ÿWPC}  CJ\tý0F,-üÑ Ùf¡4²¦n1‚ñ8Wà\Or@FNØ+Û©JluÄ·ñi5AjŸî˜I¤Äb8Æišq sÆ2 ÑòÝÍP*§@J7om' ࣯ÌçH"f÷J3©Ç¹ÃùFÕu¸ðã¬ðÏÙºæºTTø9í,#Ïy?ƒ à§Ü>ʘì~à]Ý‹l£nÒå£È øÚ[MÁ& ÕWÈ!æ'ƒ'La9|Óv:ÏOŠ) „B]Gô¹™ŸHiNŒdóv&[ƒ»À¤#U>–ÌÔ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ê 0iIƲ 0Ñx 0(I D+q AMœ œ œ é 0Nù 0¶G #Áý UN¾ % M(N>^ @wL4Pd mfô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Jorge Landinelli Silva et al. v. Uruguay, Communication No. 34/1978 (8 April 1981), U.N. D48 April 1981), U.N. D"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2O$££Ý ƒ6s!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XæßXXXÔÔ€XæßXXXæßÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(Ž6s$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XñgXXXÔÔ€XñgXXXñgÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXà}û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ6s!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XæßXXXÔÔ€XæßXXXæßÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòSilva€et€al.€v.€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€34/1978Ð H˜ ÐÌ8€April€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Jorge€Ô_ÔLandinelliÔ_Ô€Silva€et€al.€on€30€May€1978€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€The€authors€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€8€April€1981€(twelfth€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÓ  ÓÌòòò òViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÓÉÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€authors€of€this€communication€(initial€letter€dated€30€May€1978€and€a€further€letterÐ @ Ðdated€26€February€1981)€are€Jorge€Ô_ÔLandinelliÔ_Ô€Silva,€34€years€old,€professor€of€history;€LuisÐ &v ÐE.€Ô_ÔEchaveÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZasÔ_Ô,€46€years€old,€farm€Ô_ÔlabourerÔ_Ô;€Omar€Patron€Ô_ÔZeballosÔ_Ô,€52€years€old,€assistantÐ  \ Ðaccountant;€Ô_ÔNiurkaÔ_Ô€Sala€Fern~Ô_ÔindezÔ_Ô,€49€years€old,€professor€of€physics;€and€Rafael€Ô_ÔGuargaÔ_ÔÐ òB ÐFerro,€39€years€old,€engineer,€all€Uruguayan€citizens€residing€in€Mexico.€They€submitted€theÐ Ø( Ðcommunication€on€their€own€behalf.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.€The€facts€of€the€present€communication€are€undisputed.€The€authors€of€the€communicationÐ Š Ú Ðwere€all€candidates€for€elective€office€on€the€lists€of€certain€political€groups€for€the€1966€andÐ p!À  Ð197€1€elections,€which€groups€were€later€declared€illegal€through€a€decree€issued€by€the€newÐ V"¦! ÐGovernment€of€the€country€in€November€1973.€In€this€capacity,€Institutional€Act€No.€4€ofÐ <#Œ" Ð1€September€1976€(art.€I€(a))*€has€deprived€the€authors€of€the€communication€of€the€right€toÐ "$r# Ðengage€in€any€activity€of€a€political€nature,€including€the€right€to€vote,€for€term€of€15€years.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ3.1€The€authors€contend€that€such€a€deprivation€of€their€rights€goes€beyond€the€restrictionsÐ Ô&$"& Ðenvisaged€in€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€since€suspension€of€political€rights€under€theÐ º' #' ÐUruguayan€juridical€system,€as€in€others,€is€only€permissible€as€a€sanction€for€certainÐ  (ð#( Ðcategories€of€penal€crimes.€They€further€contend€that€the€duration€of€the€suspension€of€rights,Ð †)Ö$) Ðas€well€as€the€number€of€categories€of€persons€affected€by€this€suspension,€are€withoutÐ l*¼%* Ðprecedent€in€political€history.€In€conclusion,€the€authors€claim€that€the€fundamental€ideaÐ R+¢&+ Ðupon€which€the€"Institutional€Act€No.€4"€is€based,€is€incompatible€with€the€principles€setÐ 8,ˆ', Ðforth€in€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€Ð -n(- Ї3.2€The€authors€of€the€communication€state€that€they€have€not€submitted€the€same€case€toÐ ° Ðany€other€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð –æ ÐÌ4.€Under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Committee,€the€communicationÐ b² Ðwas€transmitted€to€the€State€party€on€28€September€1978€with€the€request€that€the€State€partyÐ H˜ Ðsubmit,€not€later€than€9€November€1978,€information€or€observations€which€it€might€deemÐ . ~ Ðrelevant€to€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€in€particular€as€regardsÐ  d Ðthe€fulfilment€of€the€conditions€set€out€in€article€5€(2)€(a)€and€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€OptionalÐ ú J ÐProtocol.€No€reply€was€received€from€the€State€party€in€this€connection.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ6.€On€10€July€1980,€the€State€party€submitted€its€observations€under€article€4€(2)€of€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐOptional€Protocol.€Essentially,€it€invoked€article€4€of€the€Covenant€in€the€following€terms:€Ð ’â  ÐÌThe€Government€of€Uruguay€wishes€to€inform€the€Committee€that€it€has€availed€itself€of€theÐ ^®  Ðright€of€derogation€provided€for€in€article€4€(3)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ D”  ÐPolitical€Rights.€The€Secretary„General€of€the€United€Nations€was€informed€of€this€decisionÐ *z  Ðand,€through€him,€notes€were€sent€to€the€States€parties€containing€the€notification€of€theÐ ` ÐUruguayan€State.€Nevertheless,€the€Government€of€Uruguay€wishes€to€state€that€it€reiteratesÐ öF Ðthe€information€given€on€that€occasion,€namely€that€the€requirements€of€article€4€(2)€of€theÐ Ü, ÐCovenant€are€being€strictly€complied€with„„requirements€whose€purpose€is€precisely€toÐ Â Ðensure€the€real,€effective€and€lasting€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€of€human€rights,€the€enjoyment€and€promotionÐ ¨ø Ðof€which€constitute€the€basis€of€our€existence€as€an€independent,€sovereign€nation.€ArticleÐ ŽÞ Ð25,€on€which€the€authors€of€the€communication€argue€their€case,€is€not€mentioned€in€the€textÐ tÄ Ðof€article€4€(2).€Accordingly,€the€Government€of€Uruguay,€as€it€has€a€right€to€do,€hasÐ Zª Ðtemporarily€derogated€from€some€provisions€relating€to€political€parties.€Nevertheless,€as€isÐ @ Ðstated€in€the€third€Ô_ÔpreambularÔ_Ô€paragraph€of€Act€No.€4,€dated€I€September€1976,€it€is€the€firmÐ &v Ðintention€of€the€authorities€to€restore€political€life.€Ð  \ ÐÌ7.€The€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€all€informationÐ Ø( Ðmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€for€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ8.1€Although€the€Government€of€Uruguay,€in€its€submission€of€10€July€1980,€has€invokedÐ Š Ú Ðarticle€4€of€the€Covenant€in€order€to€justify€the€ban€imposed€on€the€authors€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€feels€unable€to€accept€that€the€requirementsÐ V"¦! Ðset€forth€in€article€4€(1)€of€the€Covenant€have€been€met.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ8.2€According€to€article€4€(1)€of€the€Covenant,€the€States€parties€may€take€measuresÐ %X $ Ðderogating€from€their€obligations€under€that€instrument€in€a€situation€of€public€emergencyÐ î%>!% Ðwhich€threatens€the€life€of€the€nation€and€the€existence€of€which€has€been€formallyÐ Ô&$"& Ðproclaimed.€Even€in€such€circumstances,€derogations€are€only€permissible€to€the€extentÐ º' #' Ðstrictly€required€by€the€exigencies€of€the€situation.€in€its€note€of€28€June€1979€to€theÐ  (ð#( ÐSecretary„General€of€the€United€Nations€(reproduced€in€document€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/2/Add.3,€p.€4),Ð †)Ö$) Ðwhich€was€designed€to€comply€with€the€formal€requirements€laid€down€in€article€4€(3)€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐCovenant,€the€Government€of€Uruguay€has€made€reference€to€an€emergency€situation€in€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðcountry€which€was€legally€acknowledged€in€a€number€of€"Institutional€Acts".€However,€noÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfactual€details€were€given€at€that€time.€The€note€confined€itself€to€stating€that€the€existenceÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôof€the€emergency€situation€was€"a€matter€of€universal€knowledge";€no€attempt€was€made€toÐ ° Ðindicate€the€nature€and€the€scope€of€the€derogations€actually€resorted€to€with€regard€to€theÐ –æ Ðrights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€or€to€show€that€such€derogations€were€strictly€necessary.Ð |Ì ÐInstead,€the€Government€of€Uruguay€declared€that€more€information€would€be€provided€inÐ b² Ðconnection€with€the€submission€of€the€country's€report€under€article€40€of€the€Covenant.€ToÐ H˜ Ðdate€neither€has€this€report€been€received,€nor€the€information€by€which€it€was€to€beÐ . ~ Ðsupplemented.€Ð  d ÐÌ8.3€Although€the€sovereign€right€of€a€State€party€to€declare€a€state€of€emergency€is€notÐ à 0 Ðquestioned,€yet,€in€the€specific€context€of€the€present€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ Æ   ÐCommittee€is€of€the€opinion€that€a€State,€by€merely€invoking€the€existence€of€exceptionalÐ ¬ ü  Ðcircurestances,€cannot€evade€the€obligations€which€it€has€undertaken€by€ratifying€theÐ ’â  ÐCovenant.€Although€the€substantive€right€to€take€derogatory€measures€may€not€depend€onÐ xÈ  Ða€formal€notification€being€made€pursuant€to€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€partyÐ ^®  Ðconcerned€is€duty„bound€to€give€a€sufficiently€detailed€account€of€the€relevant€facts€whenÐ D”  Ðit€invokes€article€4€(1)€of€the€Covenant€in€proceedings€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€It€is€theÐ *z  Ðfunction€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€see€to€itÐ ` Ðthat€States€parties€live€up€to€their€commitments€under€the€Coyenant.€In€order€to€dischargeÐ öF Ðthis€function€and€to€assess€whether€a€situation€of€the€kind€described€in€article€4€(1)€of€theÐ Ü, ÐCovenant€exists€in€the€country€concerned,€it€needs€full€and€comprehensive€information.€ifÐ Â Ðthe€respondeat€Government€does€not€furnish€the€required€justification€itself,€as€it€is€requiredÐ ¨ø Ðto€do€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ ŽÞ ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€cannot€conclude€that€valid€reasons€exist€to€legitimize€a€departureÐ tÄ Ðfrom€the€normal€legal€rdgime€prescribed€by€the€Covenant.€Ð Zª ÐÌ8.4€In€addition,€even€on€the€assumption€that€there€exists€a€situation€of€emergency€inÐ &v ÐUruguay,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€does€not€see€what€ground€could€be€adduced€toÐ  \ Ðsupport€the€contention€that,€in€order€to€restore€peace€and€order,€it€was€necessary€to€depriveÐ òB Ðall€citizens,€who€as€members€of€certain€political€groups€had€been€candidates€in€the€electionsÐ Ø( Ðof€1966€and€1971,€of€any€political€right€for€a€period€as€long€as€15€years.€This€measureÐ ¾ Ðapplies€to€everyone,€without€distinction€as€to€whether€he€sought€to€promote€his€politicalÐ ¤ô Ðopinions€by€peaceful€means€or€by€resorting€to,€or€advocating€the€use€of,€violent€means.€TheÐ Š Ú ÐGovernment€of€Uruguay€has€failed€to€show€that€the€interdiction€of€any€kind€of€politicalÐ p!À  Ðdissent€is€required€in€order€to€deal€with€the€alleged€emergency€situation€and€pave€the€wayÐ V"¦! Ðback€to€political€freedom.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ9.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€is€ofÐ %X $ Ðthe€view€that,€by€prohibiting€the€authors€of€the€communication€from€engaging€in€any€kindÐ î%>!% Ðof€political€activity€for€a€period€as€long€as€15€years,€the€State€party€has€unreasonablyÐ Ô&$"& Ðrestricted€their€rights€under€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ10.€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€concernedÐ †)Ö$) Ðis€under€an€obligation€to€take€steps€with€a€view€to€enabling€Jorge€Landinelli€Silva,€Luis€E.Ð l*¼%* ÐEchave€Zas,€Omar€Patr6n€Zeballos,€Niuska€Sala€Fernl€ndez€and€Rafael€Guarga€Ferro€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðparticipate€again€in€the€political€life€of€the€nation.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ї____________Ð ° ÐÌ*/€€€The€text€reads€as€follows:€Ð |Ì ÐÌ"[..]€The€Executive€Power,€in€exercise€of€the€powers€conferred€on€it€by€theÐ H˜ Ðinstitutionalization€of€the€revolutionary€process,€Ð . ~ ÐÌ"DECREES:€Ð ú J ÐÌ"Art.€1.€The€following€shall€be€prohibited,€for€a€term€of€15€years,€from€engaging€in€any€ofÐ Æ   Ðthe€activities€of€a€political€nature€authorized€by€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic,€includingÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€vote:€Ð ’â  ÐÌ"(a)€All€Candidates€for€elective€office€on€the€lists€for€the€1966€and€'1971€elections€of€theÐ ^®  ÐMarxist€and€pro„Marxist€Political€Parties€or€Groups€declared€illegal€by€the€resolutions€of€tileÐ D”  ÐExecutive€Power€No.€1788/67€of€12€December€1967€and€No.€1026/73€of€26€November€1973;Ð *z  Ð[..T'€5.€The€Committee€found,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€it€was€notÐ ` Ðprecluded€by€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication„Ð öF ÐThe€Committee€was€also€unable€to€conclude€that€there€were€effective€domestic€remediesÐ Ü, Ðavailable€to€the€alleged€victims€in€the€circumstances€of€their€case,€which€they€had€failed€toÐ Â Ðexhaust.€Since,€furthermore,€no€other€procedural€impediment€had€emerged,€the€HumanÐ ¨ø ÐRights€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€on€24€April€1979.€