered€into€association€with€others€with€a€view€to€taking€direct€action€toÐ  (ð#( Ðchange€the€form€of€government€by€means€which€are€inadmissible€under€internal€public€lawÐ †)Ö$) Ðand€committed€acts€aimed€at€reorganizing€the€Ô_ÔdirectlyeÔ_Ô€machinery€of€the€banned€CommunistÐ l*¼%* Ðparty€with€the€object€of€adapting€it€for€underground€operations.€The€author€refers€in€herÐ R+¢&+ Ðcommunication€to€"the€lack€of€a€public€hearing€before€a€tribunal".€It€must€be€explained€thatÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpublic€hearings€do€not€exist€under€the€Uruguayan€legal€order.€The€trial€is€conducted€inÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôwriting€and€the€accused€has€the€opportunity€to€express€himself€through€his€counsel€and€byÐ ° Ðmeans€of€the€formal€statements€before€the€judge.€Another€legal€error€in€the€communicationÐ –æ Ðunder€consideration€is€the€assertion€that€military€tribunals€are€not€competent€to€judge€civilianÐ |Ì Ðdetainees.€Since€the€entry€into€force€of€the€State€Security€Act€(No.€14,068€of€6€July€1972,Ð b² Ðapproved€by€Parliament)€it€has€been€established€that€offences€against€the€State€come€withinÐ H˜ Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€military€courts.€This€Act€gives€effect€to€a€constitutional€norm,€article€330,Ð . ~ Ðwhich€provides:€'Anyone€who€takes€action€to€upset€the€present€Constitution,€following€itsÐ  d Ðadoption€and€publication,€or€provides€means€for€such€action€to€be€taken,€shall€be€regarded,Ð ú J Ðsentenced€and€punished€as€an€offender€against€the€State'.€Consequently,€the€sole€jurisdictionÐ à 0 Ðfor€these€offences€is€the€military,€since,€from€the€entry€into€force€of€the€1884€Military€PenalÐ Æ   ÐCode,€the€duty€to€safeguard€the€nation€comes€specifically€within€the€sphere€of€militaryÐ ¬ ü  Ðcompetence.€Ð ’â  ÐÌOn€29€September€1977€Mr.€Tour6n€was€sentenced€by€a€court€of€first€instance€to€14€years'Ð ^®  Ðimprisonment€for€"subversive€association"€(article€60€(v)€of€the€Military€Penal€Code)€andÐ D”  Ð"conspiracy€to€overthrow€the€Constitution€followed€by€the€preparatory€acts"€(articles€60€(1),Ð *z  Ðparagraph€6,€and€60€(XII))€in€a€combination€of€principal€and€secondary€of€fences€(MilitaryÐ ` ÐPenal€Code,€article€7€and€Ordinary€Penal€Code,€article€56).€On€10€October€1977€ColonelÐ öF ÐOtto€Gilomen,€counsel€for€the€accused,€appealed€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€JusticeÐ Ü, Ðagainst€the€judgemerit€rendered€by€the€court€of€first€instance.€On€17€May€1979€finalÐ Â Ðjudgemere€was€passed€by€a€court€of€second€instance,€upholding€the€previous€judgemerit,€andÐ ¨ø Ðit€became€enforceable€on€29€June€1979.€As€may€be€observed,€not€only€did€the€accused€haveÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€benefit€of€due€legal€assistance€in€the€proceedings€but€he€availed€himself€of€the€remedyÐ tÄ Ðof€appeal€to€which€Uruguayan€legislation€entitled€him.€It€may€be€added€that€underÐ Zª ÐUruguayan€law€the€remedy€of€appeal€functions€automatically€in€the€case€of€final€judgementsÐ @ Ðimposing€prison€sentences€of€over€three€years,€such€sentences€not€being€consideredÐ &v Ðenforceable€until€they€have€been€comprehensively€reviewed€on€appeal€by€the€Supreme€CourtÐ  \ Ðof€Military€Justice;€in€other€words,€in€such€cases€it€is€mandatory€for€counsel€to€appeal€againstÐ òB Ðsuch€sentences.€To€continue€with€the€erroneous€or€false€assertions,€it€is€stated€in€theÐ Ø( Ðcommunication€that€Mr.€Touron's€case€has€not€been€submitted€to€any€other€internationalÐ ¾ Ðbody,€when€in€reality€it€was€brought€before€and€considered€by€the€Inter„AmericanÐ ¤ô ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€as€case€No.€2011.€With€regard€to€the€reference€to€physicalÐ Š Ú Ðcoercion,€the€Government€of€Uruguay€categorically€rejects€this€accusation.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ6.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€informed€the€Committee€inÐ <#Œ" Ðanother€case€(No.€9/1977)€that€the€remedy€of€habeas€corpus€is€not€applicable€to€personsÐ "$r# Ðdetained€under€the€"prompt€security€measures".€Ð %X $ ÐÌ7.€As€to€the€State€party's€observation€in€its€note€dated€10€July€1980€that€the€case€of€LuisÐ Ô&$"& ÐTouron€was€brought€before€and€considered€by€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€HumanÐ º' #' ÐRights€as€case€No.€2011,€the€Committee€recalls€that€it€has€already€ascertained€in€connectionÐ  (ð#( Ðwith€its€consideration€of€other€communications€(e.g.€No.€1/1976)€that€IACHR€case€No.€2011Ð †)Ö$) Ð(dated€27€January€1976,€listing€the€names€and€dates€of€arrest€of€a€large€number€of€persons,Ð l*¼%* Ðoffering€no€further€details),€predates€the€entering€into€force€of€the€Covenant,€and€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐOptional€Protocol€for€Uruguay,€and€therefore€does€not€concern€the€same€matter€which€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐCommittee€is€competent€to€consider.€Further,€the€Committee€recalls€that€no€objection€wasÐ -n(- Ðraised€by€the€State€party€as€to€the€admissibility€of€the€present€communication€under€rule€91Ð ° Ðof€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€Ð –æ ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€considering€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÐ b² Ðinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ H˜ ÐProtocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€either€beenÐ . ~ Ðessentially€confirmed€by€the€State€party,€or€are€unrefuted:€Luis€Touron€was€arrested€on€21Ð  d ÐJanuary€1976€and€was€detained€incommunicado€from€the€date€of€arrest€until€August€1976Ð ú J Ðwhen€he€was€brought€before€a€judge€and€formally€charged€with€the€of€fence€of€"subversiveÐ à 0 Ðassociation"€and€"conspiracy€to€overthrow€the€Constitution€followed€by€preparatory€acts".Ð Æ   ÐIt€was€not€until€then€that€he€was€afforded€the€right€to€have€the€assistance€of€counsel.€He€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðnot€allowed€to€be€present€at€his€trial€or€to€defend€himself€in€person.€There€was€no€publicÐ ’â  Ðhearing,€and€judgemerit€was€not€delivered€in€public.€On€29€September€1977€he€wasÐ xÈ  Ðsentenced€by€a€military€court€of€first€instance€to€14€years'€imprisonment.€On€17€May€1979Ð ^®  Ða€final€judgemerit€was€passed€by€a€court€of€second€instance,€upholding€the€previousÐ D”  Ðjudgemerit.€He€has€been€deprived€of€all€his€political€rights,€including€the€right€to€vote,€forÐ *z  Ð15€years.€Ð ` ÐÌ9.€As€to€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment,€they€are€in€such€general€terms€that€the€CommitteeÐ Ü, Ðmakes€no€finding€in€regard€to€them.€Ð  ÐÌ10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€whether€acts€and€treatment,€which€areÐ ŽÞ Ðprimafacie€not€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant,€could€for€any€reasons€be€justified€under€theÐ tÄ ÐCovenant,€in€the€circumstances.€The€Government€has€referred€to€provisions€of€UruguayanÐ Zª Ðlaw,€including€the€"prompt€security€measures".€The€Covenant€(art.€4)€allows€nationalÐ @ Ðmeasures€derogating€from€some€of€its€provisions€only€in€strictly€defined€circumstances,€andÐ &v Ðthe€Government€has€not€made€any€submissions€of€fact€or€law€to€justify€such€derogation.€Ð  \ ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€is€aware€that€under€the€legislation€of€many€countriesÐ Ø( Ðcriminal€offenders€may€be€deprived€of€certain€political€rights.€However,€article€25€of€theÐ ¾ ÐCovenant€permits€only€reasonable€restrictions.€The€Committee€notes€that€Mr.€Tour6n€hasÐ ¤ô Ðbeen€sentenced€to€14€years'€imprisonment€for€"subversive€association"€and€"conspiracy€toÐ Š Ú Ðoverthrow€the€Constitution€followed€by€preparatory€acts".€The€State€party€has€not€respondedÐ p!À  Ðto€the€Committee's€request€that€it€should€be€furnished€with€copies€of€any€court€orders€OrÐ V"¦! Ðdecisions€relevant€to€the€matter.€The€Committee€is€gravely€concerned€by€this€omission.Ð <#Œ" ÐAlthough€similar€requests€have€been€made€in€a€number€of€other€cases,€the€Committee€hasÐ "$r# Ðnever€yet€been€furnished€with€the€texts€of€any€court€decisions.€This€tends€to€suggest€thatÐ %X $ Ðjudgements,€even€of€extreme€gravity,€as€in€the€present€case,€are€not€handed€down€in€writing.Ð î%>!% ÐIn€such€circumstances,€the€Committee€feels€unable,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€beforeÐ Ô&$"& Ðit,€to€accept€either€that€the€proceedings€against€Luis€Touron€amounted€to€a€fair€trial€or€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€severity€of€the€sentence€imposed€or€the€deprivation€of€political€rights€for€15€years€wereÐ  (ð#( Ðjustified.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ12.€In€addition,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€OptionalÐ R+¢&+ ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfacts€as€found€by€the€Committee,€in€so€far€as€they€continued€or€occurred€after€23€March€1976Ð -n(- Ð(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€Force€for€Uruguay),Ð ° Ðdisclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€in€particularÐ –æ Ðof:€Ð |Ì ÐÌArticle€9€(3),€because€Luis€Touron€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge€or€other€officerÐ H˜ Ðauthorized€to€exercise€judicial€power;€Ð . ~ ÐÌArticle€9€(4),€because€habeas€corpus€was€not€available€to€him;€Ð ú J ÐÌArticle€14€(1),€because€he€had€no€public€hearing€and€because€the€judgement€rendered€againstÐ Æ   Ðhim€was€not€made€public;€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌArticle€14€(3),€because€he€did€not€have€access€to€legal€assistance€during€the€first€sevenÐ xÈ  Ðmonths€of€his€detention€and€was€not€tried€in€his€presence.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ13.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ *z  Ðprovide€the€victim€with€effective€remedies,€including€compensation,€for€the€violations€he€hasÐ ` Ðsuffered€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€