ÿWPCå ô…%(ˆJ¸3ó¾@k”|Fø!yÜ"«bµÊ-)ˆT #óyW¢DÐ’F›±R… K£²«<°ªRË•*4±¼µG¦ó}§¶*³Næ=kíÀ©P)•·xÜÏšü{OqS’/·a-š¦@?Ô”!¬Z¯}uäÿÙ>›Ø2áÑ‘ 9Æi¯ÉK!~q¿>eබÀÖ,Ó+ï”·$_9¾Ÿ ™-ÝÙù×rj- Tyï^®²C<ÿl ù%ªMÐã€W‚®\÷€ £ ƒÒ› V¼ i½‹ìOtK¡¶[BPg­<çoÅ«[s. R"‹ž/$sU_½žïÇìâ£Ì¢áf±å…»n©C£Ü7p³¾½¡ýüåu‹¨šå€Û€8(çUʯ²e!¦tG¢ÏE©GÇ;5UIG‘”o/":Ÿ³›[)Ò­Ö±¼ˆý-g ¾š{Ë&Ç~î§]S6Љšpdj4‹E/3M5ßÀ¶šJ.=»P=ý‡í¡Þ'[Â`S[ ..†m^¨O8p6]ó,ðÓåÑ5íQ_æó‰óB¼¾€‹ä[Àõ™~úó­”Ü_ªnÀætK¹;ÌëBD”ÂåcÙ:OÃÏõ5µâA¼×U>ˆÌÆ 0µ’ 0<G 0Yƒ 0_Ü 0i; 0P¤ 0TôÆH 0á 0(ï D+ AMB  0ÆŸ #Áe UN& %tMz(~N¦^ ¨w´4¸Ì mÎô\  `‹&Times New Roman' H.C. M. A. [name deleted] v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 213/1986 (30 March 1989), 4986 (30 March 1989), "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2sN$££Ý ƒVm!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X²XXXÔÔ€X²XXX²ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žVm$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X°wXXXÔÔ€X°wXXX°wÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXRœw) K‹k)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒVm!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X²XXXÔÔ€X²XXX²ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòH.C.€M.€A.€v.€The€NetherlandsóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€213/1986€Ð H˜ ÐÌ30€March€1989Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€H.C.€M.€A.€[name€deleted]Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:óó€The€authorÐ D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:óó€The€NetherlandsÐ ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:óó€31€October€1986€(date€of€initial€letter)óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ ŽÞ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð tÄ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€30€March€1989,Ð @ ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:Ð  \ ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓDecision€On€admissibilityóóó óÐ ¾ ÐÔ_ÔÓèÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€31€October€1986,€and€subsequentÐ p!À  Ðsubmissions€of€6€April€1987,€20€June€and€18€July€1988)€is€H.€C.€M.€A.,€a€citizen€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐNetherlands€residing€in€the€Netherlands.€He€alleges€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€of€article€2,Ð <#Œ" Ðparagraphs€2€and€3,€articles€7,€9,€10,€paragraph€1,€and€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€InternationalÐ "$r# ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€by€the€Government€of€the€Netherlands.€He€isÐ %X $ Ðrepresented€by€counsel.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€on€Friday,€19€March€1982,€he€participated€in€a€peacefulÐ º' #' Ðdemonstration€in€Amsterdam€to€protest€the€murder€of€four€Netherlands€journalists€in€ElÐ  (ð#( ÐSalvador.€After€leaving€the€site€of€the€demonstration,€he€was€assaulted€by€four€unknownÐ †)Ö$) Ðpersons€and€sustained€injuries.€Subsequently,€policemen€in€civilian€clothes€pushed€him€intoÐ l*¼%* Ða€police€car€and€he€was€detained€in€a€police€cell.€After€four€witnesses€testified€at€the€policeÐ R+¢&+ Ðstation€that€he€had€not€disturbed€the€public€order,€he€was€released€on€Tuesday,€23€MarchÐ 8,ˆ', Ð1982.€He€was€tried€for€public€disorder€before€the€Amsterdam€Criminal€District€Court€andÐ -n(- Ðacquitted€on€5€September€1984.€On€1€April€1985€the€Amsterdam€District€Court,€SecondÐ ° ÐChamber,€awarded€him€400€Netherlands€guilders€for€unlawful€detention.Ð –æ ÐÌ2.2€The€author€points€out€that€on€22€April€1982€he€complained€to€the€court€of€first€instanceÐ b² Ðabout€maltreatment€by€a€police€officer.€His€complaint€was€transmitted€by€the€court€of€firstÐ H˜ Ðinstance€to€the€military€prosecutor,€as€the€rank€to€which€the€police€officer€belonged€fell€underÐ . ~ Ðmilitary€jurisdiction.€The€military€prosecutor,€however,€dismissed€the€complaint.€On€appeal,Ð  d Ðthe€Military€High€Court€stated€that€in€cases€of€military€procedural€law€only€the€Minister€ofÐ ú J ÐÔ_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€had€authority€to€order€prosecution.€The€Military€High€Court€thus€decided€that€it€wasÐ à 0 Ðnot€competent€to€rule€on€the€case.€Its€president€subsequently€transmitted€the€file€to€theÐ Æ   ÐMinisters€of€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€and€Justice,€considering€that€it€would€be€an€anomalous€situation€ifÐ ¬ ü  Ðpersons€falling€under€military€jurisdiction€would€be€immune€from€prosecution€under€certainÐ ’â  Ðcircumstances,€while€persons€falling€under€civilian€jurisdiction€could€be€prosecuted.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ2.3€The€author€maintains,€however,€that€the€Government€of€the€Netherlands€has€not€takenÐ D”  Ðany€initiative€to€eradicate€the€alleged€inequality€before€the€law.€The€author€claims€that,€asÐ *z  Ðno€adequate€recourse€procedure€exists€for€civilians€against€cruel€and€inhuman€treatment€byÐ ` Ðthe€military€and€the€police€when€such€cases€fall€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€military,€theÐ öF ÐState€party€has€violated€articles€2€and€7€of€the€Covenant.€Concerning€his€detention,€theÐ Ü, Ðauthor€claims,€without€giving€any€details,€that€he€was€subjected€to€ill„treatment€in€violationÐ Â Ðof€article€10€of€the€Covenant.€He€further€claims€that€article€14€of€the€Covenant€has€beenÐ ¨ø Ðviolated€because€he€has€been€unable€to€prosecute€a€police€officer€falling€under€exclusiveÐ ŽÞ Ðmilitary€jurisdiction.€Moreover,€he€maintains€that€the€existing€complaints€procedure€againstÐ tÄ Ðmembers€of€the€police€is€unjust,€since€police€officers€themselves€investigate€such€complaintsÐ Zª Ðand€exercise€discretionary€powers€in€their€own€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô.€He€alleges€that€an€independent€systemÐ @ Ðof€control€does€not€exist€in€the€Netherlands€legal€system.Ð &v ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€9€December€1986,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ òB Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ Ø( ÐState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ ¾ Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication,€in€particular€details€of€the€effective€remedies€availableÐ ¤ô Ðto€the€author€in€case€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€It€also€requested€the€StateÐ Š Ú Ðparty€to€provide€the€Committee€with€copies€of€any€administrative€or€judicial€decisionsÐ p!À  Ðrelevant€to€the€communication.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ4.1€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€dated€17€February€1987,€the€State€party€provides€anÐ "$r# Ðoutline€of€the€factual€situation€and€argues€that€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ %X $ Ðinadmissible€on€the€grounds€that€the€allegations€put€forward€b€the€author€do€not€disclose€aÐ î%>!% Ðviolation€of€any€of€the€rights€enumerated€in€the€Covenant€and€that,€therefore,€the€author€hasÐ Ô&$"& Ðno€claim€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð º' #' ÐÌ4.2€With€regard€to€the€factual€situation,€the€State€party€states€that€the€author€was€arrested€inÐ †)Ö$) ÐAmsterdam€on€19€March€1982€"on€the€accusation€of€having€committed€violent€actsÐ l*¼%* Ð(throwing€stones€at€the€consulate€of€the€United€States€of€America)€during€an€anti„Ô_ÔE1Ô_ÔÐ R+¢&+ ÐSalvador€demonstration".€The€author€was€arrested€by€a€team€consisting€of€an€AmsterdamÐ 8,ˆ', ÐCity€Police€officer€and€an€officer€belonging€to€the€Royal€Military€Police€(Ô_ÔKoninklijkeÔ_ÔÐ -n(- ÐÔ_ÔMarechausseeÔ_Ô),€which€also€has€the€task€of€providing€military€assistance€to€the€AmsterdamÐ ° ÐCity€Police.€The€State€party€affirms€that,€since€the€author€did€not€submit€himself€willinglyÐ –æ Ðto€the€authorities€a€brief€struggle€ensued,€in€the€course€of€which€the€author's€jaw€was€injured.Ð |Ì ÐHe€received€medical€treatment€for€a€bruise€to€his€jaw;€the€surgeon€on€duty€stated€that€theÐ b² Ðauthor€did€not€sustain€any€permanent€injury,€and€the€latter€did€in€fact€not€report€for€aÐ H˜ Ðscheduled€medical€examination€two€weeks€later.Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.3€Inasmuch€as€the€applicable€procedures€are€concerned,€the€State€party€argues€that€in€casesÐ ú J Ðsuch€as€the€one€affecting€the€author,€namely€the€filing€of€complaint€about€the€acts€of€officersÐ à 0 Ðof€the€Royal€Military€Police,€complaints€have€to€be€addressed€to€the€prosecutor€of€the€RoyalÐ Æ   ÐNetherlands€Army€(the€Ô_ÔAuditeurÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô)€as€civilian€judicial€authorities€are€not€competentÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€prosecute€military€personnel.€A€decision€whether€or€not€to€prosecute€is€taken€by€a€militaryÐ ’â  Ðlegal€officer€òò(Ô_ÔverwijzingsofficierÔ_Ô)€óówho€acts€on€behalf€of€the€Commanding„General,€uponÐ xÈ  Ðadvice€of€the€Prosecutor€of€the€Army.€This€was€also€the€procedure€applied€to€the€case€of€theÐ ^®  Ðauthor.€Against€the€decision€not€to€prosecute€the€military€police€officer€who€allegedlyÐ D”  Ðmaltreated€the€author,€the€author€lodged€a€complaint€with€the€National€Ombudsman,€anÐ *z  Ðindependent€body€instituted€by€law€that€mediates€in€questions€related€to€governmental€actsÐ ` Ðagainst€which€no€legal€remedy€is€available.€The€Ombudsman€is€supposed€to€report€hisÐ öF Ðfindings€both€to€the€administrative€authority€to€which€the€disputed€act€is€imputable€and€toÐ Ü, Ðthe€plaintiff,€evaluating€whether€the€governmental€act€was€proper€and,€optionally,Ð Â Ðrecommending€possible€remedies€to€the€Administration.€In€the€present€case,€the€OmbudsmanÐ ¨ø Ðadvised€the€author€to€appeal€to€the€High€Military€Court€(Ô_ÔHoogÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGerechtshofÔ_Ô)€againstÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€decision€communicated€by€the€prosecutor€of€the€Army.Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.4€On€13€June€1983,€the€High€Military€Court€decided€that€it€was€not€competent€to€decideÐ @ Ðon€the€case,€as€only€the€Minister€of€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€can€order€the€military€legal€Officer€orÐ &v ÐCommanding„General€to€prosecute€a€case.€In€this€context,€the€State€Party€points€out€that€aÐ  \ Ðprovision€analogous€to€article€12€of€the€civilian€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€under€which€aÐ òB Ðcomplaint€with€an€appeal€court€can€be€filed€if€no€prosecution€is€decided€upon,€does€not€exist.Ð Ø( ÐIn€the€present€case,€the€Minister€of€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€held€that,€as€formal€notification€of€non„Ð ¾ Ðprosecution€to€the€Royal€Military€police€had€already€been€given,€he€could€not€oblige€theÐ ¤ô Ðmilitary€legal€officer€or€the€Commanding„General€to€prosecute€the€case.€The€author,Ð Š Ú Ðsubsequently,€did€not€request€further€action€by€the€Ombudsman,€who€therefore€did€notÐ p!À  Ðinitiate€an€inquiry.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ4.5€Finally,€the€State€party€observes€that€legislative€proposals€that€would€solve€heÐ "$r# Ðdiscrepancy€between€the€Code€of€Military€Penal€Procedure€and€its€civilian€counterpart€haveÐ %X $ Ðbeen€introduced€in€the€Netherlands€Parliament€and€are€awaiting€approval.€An€interimÐ î%>!% Ðsolution€has€been€ruled€out,€given€the€extensive€legislative€changes€that€it€would€require€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€rare€occurrence€of€the€complaints€in€question.Ð º' #' ÐÌ4.6€With€regard€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€distinguishesÐ †)Ö$) Ðbetween:€(a)€the€actual€treatment€of€the€author€upon€his€arrest;€and€(b)€the€alleged€lack€of€anÐ l*¼%* Ðadequate€legal€procedure€to€see€the€arresting€officer€prosecuted.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.7€With€regard€to€the€first€issue,€the€State€party€recalls€the€requirement€of€article€2€of€theÐ -n(- ÐOptional€Protocol€that€only€individuals€who€have€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remediesÐ ° Ðmay€submit€a€communication€to€the€Committee€and€submits€that€a€tort€action€against€theÐ –æ ÐGovernment€could€not€òòa€priori€óóbe€called€futile.€With€regard€to€the€alleged€violations€ofÐ |Ì Ðarticles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€it€submits€thatÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝòòÔÔÝ  ݂݀ ÿÿÿÐ.ƒÝóóÔÔÝ  Ýthe€allegations€of€the€author€do€not€comeÐ b² Ðwithin€the€scope€of€the€concepts€"torture"€or€"cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment"€or€theÐ H˜ Ðobligation€to€treat€individuals€"with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€theÐ . ~ Ðhuman€person",€nor€indeed,€within€the€scope€of€any€other€concept€in€the€Covenant,€andÐ  d Ðtherefore€cannot€be€regarded€as€constituting€a€violation€of€Covenant€rights.€Furthermore,€inÐ ú J Ðthe€State€party's€view,€the€author€has€not€substantiated€his€allegations€in€such€a€way€as€toÐ à 0 Ðsupport€his€claim€credibly.Ð Æ   ÐÌ4.8€Concerning€the€second€issue,€the€State€party€submits:€"that€the€allegations€in€theÐ ’â  Ðcommunication€cannot€be€regarded€as€constituting€a€violation€of€any€of€the€rightsÐ xÈ  Ðenumerated€in€the€Covenant.€More€in€particular,€the€Government€is€not€aware€of€any€rightÐ ^®  Ðlaid€down€in€the€Covenant€to€see€someone€else€prosecuted.€Furthermore,€the€allegations€haveÐ D”  Ðnot€been€substantiated€in€such€a€way€as€to€credibly€support€a€claim€regarding€such€a€violationÐ *z  Ð...".Ð ` ÐÌ5.1€In€a€submission€dated€6€April€1987,€the€author€comments€on€the€State€party's€charge€thatÐ Ü, Ðhe€had€been€arrested€because€of€throwing€stones€at€the€United€States€consulate€during€aÐ Â Ðdemonstration.€He€affirms€that€he€only€demonstrated€and€that€he€was€caught€violently€by€theÐ ¨ø Ðneck€by€two€men€when€he€tried€to€leave€the€building€where€the€demonstration€was€beingÐ ŽÞ Ðheld.€One€of€the€men,€an€officer€of€the€Royal€Military€Police,€hit€him€in€the€face€severalÐ tÄ Ðtimes.€The€policemen€were€dressed€as€civilians€and€did€not€identify€themselves.€The€authorÐ Zª Ðclaims€that€he€did€not€resist,€and€that€immediately€after€the€arrest€he€was€taken€off€in€a€policeÐ @ Ðcar€by€the€two€officers.€He€was€released€after€being€detained€for€four€days,€during€which€heÐ &v Ðwas€taken€to€the€hospital€every€day.Ð  \ ÐÌ5.2€The€author€states€that,€in€the€civil€proceedings€against€the€officer€of€the€Royal€MilitaryÐ Ø( ÐPolice€which€remain€òòsub€judice,óó€five€witnesses€testified€on€his€behalf,€all€of€whom€confirmedÐ ¾ Ðthat€he€did€not€resort€to€violence€during€the€demonstration€in€question.€Although€notÐ ¤ô Ðcurrently€experiencing€any€physical€effects€of€the€maltreatment€suffered€at€the€hands€of€theÐ Š Ú Ðpolice€officers,€he€still€suffers€from€psychic€trauma.€He€encloses€the€report€from€theÐ p!À  Ðpsychiatrist€who€treated€him,€according€to€which€there€are€unmistakable€links€between€theÐ V"¦! Ðway€the€author€was€treated€during€his€arrest€and€detention€and€his€subsequent€psychologicÐ <#Œ" Ðdisturbances,€e.g.€the€continuing€fear€of€being€attacked€in€the€street.Ð "$r# ÐÌ5.3€He€reiterates€that€the€right€to€test€the€decision€of€whether€or€not€to€prosecute€somebodyÐ î%>!% Ðby€a€competent,€independent€and€impartial€tribunal€established€by€law€is€a€right€enshrinedÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€there€is€also€right,€in€a€suit€at€law,€to€be€safeguardedÐ º' #' Ðagainst€military€arbitrariness.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ6.1€By€further€decision€under€rule€91,€dated€6€April€1988,€the€Working€Group€of€the€HumanÐ l*¼%* ÐRights€Committee€requested€the€State€party,€òòinter€alia,€óóto€clarify€Ð R+¢&+ Ð(a)€why€the€author€was€subjected€to€detention€for€four€days;€(b)€whether€the€author€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbrought€before€a€judge€or€judicial€officer€during€this€period;€(c)€whether€he€could€haveÐ -n(- Ðinvoked€the€principle€of€habeas€corpus€during€this€period;€(d)€the€extent€to€which€theÐ ° Ðcompetent€military€authorities€investigated€the€author's€complaint;€and€(e)€whether€anyÐ –æ Ðwritten€decision€was€handed€down€by€the€Military€Prosecutor,€explaining€why€no€criminalÐ |Ì Ðproceedings€against€Mr.€O.€were€initiated;€in€the€affirmative,€to€provide€the€Committee€withÐ b² Ðthe€text;€in€the€negative,€to€clarify€the€Military€Prosecutor's€reasons€for€not€indicting€Mr.€O.Ð H˜ ÐÌ6.2€The€Working€Group€also€requested€the€author€(a)€to€clarify€his€allegation€that€he€wasÐ  d Ðsubjected€to€ill„treatment€during€detention€in€March€1982;€(b)€to€forward€t€the€CommitteeÐ ú J Ðan€English€translation€of€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€his€complaint€of€22€April€1982€to€the€Court€of€first€instance;€andÐ à 0 Ð(ii)€his€legal€brief€in€the€civil€proceedings€against€Mr.€O.;€and€(c)€to€indicate€the€current€stageÐ Æ   Ðof€the€latter€proceedings.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ7.1€In€its€reply€dated€17€June€1988,€the€State€submits,€with€regard€to€the€author's€arrest€andÐ xÈ  Ðdetention:Ð ^®  ÐÌ"The€plaintiff€arrived€at€the€police€station€at€2130€hours€on€Friday,€19€March€1982,€and€wasÐ *z  Ðimmediately€brought€before€an€assistant€public€prosecutor.€The€plaintiff,€who€was€suspectedÐ ` Ðof€assault,€a€criminal€offence€under€article€141€of€the€Criminal€Code,€was€questioned€on€theÐ öF Ðmorning€of€Saturday,€20€March€1982,€and€a€chief€superintendent€of€the€municipal€police,Ð Ü, Ðacting€as€assistant€public€prosecutor,€ordered€him€to€be€remanded€in€police€custody€as€fromÐ Â Ð1230€hours€for€a€maximum€of€two€days.€The€interests€of€the€investigation€required€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðsuspect€should€remain€in€the€hands€of€the€judicial€authorities€to€allow€for€further€questioningÐ ŽÞ Ðand€the€examination€of€witnesses.Ð tÄ ÐÌ"After€telephone€consultations€between€the€assistant€public€prosecutor€and€the€publicÐ @ Ðprosecutor,€the€public€prosecutor€extended€the€remand€order€for€a€maximum€of€two€daysÐ &v Ðfrom€1230€hours€on€Monday,€22€March€1982.€The€advocate€on€duty€was€immediatelyÐ  \ Ðnotified€of€the€arrest€and€remand€of€the€plaintiff.€He€provided€legal€assistance€to€the€plaintiffÐ òB Ðwhen€he€was€remanded€in€police€custody.€On€Tuesday,€23€March€1982,€the€plaintiff€wasÐ Ø( Ðbrought€before€the€examining€magistrate€in€connection€with€the€application€by€the€publicÐ ¾ Ðprosecutor€for€him€to€be€remanded€in€custody€for€a€further€period.€After€questioning€theÐ ¤ô Ðplaintiff,€the€examining€magistrate€refused€the€application.€The€plaintiff€was€thenÐ Š Ú Ðimmediately€released."Ð p!À  ÐÌ7.2€With€respect€to€remedies€available€to€the€author,€the€State€party€submits€that€during€theÐ <#Œ" Ðfour€days€of€detention€the€author€could€have€applied€to€the€civil€courts€for€an€injunction€toÐ "$r# Ðsecure€his€release€if€he€believed€he€was€being€unlawfully€obtained.€It€explains€that€"[theÐ %X $ Ðauthor's]€complaint€was€minutely€examined€by€the€competent€military€judicial€authorities.Ð î%>!% ÐA€complaint€can€lead€to€three€situations:Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ"1.€If€both€the€Ô_ÔAuditeurÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô€and€the€Commanding„General/€Ð  (ð#( ÐòòÔ_ÔVerwijzingsofficierÔ_Ô€óófind€the€complaint€well„founded,€prosecution€will€be€effected€(articleÐ †)Ö$) Ð11€Ô_ÔRLLuÔ_Ô).Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ"2.€If€the€Commanding„General€and€the€Ô_ÔAuditeurÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô€disagree,€the€Ô_ÔHoogÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_ÔÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔGerechtshofÔ_Ô€(military€court€of€appeal)€can€order€prosecution€(article€15€Ô_ÔRLLuÔ_Ô).€Moreover,Ð -n(- Ðduring€the€investigation€the€Minister€of€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€can€order€the€Commanding„General€toÐ ° Ðprosecute€(article€11€Ô_ÔRLLuÔ_Ô).Ð –æ ÐÌ"3.€If€both€authorities€find€the€complaint€ill„rounded,€no€prosecution€will€follow.€In€theÐ b² Ðinstance€of€òò[A,€v.€O.],€óóboth€the€Ô_ÔAuditeurÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô€and€the€òòCommanding„Ð H˜ ÐGeneral/Ô_ÔVerwijzingsofficierÔ_Ô€óófound€the€complaint€ill„founded€after€thorough€review.€It€wasÐ . ~ Ðconcluded€that€prosecution€of€[Mr.€O.]€should€not€be€effected€in€view€of€the€fact€that€theÐ  d Ðinjuries€sustained€by€[Mr.€A.]€were€a€consequence€of€his€resistance€to€the€arrest.Ð ú J ÐÌ"One€of€the€tasks€entrusted€to€the€police€is€the€effective€maintenance€of€law€and€order.€ThisÐ Æ   Ðcan,€under€certain€circumstances,€necessitate€the€use€of€force.€At€the€time€of€the€arrest,€[Mr.Ð ¬ ü  ÐO.]€was€seconded€to€the€civilian€police.€Therefore€civilian€police€regulations€on€the€use€ofÐ ’â  Ðforce€were€applicable.€The€police€must€act€according€to€their€standing€instructions€on€the€useÐ xÈ  Ðof€force,€whereby€the€principles€of€last€resort€and€proportionality€must€be€observed,€whichÐ ^®  Ðis€to€say€that€a€police€officer€may€only€use€force€if€no€other€means€is€available€to€him,€andÐ D”  Ðthat€he€must€act€in€a€reasonable€and€restrained€manner.€The€Netherlands€Government€has€noÐ *z  Ðevidence€to€suggest€that€these€rules€were€not€observed€during€the€applicant's€arrest."Ð ` ÐÌIn€the€State€party's€opinion,€the€procedure€concerning€the€decision€not€to€prosecute€Mr.€O.Ð Ü, Ðdescribed€above€did€not€diverge€from€the€standard€procedure€in€the€author's€case.€It€adds€thatÐ Â Ðthe€Ô_ÔAuditeurÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMilitairÔ_Ô€notified€the€author's€counsel€of€the€decision€not€to€prosecute€Mr.€O.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ8.€The€State€party€reiterates€that€it€considers€the€communication€to€be€inadmissible:Ð tÄ ÐÌ"The€first€complaint,€contained€in€the€communication,€regarding€the€actual€treatment€of€[Mr.Ð @ ÐA.]€upon€his€arrest,€is€deemed€inadmissible€since€the€tort€procedure€against€the€GovernmentÐ &v Ðis€still€òòsub€judice€óó(before€the€subdistrict€court€in€Haarlem);€thus€it€cannot€be€maintained€thatÐ  \ Ðall€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€Furthermore€the€complaint€isÐ òB Ðsubmitted€to€be€neither€compatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€nor€sufficientlyÐ Ø( Ðsubstantiated.Ð ¾ ÐÌ"The€second€complaint€contained€in€the€communication,€regarding€the€law€of€adequate€legalÐ Š Ú Ðprocedure€to€see€the€arresting€officer€prosecuted,€is€in€the€view€of€the€Government€also€toÐ p!À  Ðbe€declared€inadmissible,€as€the€allegations€concerned€cannot€be€regarded€to€constitute€aÐ V"¦! Ðviolation€of€any€of€the€rights€enumerated€in€the€Covenant.€Nor€have€the€allegations€beenÐ <#Œ" Ðsufficiently€substantiated."Ð "$r# ÐÌ9.1€In€his€submission€of€20€June€1988,€author's€counsel€states,€òòinter€alia,óóÐ î%>!% ÐÌÔ_Ô"I€sent€to€you€previously€two€medical€records€of€the€physical€and€psychical€injuries€sustainedÐ º' #' Ðby€my€client.€Dr.€Ô_ÔBaartÔ_Ô€investigated€my€client€during€his€detention€(report€dated€16€JuneÐ  (ð#( Ð1982).€Dr.€van€Ô_ÔEwijkÔ_Ô,€the€psychiatrist€(report€dated€19€December€1986),€diagnosed€myÐ †)Ö$) Ðclient's€illness€as€a€traumatic€neurosis€in€connection€with€his€arrest€in€March€1982."Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ9.2€In€his€comments€of€18€July€1988€on€the€State€party's€submission,€author's€counsel€argues:Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"The€Netherlands€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€is€not€in€accordance€with€article€9€of€theÐ ° ÐCovenant€....€In€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€a€suspect€can€be€held€in€custody€for€4€daysÐ –æ Ðand€15€hours€before€he€shall€be€brought€before€a€judge€or€officer€authorized€by€law€toÐ |Ì Ðexercise€judicial€power.Ð b² ÐÌ"[Mr.€A.]€has€also€not€been€held€in€custody€in€accordance€with€articles€52€to€62€of€the€CodeÐ . ~ Ðof€Criminal€Procedure.€Normally€the€suspect€is€held€in€custody€for€two€days€...€afterÐ  d Ðquestioning.€In€plaintiff's€case€the€questioning€was€held€on€Monday,€22€March€1982.€BeforeÐ ú J Ðthat€[Mr.€A.]€had€been€questioned€very€shortly,€so€it€is€not€true€that€[Mr.€A.]€was€questionedÐ à 0 Ðon€morning€of€Saturday,€20€March€1982.€Nor€is€it€true€that€[Mr.€A.]€could€apply€to€the€civilÐ Æ   Ðcourt€for€an€injunction€to€secure€his€release.€[Mr.€A.]€was€detained€during€the€weekend,€atÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhich€time€the€Court€is€not€in€session."Ð ’â  ÐÌ9.3€Counsel€further€claims€the€civil€proceedings€initiated€against€Mr.€O.€have€nothing€to€doÐ ^®  Ðwith€the€complaint,€since€the€State€party€is€not€a€party€in€it.€It€serves€only€the€purpose€ofÐ D”  Ðpersonal€satisfaction€and€reparation.€Counsel€reiterates€that€the€author's€request€forÐ *z  Ðprosecution€of€the€police€officer€is€admissible€and€reaffirms€that€the€right€to€demandÐ ` Ðprosecution€of€this€officer€is€protected€by€article€14€of€the€Covenant.Ð öF ÐÌ10.€On€13€September€1988,€the€State€party€submitted€further€comments€on€the€author'sÐ Â Ðsubmission:Ð ¨ø ÐÌ"In€accordance€with€article€57€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€the€applicant€wasÐ tÄ Ðquestioned€before€the€decision€to€remand€him€in€custody€was€taken€....€Questioning€tookÐ Zª Ðplace€at€10€a.m.€on€Saturday,€20€March.€The€Government€has€already€pointed€out€in€itsÐ @ Ðmemorandum€of€17€June€1988€that€the€procedures€required€under€Netherlands€law€wereÐ &v Ðfollowed.€These€procedures€are€also€in€accordance€with€article€9€of€the€Covenant€on€CivilÐ  \ Ðand€Political€Rights.Ð òB ÐÌ"The€president€of€the€district€court€can€be€called€upon€at€all€times€(i.e.€also€during€theÐ ¾ Ðweekend)€when€an€injunction€is€being€sought€(see€article€289,€para.€2,€of€the€Code€of€CivilÐ ¤ô ÐProcedure).Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"The€conclusion€contained€in€the€Public€Prosecutor's€letter€...€that€[Mr.€A.]€resisted€arrest€isÐ V"¦! Ðbased€upon€the€official€reports€drawn€up€under€oath€of€office."Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ11.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ %X $ ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ î%>!% Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ11.2€The€Committee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),Ð  (ð#( Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€same€matter€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ †)Ö$) Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ11.3€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€CommitteeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðnotes€that€in€respect€of€the€author's€allegations€of€a€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ -n(- Ðauthor€instituted€civil€proceedings€against€the€officer€of€the€Royal€Military€Police€whoÐ ° Ðallegedly€maltreated€him,€which€remain€pending.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€has€indicatedÐ –æ Ðthe€possibility€of€initiating€tort€proceedings€against€the€Government.€The€author€has€notÐ |Ì Ðestablished€that€such€proceedings€would€be€òòa€priori€óófutile.€Therefore,€this€part€of€theÐ b² Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð H˜ ÐÌ11.4€With€respect€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€the€committee€has€takenÐ  d Ðnote€of€the€State€party's€clarification€that€pursuant€to€article€289,€paragraph€2,€of€the€CodeÐ ú J Ðof€Civil€Procedure,€the€author€could€have€called€upon€the€president€of€the€district€court€atÐ à 0 Ðany€time€after€his€arrest€on€9€March€1982.€Considering€that€the€author€has€not€contested€theÐ Æ   ÐState€party's€clarification,€and€taking€into€account€that€he€was€released€by€order€of€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðmagistrate€on€23€March€1982€(i.e.€four€days€after€his€arrest),€the€Committee€finds€that€theÐ ’â  Ðauthor€has€not€substantiated€his€claim€for€purposes€of€admissibility.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ11.5€With€respect€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€the€committee€notes€thatÐ D”  Ðthe€author€has€not€provided€the€relevant€clarifications€requested€in€the€Working€Group'sÐ *z  Ðdecision€of€6€April€1988€and€has€thus€failed€to€adduce€any€facts€to€show€that€he€wasÐ ` Ðsubjected€to€improper€treatment€during€detention.Ð öF ÐÌ11.6€With€respect€to€the€author's€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ Â ÐCovenant,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€Covenant€does€not€provide€for€the€right€to€seeÐ ¨ø Ðanother€person€criminally€prosecuted.€Accordingly,€it€finds€that€this€part€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,Ð tÄ Ðpursuant€to€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð Zª ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð &v ÐÌ(a)€The€communication€is€inadmissible;Ð òB ÐÌ(b)€This€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€Ô_Ôauthor.Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô