’WPC ńqät€=?ū3¹ün[0|õ#œK(¤` } o“œ“Æ@ū·HĖß’r¼¦-(SW³IĮ$Ē–äµy’y­ŃßEœCŠĘf[į¦Cp”fš©ui!?õ`—læā:ąéZ™­@kH)÷ģŠŁlWĶ2)b× 2Fõ£FWČG5ÕĖ­7p T )ą­UX»mMŠŸ¢’›LõK+71*ęBøMŹ©ŗ*õPĶ?ø ķŻ ¢$żX”}ÅÄ#żĒrä•éUµYWø›1ŽoāĻ‘ČÉdB_ƒ÷XL{l2‡īĖxµ²ŹäĮ®c“ž8¶B~“N&œ†@żDˆŚ”j®ō`/åÄ'?Ķoq±½,mbOĢ ŲŚ%fNĆ:Ėõ® ¶®—„Ą±$<ˆl’׏ijüƒmö8ćljT©mņ)oy®ń™ż[É”t“”įė8X ⹩č;k|šµŚ(ĄėŌ{x^Āļ!ø )u€+Šjg¢m &öˆ.šJc]1öq kh•Ą(GÜķv8ȶ8Oę#PŲį,ŠČbOĀwv›ūÜd–“x6 Rt³]Ʀ$vĻy¾Žu<•MƒEŠĶ¢IŠŖueĶSōī4FŌĮĢÕa§įXU>–ĢŌ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ź 0iIƲ 0įx 0(Y D+ AM¬ ¬ ¬ ł 0N 0ĘW #Į UNŽ %,M2(6N^^ `wl4p„ m†ō\  `‹&Times New Roman' E. H. P. v. Canada , Communication No. 67/1980 (27 October 1982), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 at4. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 at"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSӁ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ŠW$££Ż ƒVš!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xć’XXXŌŌ€Xć’XXXć’ŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(ĶO$——Ō’ŌņņóóŌ’Ō(žVš$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xź“XXXŌŌ€Xź“XXXź“ŌŌԘHP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŚŲŚŚŲČŚ0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX¦<) ć…7)ź:i¢Ų+00’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒVš!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xć’XXXŌŌ€Xć’XXXć’ŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņE.€H.€P.€v.€CanadaóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€67/1980*/Š H˜ Š€Ģ27€October€1982Š  d ŠĢą 4 ąĢADMISSIBILITYó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by:óó€E.€H.€P.€(name€deleted)€on€her€own€behalf€and,€as€chairperson€of€the€PortŠ xČ  ŠHope€Environmental€Group,€on€the€behalf€of€the€present€and€future€generations€of€PortŠ ^®  ŠHope,€Ontario,€Canada,€including€129€Port€Hope€residents€who€have€specificallyŠ D”  Šauthorized€the€author€to€act€on€their€behalf,€on€11€April€1980€Alleged€victim:€The€authorŠ *z  Šand€others€Š ` ŠņņĢState€party:óó€Canada€Š Ü, ŠĢņņDeclared€inadmissibleóó:€27€October€1982€(seventeenth€session)óó€Š Øų ŠĢĢÓ  Óņ ņņņDecision€on€Admissibilityóóó óŠ ZŖ ŠÓÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€11€April€1980,€and€further€letterŠ  \ Šdated€4€February€1981)€is€a€Canadian€citizen.€She€submitted€the€communication€on€her€ownŠ ņB Šbehalf€and,€as€Chairman€of€the€Port€Hope€Environmental€Group,€on€behalf€of€present€andŠ Ų( Šfuture€generations€of€Port€Hope,€Ontario,€Canada,€including€129€Port€Hope€residents€whoŠ ¾ Šhave€specifically€authorized€the€author€to€act€on€their€behalf.€The€author€describes€the€factsŠ ¤ō Šas€follows.€Š Š Ś ŠŠ Š1.2.€During€the€years€1945€to€1952,€the€Ō_ŌEldoradoŌ_Ō€Nuclear€Ltd.,€a€Federal€Crown€CorporationŠ V"¦! Šand€Canada's€only€radium€and€uranium€refinery,€disposed€of€nuclear€waste€in€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_ŌŠ <#Œ" Šwithin€the€confines€of€Port€Hope,€Ontario,€a€town€of€10,000€inhabitants,€located€in€an€areaŠ "$r# Šwhich€is€planned€to€become€among€those€most€densely€populated€in€North€America.€In€1975,Š %X $ Šlarge„scale€pollution€of€residences€and€other€buildings€was€discovered€(unsuspecting€citizensŠ ī%>!% Šhad€used€material€from€the€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō€as€fill€or€building€material€for€their€houses).€TheŠ Ō&$"& ŠAtomic€Energy€Control€Board€(Ō_ŌAECBŌ_Ō),€a€Federal€Government€licensing€and€regulatingŠ ŗ' #' Šagency€with€all€responsibility€regarding€nuclear€matters€in€Canada,€initiated€a€cleaningŠ  (š#( Šoperation€and,€from€1976€to€1980,€the€excavated€waste€material€from€approximately€400Š †)Ö$) Šlocations€was€removed€and€relocated€elsewhere€(at€distances€ranging€from€6€miles€to€200Š l*¼%* Šmiles€away€from€Port€Hope).€These€new€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō€have€now€been€closed€for€furtherŠ R+¢&+ Šremoval€of€radio„active€waste€from€Port€Hope.€The€author€claims€that€the€reasons€areŠ 8,ˆ', Špolitical,€that€is,€that€no€other€constituency€wishes€to€accept€the€waste€and€that€the€FederalŠ -n(- ŠGovernment€is€unwilling€to€come€to€grips€with€the€problem.€In€the€meantime,€approximatelyŠ ° Š200,000€tons€(Ō_ŌAECBŌ_Ō€estimate)€of€radio„active€waste€remains€in€Port€Hope€and€is€beingŠ –ę Šstored,€in€the€continuing€clean„up€process,€in€eight€"temporary"€disposal€sites€in€Port€Hope,Š |Ģ Šnear€or€directly€beside€residences€(one€approximately€100€yards€from€the€public€swimmingŠ b² Špool).€The€author€maintains€that€this€temporary€solution€is€unacceptable€and€points€out€thatŠ H˜ Šlarge€"temporary"€disposal€sites€still€exist€around€town€more€than€30€years€after€they€wereŠ . ~ Šlicensed.€The€author€claims€that€the€Atomic€Energy€Control€Board€is€hampered€in€its€effortsŠ  d Šon€behalf€of€the€inhabitants€of€Port€Hope€by€the€failure€of€the€Federal€Government€to€makeŠ ś J Šalternative€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō€available.€Federal€and€provincial€governments€cannot€be€compelledŠ ą 0 Šby€the€Ō_ŌAECBŌ_Ō€to€provide€such€sites.€Š Ę   ŠĢ1.3.€The€author€claims€that€the€current€state€of€affairs€is€a€threat€to€the€life€of€present€andŠ ’ā  Šfuture€generations€of€Port€Hope,€considering€that€excessive€exposure€to€radio„activity€isŠ xČ  Šknown€to€cause€cancer€and€genetic€defects,€and€that€present€health€hazards€for€Port€HopeŠ ^®  Šresidents€include€alpha,€beta€and€gamma€emissions€and€radon€gas€emissions€above€theŠ D”  Šapproved€levels€of€safety,€that€is€the€safety€levels€approved€by€Ō_ŌAECBŌ_Ō,€based€on€the€standardsŠ *z  Šof€safety€set€by€the€International€Commission€on€Radiological€Protection.€Š ` ŠĢ1.4.€As€regards€the€question€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€states€theŠ Ü, Šfollowing:€Members€of€the€Port€Hope€Environmental€Group€have€drawn€attention€to€theŠ Ā Šproblem€in€person€or€through€letters€over€a€period€of€five€years€to€Ō_ŌAECBŌ_Ō€officials,€legislatorsŠ Øų Šand€ministry€officials.€With€regard€to€the€possibility€of€suing€the€Federal€Government,€theŠ ŽŽ Šauthor€implies€that€such€course€of€action€would€not€constitute€an€effective€remedy:€firstly,Š tÄ Šonly€injury€would€be€a€ground€for€litigation€and€it€would€be€most€difficult€to€prove€suchŠ ZŖ Šinjury,€because€of€the€long€lead„time€of€injury€caused€by€long„term€exposure€to€low„levelŠ @ Šradioactivity.€Secondly,€even€if€litigation€were€to€be€pursued€and€even€if€the€litigants€wereŠ &v Šsuccessful,€the€responsibility€for€providing€alternate€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō€would€still€rest€with€theŠ  \ ŠGovernment,€a€responsibility€of€which€it€is€aware€today€but€which€it€nevertheless€fails€toŠ ņB Šassume.€Thirdly,€litigation€would€be€impossible€on€behalf€of€future€Generations,€whoseŠ Ų( Šrights€the€Port€Hope€Environmental€Group€is€seeking€to€protect.€At€any€rate,€litigation€wouldŠ ¾ Šbe€a€long€drawn€out€process,€during€which€tie€radio„active€waste€would€stay€in€place.€Š ¤ō ŠŠ Š2.€On€the€basis€of€the€above,€the€author€and€the€other€signatories€request€the€Human€RightsŠ p!Ą  ŠCommittee€to€consider€the€matter€and€to€urge€the€Canadian€Government€to€remove€all€radio„Š V"¦! Šactive€waste€from€Port€Hope€to€a€permanent,€properly€managed,€Ō_ŌdumpsiteŌ_Ō€away€from€humanŠ <#Œ" Šhabitation.€Š "$r# ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€21€July€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theŠ ī%>!% Šcommunication€under€rule€91€of€tie€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyŠ Ō&$"& Šconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityŠ ŗ' #' Šof€the€communication.€The€State€party€was€also€requested,€if€it€contended€that€domesticŠ  (š#( Šremedies€had€not€been€exhausted,€to€give€details€of€the€effective€remedies€Ō_Ōavailable€in€theŠ †)Ö$) Šparticular€circumstances€of€this€case.€Š l*¼%* ŠŠ Š4.1.€In€its€reply€dated€8€December€1980,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theŠ 8,ˆ', Šcommunication€the€ground€that€neither€the€author€nor€the€persons€she€represents€hadŠ -n(- Šexhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€articles€2€and€5€ņņ(2)€(b)€óóof€theŠ ° ŠOptional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€In€addition,€the€State€party€submitted€that€theŠ –ę Šcommunication,€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€"future€generations",€was€inadmissible€under€articleŠ |Ģ ŠI€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€which€does€not€confer€the€right€to€submit€a€communication€onŠ b² Šbehalf€of€future€generations.€Š H˜ ŠŠ Š4.2.€The€State€party€further€submitted€that€in€her€communication€the€author€admitted€thatŠ  d Šneither€she€nor€the€persons€she€represented€had€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies.Š ś J ŠIt€was€pointed€out€that€numerous€Ō_ŌrecoursesŌ_Ō€in€tort€were€available€to€persons€who€contendedŠ ą 0 Šthat€the€presence€of€radio„active€materials€in€various€sites€in€Port€Hope€constituted€a€dangerŠ Ę   Što€the€health€of€Port€Hope€residents.€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ4.3.€The€State€party€argued€in€this€context€that€the€Š xČ  ŠĢAtomic€Energy€Control€Board€is€not€in€law€duty„bound€to€clean€up€radiation€contaminationŠ D”  Šand€that€existing€Ō_ŌrecoursesŌ_Ō€are€against€the€owners€of€the€eight€remaining€sites€in€Port€HopeŠ *z  Šcontaining€contaminated€soil€(seven€of€these€being€owned€by€private€persons€and€one€byŠ ` ŠŌ_ŌEldoradoŌ_Ō€Nuclear€Ltd.,€an€agent€of€the€Crown)€who€under€Canadian€law€are€responsible€forŠ öF ŠŌ_ŌtortiousŌ_Ō€damages€resulting€from€the€use€or€employment€of€their€property.€Š Ü, ŠĢ4.4.€The€State€party€contended€that€the€fact€that€the€Federal€Government,€of€its€ownŠ Øų Šinitiative,€embarked€upon€a€clean„up€operation,€does€not€relieve€the€owners€of€the€eight€sitesŠ ŽŽ Šfrom€their€obligations€in€law.€It€maintained€that€if€the€author€of€the€communication€was€ofŠ tÄ Šthe€view€that€the€clean„up€operation€was€not€proceeding€quickly€enough€or€did€not€deal€withŠ ZŖ Šsites€which€she€considered€to€constitute€a€threat€to€the€life€of€present€or€future€generations,Š @ Šshe€must€institute€proceedings€against€the€owners€of€these€sites.€Then,€if€she€proved€that€theŠ &v Šlevels€of€radiation€found€on€these€sites€constituted€a€threat€to€the€life€of€present€and€futureŠ  \ Šgenerations€and€obtained€an€injunction€ordering€the€owners€of€these€sites€to€deal€with€thisŠ ņB Šsituation,€the€Federal€Government€would€consider€the€possibility€of€providing€to€theseŠ Ų( Špersons€the€assistance€necessary€to€give€effect€to€the€injunction.€Š ¾ ŠĢ4.5.€The€State€party€admitted€that€such€legal€proceedings€could€be€lengthy,€particularly€if€oneŠ Š Ś Šor€more€parties€exercised€its€right€of€appeal.€However,€it€was€the€State€party's€position€thatŠ p!Ą  Šit€could€not€be€said€that€"the€application€of€the€(domestic)€remedies€was€unreasonablyŠ V"¦! Šprolonged"€since€no€legal€proceedings€had€been€instituted€by€the€author.€The€length€ofŠ <#Œ" Šproceedings€should€not,€in€the€submission€of€the€State€party,€be€confused€with€"undueŠ "$r# Šprolongation".€Whether,€in€a€given€case,€proceedings€would€be€unduly€prolonged€is€aŠ %X $ Šquestion€of€fact,€not€speculation.€Only€after€having€examined€the€particular€circumstancesŠ ī%>!% Šof€a€case€should€the€Committee€pronounce€itself€on€whether€or€not€the€application€ofŠ Ō&$"& Šdomestic€remedies€has€been€unduly€prolonged.€Š ŗ' #' ŠŠ Šņņ5.óó€On€4€February€1981€the€author€forwarded€her€comments€in€reply€to€the€State€party'sŠ †)Ö$) Šsubmission€of€8€December€1980.€She€argued€that€the€legal€remedies€referred€to€by€the€StateŠ l*¼%* Šparty€would€not€be€effective€to€achieve€the€removal€of€the€waste€and€that€the€length€of€anyŠ R+¢&+ Šlegal€proceedings€would€unreasonably€prolong€the€application€of€a€remedy.€There€wereŠ 8,ˆ', Šgrounds€to€believe,€she€concluded,€that€lives€may€be€saved€by€the€speedy€remedy€actionŠ -n(- Šsought€and€that€any€delay€in€the€application€of€such€remedy€would€be€unreasonable.€Š ° ŠŠ Š6.€By€a€decision€dated€9€April€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€seek€furtherŠ |Ģ Šclarification€from€the€State€party€on€the€grounds€on€which€it€contended€that€availableŠ b² Šdomestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€Specific€questions€were€submitted€to€the€StateŠ H˜ Šparty€in€this€regard.€Š . ~ ŠŠ Š7.€In€its€additional€observations€dated€21€July€1982,€the€State€party€replied€to€theŠ ś J ŠCommittee's€questions€as€follows:€Š ą 0 ŠŠ ŠņņQuestion€1:€óóIn€its€submission€of€8€December€1980,€the€State€party€indicated€that€if€the€authorŠ ¬ ü  Šproved€"that€the€levels€of€radiation€found€@0.€n€the€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō)€constituted€a€threat€to€the€lifeŠ ’ā  Šof€present€and€future€generations€and€obtained€an€injunction€ordering€the€owners€of€theseŠ xČ  Šsites€to€deal€with€this€situation,€the€Federal€Government€would€consider€the€possibility€ofŠ ^®  Šproviding€to€these€persons€the€assistance€necessity€to€give€effect€to€the€injunction".€If€suchŠ D”  Šan€injunction€heaving€been€obtained,€the€owners€of€the€sites€were€unable€to€deal€with€theŠ *z  Šsituation€without€the€assistance€of€the€Federal€Government€or€the€Atomic€Energy€ControlŠ ` ŠBoard,€is€the€Federal€Government€in€a€position€to€assure€the€Committee€that€the€necessaryŠ öF Šassistance€will€be€given?€Š Ü, ŠĢņņResponse:€óóIn€its€response€to€the€communication€of€the€author,€the€Government€of€CanadaŠ Øų Špointed€out€that€steps€were€being€taken,€through€the€Atomic€Energy€Control€Board,€toŠ ŽŽ Šremedy€the€situation€which€exists€on€the€eight€sites€mentioned€in€the€communication.Š tÄ ŠResolving€the€problem€is€a€matter€which€necessarily€involves€delay€due€to€certain€practicalŠ ZŖ Šand€technical€considerations.€If€the€author€of€the€communication€is€unwilling€to€accept€theŠ @ Šdelay€inherent€in€resolving€the€problem,€the€Government€of€Canada€has€indicated€that€theŠ &v Šauthor€could€seek€injunctive€relief€against€the€owners€of€these€sites.€Should€CourtŠ  \ Šproceedings€prove€successful€and€an€injunction€be€issued€against€the€owners€of€these€sites,Š ņB Šgovernmental€assistance€might€be€required.€The]€requirement€for€and€the€nature€and€extentŠ Ų( Šof€governmental€assistance€to€the€owners€of€the€sites€could€only€be€ascertained€in€light€ofŠ ¾ Šthe€precise€nature€of€the€relief€granted€by€the€Courts.€Š ¤ō ŠŠ ŠIn€its€8€December€1980€response€to€the€author's€communication,€the€Government€of€CanadaŠ p!Ą  Šindicated,€on€pages€10€and€II,€that:€Š V"¦! ŠŠ Š".€.€.€the€federal€government,€even€though€it€does€not€consider€that€the€radiation€level€foundŠ "$r# Šin€the€eight€sites€mentioned€in€the€author's€communication€are€a€hazard€to€the€life€of€presentŠ %X $ Šor€future€generations,€has€undertaken€to€clean€them€up€and€to€that€effect€has€taken€steps€toŠ ī%>!% Šlocate€a€disposal€site."€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢIf€the€Courts€were€to€order€the€removal€of€contaminated€soil€from€one€or€more€contaminatedŠ  (š#( Šsites,€the€Government€of€Canada€would€offer€these€persons€every€possible€assistance€toŠ †)Ö$) Šfacilitate€compliance€with€the€order€of€the€Court.€However,€the€Courts€might€decide€t€h,,€tŠ l*¼%* Šthese€persons€are€only€required€to€take€steps€to€reduce€access€to€their€property,€for€exampleŠ R+¢&+ Šby€erecting€better€fencing.€In€such€a€case,€little€or€no€assistance€would€be€required.€But€toŠ 8,ˆ', Šthe€extent€that€technical€or€similar€assistance€available€only€from€government€sources€wasŠ -n(- Šnecessary€to€the€fulfilment€of€the€Court€order,€the€Government€of€Canada€would€provide€theŠ ° Šrequisite€assistance.€The€question€ņ ņis,ó ó€however,€abstract€and€it€is€therefore€impossible€to€giveŠ –ę Šan€unqualified€undertaking€that€assistance€would€be€given€in€all€circumstances.€Š |Ģ ŠŠ ŠņņQuestion€2:€óóIn€its€submission,€the€State€party€also€suggests€that€the€author€could€seek€toŠ H˜ Šobtain€an€injunction€or€a€writ€of€mandamus€to€force€the€Atomic€Energy€Control€Board€toŠ . ~ Šclean€up€the€contamination.€Does€the€Federal€Government€contend€that€this€is€a€remedyŠ  d Šwhich€it€is€incumbent€on€the€author€or€the€persons€she€represents€to€exhaust,€in€the€sense€thatŠ ś J Šit€constitutes€an€effective€remedy€in€the€particular€circumstances€of€the€case?€Š ą 0 ŠŠ ŠņņResponse:€óóThe€Government€of€Canada€does€not€share€the€author's€view€that€the€AtomicŠ ¬ ü  ŠEnergy€Control€Board€has€a€legal€duty€under€section€21€of€the€Atomic€Energy€ControlŠ ’ā  ŠRegulations,€Ō_ŌC.R.C.Ō_Ō€1978,€C.365€to€clean€up€the€eight€contaminated€sites€mentioned€in€herŠ xČ  Šcommunication.€The€matter€being€disputed,€the€author€could€seek€a€writ€of€mandamus€or€anŠ ^®  Šinjunction€to€ascertain€the€exactitude€of€h@r€assertions.€However,€to€the€knowledge€of€theŠ D”  ŠGovernment€of€Canada,€she€has€initiated€no€legal€proceedings€to€this€effect.€If€she€were€toŠ *z  Šinstitute€legal€proceedings€and€if€those€proceedings€upheld€her€view,€there€is€no€reason€toŠ ` Šthink€that€the€Court€would€be€unable€to€grant€an€effectual€remedy.€Š öF ŠŠ ŠņņQuestion€3:€óóAre€there€any€other€remedies€against€the€Federal€Government€or€the€AtomicŠ Ā ŠEnergy€Control€Board€which,€in€the€view€of€the€State€party,€it€is€incumbent€on€the€author€orŠ Øų Šthe€persons€she€represents€to€exhaust?€Š ŽŽ ŠŠ ŠņņResponse:€óóIn€its€response,€the€Government€of€Canada€indicated€that€the€author€could€seekŠ ZŖ Šinjunctive€relief€against€Ō_ŌEldoradoŌ_Ō€Nuclear€Ltd.€an€agent€of€Her€Majesty€in€Right€of€Canada.Š @ ŠCanadian€law€recognizes€an€action€for€nuisance,€and€in€an€appropriate€case,€a€mandatoryŠ &v Šinjunction€can€be€awarded€against€the€owner€or€occupant€of€the€property€from€which€theŠ  \ Šnuisance€emanates.€Š ņB ŠŠ ŠAlthough€it€is€customary€that€corporate€entities€which€are€agents€of€Her€Majesty€in€Right€ofŠ ¾ ŠCanada€are€sued€in€their€corporate€name,€the€author€might€also€sue€the€Crown€in€lieu€of€orŠ ¤ō Šin€addition€to€Ō_ŌEldoradoŌ_Ō€Nuclear€Ltd.€Under€paragraph€3€ņņ(1)€lb)€óóof€the€ņņCrown€Liability€Act,óóŠ Š Ś ŠŌ_ŌR.S.C.Ō_Ō€1970,€c.€C„38,€the€Crown€may€be€held€liable€in€tort€in€respect€of€a€breach€of€dutyŠ p!Ą  Šattaching€to€the€ownership,€occupation,€possession€or€control€of€property.€Š V"¦! ŠŠ ŠFurther,€since€Canada€submitted€its€response€to€the€communication€of€the€author,€theŠ "$r# ŠņņCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€hasóó€come€into€force€on€17€April€1982.€TheŠ %X $ ŠCharter€applies€to€the€Parliament€and€Government€of€Canada€in€respect€to€all€matters€withinŠ ī%>!% Šthe€authority€of€Parliament€(subparagraph€32€ņņ(1)€óó(a)).€Section€7€of€the€Charter€states€thatŠ Ō&$"& Š"everyone€has€the€right€to€life,€liberty€and€security€of€the€person€and€the€right€not€to€beŠ ŗ' #' Šdeprived€thereof€except€in€accordance€with€the€principle€of€fundamental€justice".€Therefore,Š  (š#( Šanyone€whose€rights€or€freedoms,€as€guaranteed€by€the€Charter,€have€been€infringed€orŠ †)Ö$) Šdenied€may€apply,€under€subsection€24€(1)€of€the€Charter,€to€a€court€of€competentŠ l*¼%* Šjurisdiction€to€obtain€such€remedy€as€the€court€considers€appropriate€and€just€in€theŠ R+¢&+ Šcircumstances.€If€the€author€believes€that€the€Government€or€an€agency€thereof,€such€as€theŠ 8,ˆ', ŠAtomic€Energy€Control€Board,€is€denying€her€the€right€to€life€in€a€manner€contrary€to€theŠ -n(- Šprovisions€of€section€7,€she€can€ask€the€Courts€to€remedy€this€situation.€Š ° ŠĢIn€the€present€case,€the€Government€of€Canada€reaffirms€the€views€expressed€in€its€originalŠ |Ģ Šresponse€that€the€failure€of€the€complainant€to€take€any€proceedings€constitutes€a€failure€toŠ b² Šexhaust€domestic€remedies€as€required€by€Article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€CovenantŠ H˜ Šand€that€as€a€consequence€the€communication€submitted€by€the€author€is€inadmissible€underŠ . ~ ŠArticle€5€ņņ(2)€(b)€óóof€the€Optional€Protocol.€Š  d ŠĢ8.€The€Committee€observes€that€the€present€communication€raises€serious€issues,€with€regardŠ ą 0 Što€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€protect€human€life€(article€6€(1)).€Nonetheless,€beforeŠ Ę   Šconsidering€the€merits€of€the€case,€the€Committee€has€to€determine,€(a)€whether€the€authorŠ ¬ ü  Šof€the€communication€has€the€standing€to€submit€the€communication€and€(b)€whether€theŠ ’ā  Šcommunication€fulfils€other€admissibility€criteria€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€in€particularŠ xČ  Šthe€condition€relating€to€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€set€out€in€article€5€ņņ(2)€(b)€óóof€theŠ ^®  ŠOptional€Protocol:€Š D”  ŠĢņņ(a)€The€standing€of€the€authoróó€Š ` ŠĢThe€Committee€considers€that€the€author€of€the€communication€has€the€standing€to€submitŠ Ü, Šthe€communication€both€on€her€own€behalf€and€also€on€behalf€of€those€residents€of€PortŠ Ā ŠHope€who€have€specifically€authorized€her€to€do€so.€Consequently,€the€question€as€toŠ Øų Šwhether€a€communication€can€be€submitted€on€behalf€of€"future€generations"€does€not€haveŠ ŽŽ Što€be€resolved€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case.€The€Committee€will€treat€the€author'sŠ tÄ Šreference€to€"future€generations"€as€an€expression€of€concern€purporting€to€put€into€dueŠ ZŖ Šperspective€the€importance€of€the€matter€raised€in€the€communication.€Š @ ŠĢņņ(b)€Exhaustion€of€domestic€remediesóó€Š  \ ŠĢIn€the€light€of€the€State€party's€additional€observations€as€to€the€availability€of€domesticŠ Ų( Šremedies€in€order€to€obtain€the€removal€of€the€contaminated€soil€from€the€eight€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō,Š ¾ Šthe€Committee€concludes€that,€Š ¤ō ŠĢ(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€as€to€the€seven€privately€owned€Ō_ŌdumpsitesŌ_Ō,€the€author€could€sue€the€owners€of€these€sitesŠ p!Ą  Šand€seek€a€mandatory€injunction;€the€Committee€has€noted€that€the€Government€of€CanadaŠ V"¦! Šwould€then€offer€the€owners€every€possible€assistance€to€facilitate€compliance€with€the€courtŠ <#Œ" Šorder;€Š "$r# ŠĢ(ii)€as€to€the€Ō_ŌdumpsiteŌ_Ō€owned€by€Ō_ŌEldoradoŌ_Ō€Nuclear€Ltd.,€an€agent€of€Her€Majesty€in€RightŠ ī%>!% Šof€Canada,€the€author€could€bring€suit€for€compensation€and€a€mandatory€injunction€eitherŠ Ō&$"& Šagainst€that€agency,€Or€the€Crown€under€the€Crown€Liability€Act€1970,€or€both;€as€to€anyŠ ŗ' #' Šlegal€duty€of€the€Atomic€Energy€Control€Board€under€the€ņņAtomic€Energy€ControlóóŠ  (š#( ŠņņRegulations,€óóthe€author€could€seek€a€writ€of€mandamus€or€a€declaration€and€an€injunction€toŠ †)Ö$) Šdetermine€such€duty.€Š l*¼%* ŠĢAccordingly,€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€not€been€exhausted,€as€required€underŠ 8,ˆ', Šarticle€5€ņņ(2)€(b)€óóof€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€Committee€cannot€conclude€that€theseŠ -n(- Šremedies,€if€pursued,€would€be€unreasonably€prolonged€within€the€meaning€of€article€5€ņņ(2)Š ° Š(b)€óóof€the€Optional€Protocol.€As€to€the€effectiveness€of€domestic€remedies,€the€CommitteeŠ –ę Šnotes€that€the€author€could€now€also€invoke€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Human€Rights€andŠ |Ģ ŠFreedoms€which€explicitly€(section€7)€protects€the€right€to€life.€Š b² ŠĢ9.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Š . ~ ŠĢņņ(a)€óóThe€communication€is€inadmissible;€Š ś J ŠĢ(b)€This€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€author€and€to€the€State€party.€Š Ę   ŠĢ____________Š ’ā  Š*/€€€Not€previously€published€in€the€annual€report€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€Š xČ  ŠÓgÓ