ÿWPCE ­9F‘:¡“¬BÕ3Fª`Ç?+YæÑÊ2ûêáIŒ7+}_´À0' g¾L~ðtç­ó:ß2h¦ä"ëȽp•dW×WþE¯³Ùÿì»ÇO;¼ÆŒòËyÑ4ç”Wà–¯ƒ‚&e›Œ˜¾è’¼M“?Áb Юñïá5Ø´¹óÈO`ò×]<(éØD²û$,ËT¹0bäËÀ“‹òþ™sŽŸSo•€´`¿Q‹ncª‡géZí4Ž¤§ºœrDÔI·‘«¤~qÇRÝÖ[÷pczûÈo»o£ö:’íÜU¾yæ]µå†¿ é¡^ûöžD:„û\x}ù®è2ž“‰ ßB'õÔ±Òaû÷€=O~WoΠ;$-¤¥ÆâîÑ£¡x{¹è@\Ë%HÈkm}ÝæÞ®ˆ¶w=ž"'­XÊn£_{©¨]ÑË¡ÕŠ¥D¹¡Gæ¦ñôäOg¯σ{œK°M f´kr¡˜õBÖ{¤·˜d¦¸Ðk팃cú–j ¼!Ó?«²ÿ¸ bó&åB7è #Á¨UNi %· 0:½^ ÷w4* m,NC˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ôí) 'gt)TƒŸ3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€v.€SwedenóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€103/1998Ð `° ÐÌ5€May€1999Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌCAT/C/22/D/103/1998Ð  ` ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó€:€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€(Names€withheld)€[represented€by€counsel]€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€authors€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Sweden€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€5€November€1997óó€Ð  p ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ä4 ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð Ð  ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€5€May€1999,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€103/1998,€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ €Ð Ðagainst€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ l¼ ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð X ¨ ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€the€communication,Ð 0"€  Ðtheir€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð #l! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð ô$D # ÐÓêÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóÐ ¸'#& ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€authors€of€the€communication€are€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô,€her€husband€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€their€two€children.€TheÐ |*Ì%) Ðauthors€are€Iranian€citizens€currently€residing€in€Sweden,€where€they€are€seeking€refugee€status.Ð h+¸&* ÐÔ_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€claim€that€they€would€risk€imprisonment€and€torture€upon€return€to€the€IslamicÐ T,¤'+ ÐRepublic€of€Iran€and€that€their€forced€return€to€that€country€would€thereforeÐ @-(, Ðconstitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€the€Convention.€They€are€represented€by€counsel.€Ð ° ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authorsóó€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ2.1.€The€authors€state€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€been€an€active€member€of€the€illegal€organization€theÐ `° ÐÔ_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô.€Because€of€her€political€activities€she€has€been€imprisoned€twice€by€the€IranianÐ L œ Ðauthorities.€She€was€first€arrested€in€1982€and€spent€four€years€in€the€Ô_ÔEvinÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔGhezelhesarÔ_Ô€prison.€SheÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€released€in€May€1986€when€the€authorities€revised€old€sentences.€About€the€time€of€her€releaseÐ $ t Ðthe€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô€launched€a€military€offensive,€and€she€was€arrested€again€in€August€1986€togetherÐ  ` Ðwith€other€activists€who€were€seen€as€threats€by€the€Iranian€authorities.€She€was€released€in€MayÐ ü L  Ð1990€due€to€lack€of€evidence,€but€she€had€to€report€regularly€to€the€authorities€for€the€following€sixÐ è 8  Ðmonths.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ2.2€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€ill-treated€and€tortured€in€prison,€especially€during€her€first€imprisonment.€She€statesÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€she€was€beaten€on€the€soles€of€her€feet€and€that€she€was€flogged€on€two€occasions.€As€a€resultÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€flogging€she€was€unconscious€and€suffered€renal€haemorrhage.€She€was€treated€in€a€hospitalÐ „Ô  Ðfor€two€days€before€she€was€sent€back€to€prison.€She€also€states€that€she€was€subjected€to€a€fakeÐ pÀ Ðexecution.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ2.3€In€1991€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€resumed€her€work€for€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô.€She€was€a€member€of€a€group€of€fourÐ 4„ Ðpolitically€active€women€who€produced€leaflets€for€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô€in€her€home,€where€they€met€threeÐ  p Ðtimes€a€week.€The€reason€why€the€women€always€met€in€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€home€was€that€her€husband,Ð  \ Ðbecause€of€his€profession,€had€a€typewriter€which€the€women€used€to€produce€the€leaflets.€TheÐ øH Ðauthors€state,€however,€that€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€unaware€of€the€political€activities€of€his€wife.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ2.4€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€her€children€arrived€in€Sweden€on€21€July€1995€on€a€valid€passport,€to€attend€theÐ ¼  Ðmarriage€of€a€relative.€She€states€that€at€that€time€she€intended€to€return€to€Iran.€While€in€Sweden€sheÐ ¨ø Ðlearned€that€her€husband,€who€was€not€politically€active,€had€been€arrested€by€the€Iranian€securityÐ ”ä Ðpolice€in€August€1995€and€interrogated€about€the€political€activities€of€his€wife.€The€police€hadÐ €Ð Ðinformed€him€that€the€other€women€belonging€to€the€political€group€in€which€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€active€hadÐ l¼ Ðbeen€arrested€and€that€one€of€the€women€had€revealed€his€wife's€identity.€The€police€had€alsoÐ X ¨ Ðsearched€the€family's€house€and€confiscated€the€typewriter€which€had€been€used€to€produce€theÐ D!” Ðleaflets.€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€decided€not€to€return€to€Iran,€where€she€claims€she€risks€being€imprisoned€andÐ 0"€  Ðtortured€again.€Ð #l! ÐÌ2.5€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€her€two€children€applied€for€asylum€on€30€November€1995.€Her€application€wasÐ ô$D # Ðrejected€by€the€National€Immigration€Board€on€30€January€1996.€On€25€November€1996,€the€AliensÐ à%0!$ ÐAppeal€Board€turned€down€her€appeal.€Following€an€application€by€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô,€the€Aliens€Appeal€BoardÐ Ì&"% Ðdecided,€on€5€March€1997,€not€to€expel€her€pending€its€decision€regarding€the€asylum€claim€of€herÐ ¸'#& Ðhusband.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ2.6€After€leaving€Iran€illegally€with€the€help€of€smugglers,€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€arrived€in€Sweden€on€6Ð |*Ì%) ÐNovember€1996€and€immediately€applied€for€asylum.€He€was€later€told€by€his€mother€in€Iran€that€theÐ h+¸&* ÐSwedish€police€had€informed€the€Iranian€authorities€about€his€illegal€departure€from€the€country.€HeÐ T,¤'+ Ðwould€now€risk€imprisonment€upon€his€return€to€Iran.€Ð @-(, Ї2.7€The€National€Immigration€Board€rejected€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€asylum€claim€on€23€April€1997.€On€27Ð ° ÐOctober€1997,€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€dismissed€his€appeal.€Following€the€rejection€of€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô'sÐ œì Ðasylum€claim,€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€cancelled€the€stay€of€the€deportation€order€against€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_ÔÐ ˆØ Ðand€her€children.Ð tÄ ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð L œ ÐÌ3.1€In€view€of€the€fact€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€previously€been€imprisoned€and€tortured,€and€that€her€recentÐ $ t Ðpolitical€activities€have€become€known€to€the€Iranian€Government,€the€authors€claim€that€there€existÐ  ` Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€she,€her€husband€and€their€children€would€be€subjected€toÐ ü L  Ðtorture€if€they€were€returned€to€Iran.€Their€forced€return€would€therefore€constitute€a€violation€byÐ è 8  ÐSweden€of€the€Convention.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ3.2€The€authors€draw€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€fact€that€neither€the€National€ImmigrationÐ ¬ü  ÐBoard€nor€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€has€questioned€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€had€been€active€in€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_ÔÐ ˜è  Ðorganization€and€that€she€had€previously€been€imprisoned€and€tortured.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌòòObservations€by€the€State€partyóó€Ð \¬ ÐÌ4.1€By€its€submission€of€21€April€1998,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that,€following€theÐ 4„ ÐCommittee's€request€under€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€National€ImmigrationÐ  p ÐBoard€had€decided€to€stay€the€expulsion€order€against€the€authors€while€their€communication€is€underÐ  \ Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee.€Ð øH ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€explained€the€domestic€procedure€applicable€to€the€determination€of€refugeeÐ Ð  Ðstatus.€It€stressed€that,€in€accordance€with€the€Aliens€Act,€an€alien€may€never€be€sent€to€a€countryÐ ¼  Ðwhere€there€are€reasonable€grounds€for€believing€that€he€or€she€would€be€in€danger€of€sufferingÐ ¨ø Ðcapital€or€corporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€to€torture€or€other€inhuman€or€degradingÐ ”ä Ðtreatment€or€punishment,€nor€to€a€country€where€he/she€is€not€protected€from€being€sent€on€to€aÐ €Ð Ðcountry€where€he/she€would€be€in€such€danger.€An€alien€who€is€refused€entry€can€reapply€for€aÐ l¼ Ðresidence€permit€if€the€application€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€beenÐ X ¨ Ðexamined€in€the€case€and€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€will€otherwise€beÐ D!” Ðin€conflict€with€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€on€refusal€of€entry€or€expulsion.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌ4.5€Regarding€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€is€not€awareÐ $X" Ðof€the€same€matter€having€been€presented€to€another€international€instance€of€investigation€orÐ ô$D # Ðsettlement.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€authors€can€at€any€time€file€a€new€application€forÐ à%0!$ Ðre-examination€of€their€case€with€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board,€based€on€new€factual€circumstances.Ð Ì&"% ÐFinally,€the€State€party€contends€that,€with€reference€to€what€it€says€concerning€the€merits€of€the€case,Ð ¸'#& Ðthe€communication€should€be€considered€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐConvention.€Ð )à$( ÐÌ4.6€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee's€jurisprudenceÐ h+¸&* Ðin€the€cases€of€Ô_ÔòòMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóóòò€1óó€and€Ô_ÔòòTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPaezÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóóòò€2óó,€and€the€criteria€established€byÐ T,¤'+ Ðthe€Committee€with€respect€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€first,€that€a€person€must€personally€be€atÐ @-(, Ðrisk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€and,€second,€that€such€torture€must€be€a€necessary€and€foreseeableÐ ° Ðconsequence€of€the€return€of€the€person€to€his€or€her€country.€Ð œì ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€reiterates€that€when€determining€whether€article€3€of€the€Convention€applies,€theÐ tÄ Ðfollowing€considerations€are€relevant:€(a)€the€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€the€receivingÐ `° Ðcountry,€although€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€humanÐ L œ Ðrights€is€not€in€itself€determinative;€(b)€the€personal€risk€of€the€individual€concerned€of€beingÐ 8 ˆ Ðsubjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€would€be€returned;€and€(c)€the€risk€of€the€individualÐ $ t Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture€as€a€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€return.€The€State€partyÐ  ` Ðrecalls€that€the€mere€possibility€that€a€person€will€be€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€country€ofÐ ü L  Ðorigin€is€not€sufficient€grounds€for€his€or€her€return€to€be€incompatible€with€article€3€of€theÐ è 8  ÐConvention.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ4.8€The€State€party€is€aware€of€human€rights€violations€taking€place€in€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran,Ð ¬ü  Ðincluding€extrajudicial€and€summary€executions€and€disappearances,€as€well€as€widespread€use€ofÐ ˜è  Ðtorture€and€other€degrading€treatment.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌ4.9€As€regards€its€assessment€of€whether€or€not€the€author€would€be€personally€at€risk€of€beingÐ \¬ Ðsubjected€to€torture€if€returned€to€Iran,€the€State€party€relies€on€the€evaluation€of€the€facts€andÐ H˜ Ðevidence€made€by€the€National€Immigration€Board€and€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€Neither€found€anyÐ 4„ Ðreason€to€question€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€had€been€politically€active€for€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô€and€that€she€had€beenÐ  p Ðimprisoned€in€the€1980s.€However,€the€Swedish€authorities€have€found€that€some€elements€providedÐ  \ Ðby€the€authors€regarding€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€recent€political€activities€and€the€circumstances€relating€to€herÐ øH Ðdeparture€from€Iran€raise€doubts€as€to€their€credibility.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ4.10€In€its€decision€of€30€January€1996,€the€National€Immigration€Board€noted€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€had€beenÐ ¼  Ðreleased€from€prison€in€1990€for€lack€of€evidence.€As€to€her€political€activities€after€her€release,€theÐ ¨ø ÐBoard€found€it€unlikely€that€the€political€group€she€claimed€she€was€a€member€of€held€meetings€andÐ ”ä Ðproduced€leaflets€three€times€a€week€in€her€house€without€her€husband's€knowledge.€The€Board€alsoÐ €Ð Ðfound€it€improbable€that€she€was€wanted€by€the€Iranian€authorities€because€a€typewriter€had€beenÐ l¼ Ðfound€in€her€home.€As€to€the€circumstances€of€her€departure€from€Iran,€the€Board€noted€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_ÔÐ X ¨ Ðhad€been€able€to€obtain€a€national€passport€in€1993€and€that€she€had€left€Iran€legally.€This€is€anÐ D!” Ðadditional€indication€that€she€was€not€of€interest€to€the€Iranian€authorities.€In€addition,€the€BoardÐ 0"€  Ðpointed€out€that€she€had€waited€four€months€in€Sweden€before€applying€for€asylum.€Ð #l! ÐÌ4.11€On€25€November€1996€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board€rejected€the€appeal€of€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€her€children,Ð ô$D # Ðadding€to€the€findings€of€the€National€Immigration€Board€that€she€had€not€applied€for€asylum€untilÐ à%0!$ Ðthree€months€after€she€allegedly€learned€that€the€authorities€were€looking€for€her€in€Iran.€In€theÐ Ì&"% ÐBoard's€view,€her€explanation€that€she€did€not,€until€that€point,€realize€the€proportions€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðauthorities'€interest€in€her€was€not€convincing.€The€Board€stated€that€the€delay€alone€gave€reason€toÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdoubt€her€need€of€protection€in€Sweden.€The€Board€further€stated€that€not€only€had€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€been€ableÐ )à$( Ðto€obtain€a€national€passport€in€1993,€but€she€had€also€been€able€to€leave€the€country€several€times,Ð |*Ì%) Ðwhich€shows€that€she€was€not€of€particular€interest€to€the€Iranian€authorities.€The€Board€further€foundÐ h+¸&* Ðnot€credible€her€statement€that€she€had€travelled€to€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€at€the€request€of€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðauthorities€in€order€to€prove€that€she€was€a€true€Muslim.€The€Board€considered€that€this€was€ratherÐ @-(, Ðan€attempt€to€explain€the€departure€stamps€in€her€passport.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.12€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€application€for€asylum€was€rejected€by€the€National€Immigration€Board€on€23€AprilÐ ˆØ Ð1997.€The€Board€noted€that€his€grounds€for€requesting€asylum€were€connected€to€his€wife's€politicalÐ tÄ Ðactivities€in€Iran,€activities€which€had€not€been€considered€of€such€nature€as€to€justify€her€protectionÐ `° Ðin€Sweden.€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€claim€that€he€risked€imprisonment€for€having€left€Iran€without€a€visa€was€notÐ L œ Ðregarded€as€grounds€for€granting€him€protection.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ4.13€The€Aliens€Appeal€Board€turned€down€his€appeal€on€27€October€1997.€The€Board€noted€thatÐ  ` Ðin€September€1996,€after€the€alleged€detention€in€August€1995,€he€obtained€a€valid€passport€andÐ ü L  Ðpermission€to€leave€the€country.€Therefore,€the€Board€concluded,€he€was€not€at€that€time€of€specialÐ è 8  Ðinterest€to€the€Iranian€authorities.€The€Board€also€noted€that,€when€entering€Sweden,€he€had€statedÐ Ô$  Ðthat€he€had€not€experienced€any€problems€of€a€political€nature€in€Iran.€Ð À  ÐÌ4.14€The€State€party€reiterates€that€it€does€not€question€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€statement€in€respect€ofÐ ˜è  Ðimprisonment€and€ill-treatment€in€the€past.€What€is€called€into€question€is€whether€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€beenÐ „Ô  Ðpolitically€active€since€1991€in€the€manner€claimed€by€her€and€therefore€at€risk€of€being€tortured€ifÐ pÀ Ðshe€returns€to€Iran€at€this€time.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€points€out€several€circumstances€andÐ \¬ Ðelements€in€the€authors'€account€which€give€rise€to€doubts€as€to€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€alleged€political€activitiesÐ H˜ Ðduring€recent€years.€Ð 4„ ÐÌ4.15€Firstly,€the€State€party€asserts€that,€according€to€reliable€information€available€to€theÐ  \ ÐGovernment,€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô€has€for€many€years€been€operating€from€outside€Iran€only.€ProductionÐ øH Ðand€distribution€of€leaflets€for€the€Ô_ÔMujahedinÔ_Ô€within€Iran€consequently€does€not€occur.€Due€to€thisÐ ä4 Ðcircumstance€alone,€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€statement€concerning€her€political€activities€is€not€credible.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.16€The€State€party€also€underlines€the€findings€of€the€National€Immigration€Board€and€the€AliensÐ ¨ø ÐAppeal€Board€as€to€the€authors'€possession€of€passports.€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€in€possession€of€a€valid€nationalÐ ”ä Ðpassport€and€visa€when€entering€Sweden.€She€obtained€a€passport€in€1993€and€had,€according€to€theÐ €Ð Ðstamps€in€it,€left€Iran€on€several€occasions€before€travelling€to€Sweden.€In€the€initial€investigationÐ l¼ Ðfollowing€her€application€for€asylum,€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€stated€that€she€had€turned€in€her€passport€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðauthorities€in€1995€in€order€to€have€her€youngest€child€registered€in€it.€She€further€stated€that€whenÐ D!” Ðshe€applied€for€a€new€passport€she€was€requested€by€the€authorities€to€travel€to€Syria€in€order€toÐ 0"€  Ðprove€that€she€was€a€true€Muslim.€The€State€party€finds,€in€accordance€with€the€findings€of€theÐ #l! ÐBoards,€that€this€statement€is€not€credible€but€rather€a€construction€devised€to€explain€the€departureÐ $X" Ðstamps€in€her€passport.€These€circumstances€contradict€the€assertion€that€she€was€of€special€interestÐ ô$D # Ðto€the€Iranian€authorities€at€the€time€of€her€departure.€The€State€party€also€underlines€the€facts€thatÐ à%0!$ ÐÔ_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô,€after€he€had€allegedly€been€detained€in€August€1995,€stayed€in€Iran€for€more€than€a€year,Ð Ì&"% Ðthat€he€had€obtained€a€valid€passport€and€that€he€declared,€when€entering€Sweden,€that€he€did€notÐ ¸'#& Ðhave€any€problems€of€a€political€character€in€Iran.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ4.17€Finally,€the€State€party€draws€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€fact€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€not€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðable€to€give€any€reasonable€explanation€as€to€why€she€waited€for€more€than€four€months€beforeÐ h+¸&* Ðapplying€for€asylum€in€Sweden.€The€State€party€maintains€that€her€explanation€is€not€convincing,Ð T,¤'+ Ðespecially€as€she€alleged€that€her€husband€was€arrested€two€weeks€after€her€arrival€in€Sweden.€Ð @-(, Ї4.18€In€the€State€party's€view€the€decisive€element€in€this€case,€in€making€the€risk€assessment€underÐ ° Ðarticle€3€of€the€Convention,€is€the€credibility€that€can€be€attached€to€the€statements€made€by€theÐ œì Ðauthors€of€the€communication.€In€view€of€the€circumstances€recounted€above,€the€State€partyÐ ˆØ Ðconsiders€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€and€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€have€not€substantiated€the€claim€that€they€would€run€anyÐ tÄ Ðparticular€personal€risk€of€being€detained€and€tortured€if€they€were€to€return€to€Iran.€Ð `° ÐÌ4.19€The€State€party€concludes€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€authors'€return€toÐ 8 ˆ ÐIran€would€not€have€the€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence€of€exposing€them€to€a€real€risk€ofÐ $ t Ðtorture.€An€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€authors€would€therefore€not€constitute€aÐ  ` Ðviolation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð ü L  ÐÌòòCounsel's€commentsóó€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ5.1€Counsel€recalls€that€the€State€party€does€not€in€any€way€question€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€been€imprisonedÐ ¬ü  Ðand€tortured€in€the€past.€He€also€points€out€that€the€State€party€is€aware€of€the€serious€human€rightsÐ ˜è  Ðviolations€occurring€in€Iran,€including€the€widespread€use€of€torture,€and€concludes€that€there€areÐ „Ô  Ðsubstantial€risks€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€would€face€torture€again€if€returned€to€Iran.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ5.2€Counsel€further€argues€that€the€act€of€deporting€a€person€to€a€country€to€which€she€fears€to€returnÐ H˜ Ðowing€to€having€previously€been€tortured,€is€in€itself€an€act€of€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€orÐ 4„ Ðdegrading€treatment€or€punishment.€Ð  p ÐÌ5.3€Finally,€counsel€refers€to€a€certificate€submitted€by€a€psychiatrist€at€the€Swedish€Red€Cross€centreÐ øH Ðfor€tortured€refugees€in€Stockholm,€according€to€which€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€statements€regarding€imprisonmentÐ ä4 Ðand€torture€clearly€are€based€on€her€own€personal€experiences.€The€psychiatrist€further€states€that€inÐ Ð  Ðhis€view,€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€account€of€how,€after€her€release€from€prison€in€1990,€she€pursued€her€politicalÐ ¼  Ðactivities€and€her€fear€of€being€persecuted€by€the€Iranian€authorities€are€credible€and€genuine.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€on€admissibilityóó€Ð €Ð ÐÌ6.1€At€its€twenty-first€session€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€ItÐ X ¨ Ðascertained€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been€and€was€not€being€examined€under€another€procedureÐ D!” Ðof€international€investigation€or€settlement,€and€considered€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€hadÐ 0"€  Ðbeen€exhausted€in€view€of€the€fact€that€no€new€circumstances€existed€on€the€basis€of€which€theÐ #l! Ðauthors€could€file€a€new€application€with€the€Aliens€Appeal€Board.€Accordingly,€it€decided€that€theÐ $X" Ðcommunication€was€admissible.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€noted€the€information€given€by€the€State€party€that€the€Immigration€Board€hadÐ Ì&"% Ðstayed€the€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€authors,€pending€the€Committee's€finalÐ ¸'#& Ðdecision€on€the€communication.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€further€noted€that€both€the€State€party€and€the€author's€counsel€had€providedÐ |*Ì%) Ðobservations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€and€that€the€State€party€had€requested€theÐ h+¸&* ÐCommittee,€if€it€were€to€find€the€communication€admissible,€to€proceed€to€the€examination€of€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðmerits€of€the€communication.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€considered€that€the€information€beforeÐ @-(, Ðit€was€not€sufficient€to€enable€it€to€adopt€its€Views€at€that€stage.€Accordingly,€it€decided€to€requestÐ ° Ðboth€parties€to€make€additional€submissions€within€three€months,€with€a€view€to€examining€theÐ œì Ðmerits€of€the€communication€at€the€Committee's€twenty-second€session.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ6.4€In€particular,€the€Committee€decided€to€request€from€the€authors'€counsel€additional€informationÐ `° Ðabout€the€nature€of€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€political€activities€after€1990€and€the€current€situation€of€the€otherÐ L œ Ðmembers€of€the€political€group€to€which€she€belonged.€Likewise,€the€Committee€requestedÐ 8 ˆ Ðclarifications€from€the€State€party€and€the€authors'€counsel€as€to€the€circumstances€relating€to€theÐ $ t Ðauthors'€departure€from€Iran€and€entry€into€Sweden,€as€well€as€their€obtaining€of€passports.Ð  ` ÐClarifications€were€also€requested€regarding€the€authors'€statement€that€Swedish€police€authoritiesÐ ü L  Ðhad€informed€the€Iranian€authorities€about€the€illegal€departure€of€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€from€Iran.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ6.5€Under€rule€110,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€further€requested€the€StateÐ À  Ðparty€not€to€return€the€authors€to€Iran€while€their€communication€is€under€consideration€by€theÐ ¬ü  ÐCommittee.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAdditional€information€submitted€by€the€State€partyóó€Ð pÀ ÐÌ7.1€In€response€to€the€Committee's€request€regarding€the€circumstances€of€the€authors'€departure€fromÐ H˜ ÐIran,€entry€into€Sweden€and€obtaining€of€passports,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€information€itÐ 4„ Ðprovided€is€based€on€the€authors'€own€statements€to€Swedish€immigration€authorities.€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô'sÐ  p Ðpassport€was€issued€on€10€May€1993€with€validity€until€10€May€1996.€She€applied€for€a€visa€inÐ  \ ÐJanuary€1995€in€order€for€her€and€her€two€children€to€visit€her€brother€in€Sweden.€They€were€grantedÐ øH Ðentry€visas€valid€for€30€days€with€departure€from€Sweden€not€later€than€17€September€1995.€SheÐ ä4 Ðarrived€in€Sweden€on€21€July€1995.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ7.2€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€stated€that€she€obtained€her€passport€without€difficulty.€In€March€1995€she€returnedÐ ¨ø Ðit€to€the€authorities€in€order€to€have€her€youngest€child€registered€on€it.€After€being€informed€that€herÐ ”ä Ðname€resembled€the€name€of€a€person€who€was€not€permitted€to€leave€the€country,€she€was€requestedÐ €Ð Ðto€report€to€the€prosecution€authority.€The€prosecution€authority€discovered€that€her€name€wasÐ l¼ Ðmiswritten€and€decided€not€to€return€her€passport€to€her.€When€she€applied€for€a€new€passport€theÐ X ¨ Ðauthorities€made€it€a€condition€that€she€first€travel€to€Syria.€The€trip€was€arranged€by€the€authoritiesÐ D!” Ðas€a€test€in€order€to€prove€that€she€was€a€true€Muslim€supporting€the€regime.€The€authorities€madeÐ 0"€  Ðit€an€additional€condition€that€she€turn€in€the€certificate€of€registration€of€title€of€her€house€before€theÐ #l! Ðtrip.€Her€passport€was€returned€a€week€before€she€travelled€to€Syria€with€her€husband€and€children.€Ð $X" ÐÌ7.3€The€State€party€maintains€that€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€statement€concerning€her€trip€to€Syria€is€not€credible,€butÐ à%0!$ Ðrather€an€attempt€to€explain€the€departure€stamps€in€her€passport.€It€notes€that€her€husband€has€notÐ Ì&"% Ðmentioned€anything€about€a€trip€to€Syria,€nor€has€he€mentioned€anything€about€a€passport€he€mustÐ ¸'#& Ðhave€been€in€possession€of€in€order€to€travel€to€Syria.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ7.4€According€to€reliable€sources,€a€valid€passport€and€an€exit€visa€are€required€in€order€to€be€allowedÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€leave€Iran.€Persons€convicted€of€a€serious€crime€or€under€suspicion€of€such€a€crime€or€underÐ h+¸&* Ðsurveillance€for€other€reasons€are€not€allowed€to€leave€the€country.€Since€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€had€no€difficultiesÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€obtaining€a€passport€as€well€as€a€visa€and€leaving€the€country,€it€is€unlikely€that€she€was€of€anyÐ @-(, Ðspecial€interest€to€the€Iranian€authorities€at€the€time€of€her€departure.€On€the€other€hand,€her€husband,Ð ° Ðwho€was€allegedly€arrested€and€interrogated,€was€released€after€a€week€and€stayed€in€Iran€for€moreÐ œì Ðthan€a€year€thereafter.€Further,€he€further€obtained€a€valid€passport,€issued€on€30€September€1996,Ð ˆØ Ðand€a€permit€to€leave€Iran.€Obviously,€the€Iranian€authorities€had€no€special€interest€in€him€either€atÐ tÄ Ðthe€time€of€his€departure€in€1996.€Ð `° ÐÌ7.5€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€arrived€in€Sweden€without€an€entry€visa.€In€the€initial€interrogation€following€hisÐ 8 ˆ Ðapplication€for€asylum€he€stated€that€he€had€obtained€his€passport€without€any€difficulties,€that€heÐ $ t Ðhad€not€experienced€any€problems€of€a€political€nature€in€Iran€and€that€his€intention€was€to€reuniteÐ  ` Ðwith€his€wife€and€children.€He€also€stated€that€he€had€not€applied€for€an€entry€visa€because€he€wasÐ ü L  Ðconvinced€that€he€would€not€obtain€one.€Therefore,€he€paid€a€smuggler€who€bought€him€a€ticket€andÐ è 8  Ðhelped€him€to€pass€through€the€gates€at€the€airport€in€Tehran.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ7.6€The€State€party€contests€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€statement€that€the€Swedish€police€informed€the€IranianÐ ¬ü  Ðauthorities€about€his€illegal€departure€from€Iran.€However,€due€to€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€lack€of€a€valid€entry€visa,Ð ˜è  Ðthe€Swedish€police€authorities€informed€Iran€Air€of€his€arrival€in€Sweden.€That€was€done€inÐ „Ô  Ðaccordance€with€provisions€of€the€Aliens€Act€aimed€at€inducing€carriers€to€make€thorough€checksÐ pÀ Ðof€passengers'€travel€documents€in€order€to€avoid€their€arrival€in€Sweden€undocumented.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ7.7€The€State€party€has€obtained€information€according€to€which€a€person€who€returns€to€Iran€afterÐ 4„ Ðleaving€the€country€illegally€risks€a€fine€and€can€be€taken€into€custody€for€three€days€at€the€most.€TheÐ  p ÐState€party€has,€however,€no€information€indicating€that€Iranian€citizens€who€have€been€expelledÐ  \ Ðfrom€Sweden€have€been€subjected€to€ill-treatment€upon€their€return€to€Iran.€The€State€party€calls€intoÐ øH Ðquestion€whether€the€Iranian€authorities€would€consider€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€departure€as€illegal,€in€view€of€theÐ ä4 Ðfact€that€he€was€holding€a€valid€passport,€he€passed€the€departure€controls€and€was€allowed€to€travelÐ Ð  Ðby€Iran€Air.€Ð ¼  ÐÌ7.8€Finally,€the€State€party€indicates€that€the€enforcement€of€the€expulsion€order€against€the€authorsÐ ”ä Ðhas€been€stayed€pending€the€Committee's€final€decision€on€the€matter.€Ð €Ð ÐÌòòAdditional€information€submitted€by€counselóó€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ8.1€In€response€to€the€Committee's€request€for€clarifications€regarding€the€nature€of€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€politicalÐ 0"€  Ðactivities€after€1990,€counsel€states€that€she€was€in€charge€of€typing€texts€that€she€received€from€theÐ #l! Ðleader€of€her€group.€Once€typed,€the€texts€were€copied€and€distributed€by€others€in€the€form€ofÐ $X" Ðleaflets.€The€group€had€four€members€and€they€met€two€or€three€times€a€week€when€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€notÐ ô$D # Ðat€home.€These€activities€continued€until€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€left€Iran.€When€she€left€for€Sweden€her€intentionÐ à%0!$ Ðwas€to€return€and€continue€her€political€activities.€While€in€Sweden€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€continued€to€workÐ Ì&"% Ðfor€her€organization€by€participating€in€administrative€tasks€and€the€preparation€of€a€newspaper.€SheÐ ¸'#& Ðhas€also€taken€part€in€demonstrations.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ8.2€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€has€had€no€contacts€with€the€members€of€her€group€in€Iran.€She€has€nevertheless€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðinformed€by€her€organization€that€they€have€been€arrested€and€that€the€leader€was€sentenced€to€10Ð h+¸&* Ðyears€of€imprisonment.€When€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€was€arrested€he€was€shown€a€picture€of€the€leader€and€askedÐ T,¤'+ Ðif€he€recognized€her.€The€other€members€of€the€group€were€not€mentioned€to€him.€Ð @-(, Ї8.3€As€to€the€clarifications€concerning€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€passport,€counsel€states€that€she€applied€for€aÐ ° Ðpassport€three€years€after€her€release€from€prison.€She€had€no€intention€of€using€it€but€she€wanted€toÐ œì Ðcheck€whether€it€was€possible€for€her€to€obtain€one.€According€to€the€law,€she€should€have€beenÐ ˆØ Ðinterrogated€at€court€after€her€application.€In€fact€she€was€not,€and€the€passport€was€sent€to€her€withinÐ tÄ Ð24€hours.€When€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€requested€to€have€her€child€registered€in€the€passport€the€authorities€foundÐ `° Ðthat€she€was€not€entitled€to€have€one€and€was€forbidden€to€leave€the€country.€She€had€to€go€to€a€court,Ð L œ Ðwhere€she€was€questioned€about€her€activities€and€her€reasons€for€leaving€the€country.€She€repliedÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€she€wanted€to€attend€her€brother's€wedding.€She€was€then€told€that€somebody€had€to€beÐ $ t Ðresponsible€for€her€and€that€her€first€trip€abroad€had€to€be€to€an€Islamic€country.€For€that€reason€sheÐ  ` Ðtravelled€to€Syria€with€her€husband€and€child.€In€order€to€obtain€a€permit€to€leave€for€Sweden€she€hadÐ ü L  Ðto€put€up€the€family's€house€as€guarantee€of€her€return.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ8.4€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€obtained€his€passport€without€difficulty.€He€had€not€had€any€problems€with€theÐ À  Ðauthorities€for€a€long€time.€He€was€arrested€and€released€after€one€to€two€weeks,€since€he€had€notÐ ¬ü  Ðcommitted€any€crime.€At€that€time€he€did€not€believe€that€his€wife€was€in€Sweden;€he€thereforeÐ ˜è  Ðsuggested€that€the€authorities€ask€the€travel€agent€where€she€had€gone.€Upon€his€leaving€the€countryÐ „Ô  Ðhe€paid€a€Pakistani€citizen€to€help€him€to€enter€the€plane€without€being€checked.€The€airline€isÐ pÀ Ðresponsible€for€checking€that€passengers€have€valid€visas;€this€might€be€the€reason€why€the€SwedishÐ \¬ Ðauthorities€contacted€the€Iranian€authorities.€Iranian€revolutionary€guards€visited€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€motherÐ H˜ Ðand€asked€her€about€his€leaving€the€country€without€a€visa.€She€replied€that€she€did€not€knowÐ 4„ Ðanything€about€it.€Ð  p ÐÌòòExamination€of€the€meritsóó€Ð øH ÐÌ9.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€information€madeÐ Ð  Ðavailable€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Convention.€Ð ¼  ÐÌ9.2€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€authors€to€Iran€would€violateÐ ”ä Ðthe€obligation€of€Sweden€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€to€return€a€person€toÐ €Ð Ðanother€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he/she€would€be€in€danger€ofÐ l¼ Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ9.3€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€whether€there€are€substantialÐ 0"€  Ðgrounds€for€believing€that€the€authors€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€returnÐ #l! Ðto€Iran.€In€reaching€this€decision€the€Committee€must€take€into€account€all€relevant€considerations,Ð $X" Ðpursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrantÐ ô$D # Ðor€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€the€determination,€however,€is€to€establish€whetherÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€individuals€concerned€would€be€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€toÐ Ì&"% Ðwhich€they€would€return.€The€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violationsÐ ¸'#& Ðof€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€determining€that€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðparticular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€that€country;Ð )à$( Ðspecific€grounds€must€exist€indicating€that€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.Ð |*Ì%) ÐSimilarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€thatÐ h+¸&* Ða€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specificÐ T,¤'+ Ðcircumstances.€Ð @-(, Ї9.4€In€the€case€under€consideration€the€Committee€notes€the€State€party's€statement€that€the€risk€ofÐ ° Ðtorture€should€be€a€"foreseeable€and€necessary€consequence"€of€an€individual's€return.€In€this€respectÐ œì Ðthe€Committee€recalls€its€previous€jurisprudence€.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ€€€€-€-€-€-€-€that€the€requirement€of€necessity€and€predictability€should€be€interpreted€in€the€light€of€itsÐ `° Ðgeneral€comment€on€the€implementation€of€article€3,€which€reads:€"Bearing€in€mind€that€the€StateÐ L œ Ðparty€and€the€Committee€are€obliged€to€assess€whether€€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believingÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€were€he/she€to€be€€€expelled,€returnedÐ $ t Ðor€extradited,€the€risk€of€torture€must€be€assessed€on€grounds€that€go€beyond€mere€theory€orÐ  ` Ðsuspicion.Ð ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€However,€the€risk€does€not€have€to€meet€the€test€of€being€highly€probable"€(A/53/44,€annex€IX,Ð è 8  Ðpara.€6).€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ9.5€The€Committee€does€not€share€the€view€of€the€National€Immigration€Board€that€it€is€unlikely€thatÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€held€regular€meetings€at€her€home€without€her€husband's€knowledge.€Furthermore,€theÐ ˜è  ÐCommittee€has€no€reasons€to€question€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô's€credibility€regarding€her€past€experiences€ofÐ „Ô  Ðdetention,€her€political€activities€and€the€way€in€which€she€obtained€a€passport.€However€theÐ pÀ ÐCommittee€considers,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€provided,€that€the€political€activities€thatÐ \¬ ÐÔ_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€claims€to€have€carried€out€after€1991,€inside€and€outside€Iran,€are€not€of€such€a€nature€as€toÐ H˜ Ðconclude€that€she€risks€being€tortured€upon€her€return.€The€Committee€notes,€in€particular,€that€afterÐ 4„ ÐÔ_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô's€release€he€was€not€further€questioned€about€his€wife's€activities€and€whereabouts,€neitherÐ  p Ðwas€he€molested€by€the€Iranian€authorities.€Moreover,€there€is€no€indication€that€an€arrest€order€hasÐ  \ Ðbeen€issued€against€Ô_ÔS.M.R.Ô_Ô€Counsel€submits€that€the€other€members€of€her€group€were€arrested€andÐ øH Ðthat€the€head€of€the€group€was€sentenced€to€imprisonment.€No€information€is€provided,€however,€asÐ ä4 Ðto€the€grounds€for€her€conviction€and€there€is€no€indication€that€the€women€were€subjected€to€tortureÐ Ð  Ðor€ill-treatment.€Ð ¼  ÐÌ9.6€The€Committee€further€considers€that€the€fact€that€Ô_ÔM.M.R.Ô_Ô€left€Iran€without€a€visa€to€enterÐ ”ä ÐSweden€does€not€constitute€an€additional€argument€to€conclude€that€the€authors€risk€being€torturedÐ €Ð Ðif€they€return€to€Iran.€No€evidence€has€been€provided€to€the€Committee€that€such€an€act€is€punishedÐ l¼ Ðin€Iran€with€imprisonment,€let€alone€torture.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ9.7€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€numerous€reports€of€human€rights€violations,€includingÐ 0"€  Ðthe€use€of€torture,€in€Iran,€but€recalls€that€for€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€theÐ #l! Ðindividual€concerned€must€face€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€of€being€tortured€in€the€countryÐ $X" Ðto€which€he€is€returned.€In€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€deems€that€such€a€risk€has€notÐ ô$D # Ðbeen€established.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ9.8€On€the€basis€of€the€above€considerations€the€Committee€considers€that€the€information€beforeÐ ¸'#& Ðit€does€not€show€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€authors€run€a€personal€risk€of€beingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtortured€if€they€return€to€Iran.€Ð )à$( ÐÌ10.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention€againstÐ h+¸&* ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€concludes€that€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðdecision€of€the€State€party€to€return€the€authors€to€Iran€would€not€constitute€a€breach€of€article€3€ofÐ @-(, Ðthe€Convention.€Ð ° ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ˆØ ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ L œ ÐÌ1€€€Communication€No.€13/1993€(CAT/C/12/D/13/1993),€Views€adopted€on€27€April€1994.€Ð $ t ÐÌ2€€€Communication€No.€39/1996€(CAT/C/18/39/1996),€Views€adopted€on€7€May€1997.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ3/€€€Communication€No.€101/1997€(CAT/C/21/D/101/1997),€Views€adopted€on€20€November€€€€€Ð Ô$  Ð1998.€Ð À  ÐÓzÓ