’WPC T—;żõXlõÆĶ¼kĮ ɜģ~ĒĆÆ@Śśƒe‘qßf¤.īžĻĪ¤lÓ÷‰ŠZ¦ź>¤JÄõ‡'³ĀC£fH„#Ö41`¦v„“'@Ūš4„n“„į¼?6Če“[+WŹa Ź“š10-ö>–˜_=īäŻ fÅVÓT« Uo)=ß ÉOƒ'1ČxYÓ »a§ÓG˜$&;Zw-ä½eyõg°®żš<cļ‹½ē’ķ`Ė5Džū»0ē­XØ©qžænR"Ńs­“ć„Öµć“a*£šŚ ! ĘĒS­©t‰Žsį=;Ć¹bōē„ˆÄ¼®B–„ZŸź:€ć\Č©D.ˆPĮńyhĀŁY”Ɲt.K7zĘ^¤Z»ĢÜFrš¶¤€Ļū€S»#Ā!Ÿ}oŠGtßł/A2A4{ķ[uCŌŸQķŽæ!s°d¢U€'×kq$ā!źp^a ų€ž”]dĮŻ}ĘĻؓ]–;Õ«Ż‡¶Ö&żDŲfŻ ˜:c«OöåųŽĮź>I“¹$›Ś ˆštq/‚Ł/F{½¶|ĖY.€g{½½ÓiĀY¼ą®8–®É°¤¢äuĻōqz8§z^Āh¤EŲŲx÷Ļ‹H\śÕ4Ņˆ”U>lĢŖ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_Ą 0iʈ 0ŃN 0( D+G AMr æ 0¶Ļ #Į… UNF %” Mš (ž NĘ ^ Č wŌ 4Ų ģ mī ō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Delia Saldias de Lopez v. Uruguay, Communication No. 52/1979 (29 July 1981), U.N. Doc. CCP4 1981), U.N. Doc. CCP"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSӁ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2“E$££Ż ƒtē!ŻŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X=×XXXŌŌ€X=×XXX=×ŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(Žtē$””ŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X)CXXXŌŌ€X)CXXX)CŌ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX~ū* Äpģ*ź:i¢Ų+00 ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒtē!ŻŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X=×XXXŌŌ€X=×XXX=×ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņBurgos€v.€UruguayóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€52/1979Š H˜ ŠĢ29€July€1981Š  d ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€Delia€Ō_ŌSaldiasŌ_Ō€de€Lopez€on€6€June€1979€Š xČ  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€Sergio€Ruben€Lopez€Burgos€(author's€husband)€Š D”  ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Š ` ŠĢņņDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€29€July€1981€(thirteenth€session)€óóŠ Ü, ŠĢĢņņņ ņÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€ņņ1óóŠ ŽŽ ŠÓęÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Delia€Said/as€de€Lopez,€a€political€refugee€ofŠ @ ŠUruguayan€nationality€residing€in€Austria.€She€submits€the€communication€on€behalf€of€herŠ &v Šhusband,€Sergio€Ruben€Lopez€Burgos,€a€worker€and€trade„union€leader€in€Uruguay.€Š  \ ŠĢ2.1€The€author€states€that€mainly€because€of€the€alleged€victim's€active€participation€in€theŠ Ų( Štrade€union€movement,€he€was€subjected€to€various€forms€of€harassment€by€the€authoritiesŠ ¾ Šfrom€the€beginning€of€his€trade€union€involvement.€Thus,€he€was€arrested€in€December€1974Š ¤ō Šand€held€without€charges€for€four€months.€In€May€1975,€shortly€after€his€release€and€whileŠ Š Ś Šstill€subjected€to€harassment€by€the€authorities,€he€moved€to€Argentina.€In€September€1975Š p!Ą  Šhe€obtained€recognition€as€a€political€refugee€by€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€HighŠ V"¦! ŠCommissioner€for€Refugees.€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ2.2€The€author€claims€that€on€13€July€1976€her€husband€was€kidnaped€in€Buenos€Aires€byŠ %X $ Šmembers€of€the€"Uruguayan€security€and€intelligence€forces"€who€were€aided€by€ArgentineŠ ī%>!% Špara„military€groups,€and€was€secretly€detained€in€Buenos€Aires€for€about€two€weeks.€OnŠ Ō&$"& Š26€July€1976€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos,€together€with€several€other€Uruguayan€nationals,€wasŠ ŗ' #' Šillegally€and€clandestinely€transported€to€Uruguay,€where€he€was€detained€incommunicadoŠ  (š#( Šby€the€special€security€forces€at€a€secret€prison€for€three€months.€During€his€detention€ofŠ †)Ö$) Šapproximately€four€months€both€in€Argentina€and€Uruguay,€he€was€continuously€subjectedŠ l*¼%* Što€physical€and€mental€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ2.3€The€author€asserts€that€her€husband€was€subjected€to€torture€and€ill„treatment€as€aŠ -n(- Šconsequence€of€which€he€suffered€a€broken€jawbone€and€perforation€of€the€eardrums.€InŠ ° Šsubstantiation€of€her€allegations€the€author€furnishes€detailed€testimony€submitted€by€sixŠ –ę ŠŌ_ŌexdetaineesŌ_Ō€who€were€held,€together€with€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos,€in€some€of€the€secret€detentionŠ |Ģ Šplaces€in€Argentina€and€Uruguay,€and€who€were€later€released€(Cecilia€Ō_ŌGayosoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌJaureguiŌ_Ō,Š b² ŠAlicia€Ō_ŌCadenasŌ_Ō,€Monica€Ō_ŌSolinoŌ_Ō,€Ariel€Soto,€Nelson€Dean€Ō_ŌBermudezŌ_Ō,€Enrique€RodriguezŠ H˜ ŠŌ_ŌLarretaŌ_Ō).€Some€of€these€witnesses€describe€the€arrest€of€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€and€otherŠ . ~ ŠUruguayan€refugees€at€a€bar€in€Buenos€Aires€on€13€July€1976;€on€this€occasion€his€lower€jawŠ  d Šwas€allegedly€broken€by€a€blow€with€the€butt€of€a€revolver;€he€and€the€others€were€then€takenŠ ś J Što€a€house€where€he€was€interrogated,€physically€beaten€and€tortured.€Some€of€the€witnessesŠ ą 0 Šcould€identify€several€Uruguayan€officers:€Colonel€Ō_ŌRamffezŌ_Ō,€Major€Ō_ŌGavazzoŌ_Ō€(directly€inŠ Ę   Šcharge€of€the€torture€sessions),€Major€Manuel€Ō_ŌCorderoŌ_Ō,€Major€Mario€Martinez€and€CaptainŠ ¬ ü  ŠJorge€Ō_ŌSilveiraŌ_Ō.€The€witnesses€assert€that€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€was€kept€hanging€for€hours€withŠ ’ā  Šhis€arms€behind€him,€that€he€was€given€electric€shocks,€thrown€on€the€floor,€covered€withŠ xČ  Šchains€that€were€connected€with€electric€current,€kept€naked€and€wet;€these€tortures€allegedlyŠ ^®  Šcontinued€for€ten€days€until€Lopez€Burgos€and€several€others€were€blindfolded€and€taken€byŠ D”  Štruck€to€a€military€base€adjacent€to€the€Buenos€Aires€airport;€they€were€then€flown€by€anŠ *z  ŠUruguayan€plane€to€the€Base€Ō_ŌAereaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌMilitarŌ_Ō€No.€1,€adjacent€to€the€Uruguayan€NationalŠ ` ŠAirport€at€Ō_ŌCarrascoŌ_Ō,€near€Montevideo.€Interrogation€continued,€accompanied€by€beatings€andŠ öF Šelectric€shocks;€one€witness€alleges€that€in€the€course€of€one€of€these€interrogations€theŠ Ü, Šfractured€jaw€of€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€was€injured€further.€The€witnesses€describe€how€Mr.Š Ā ŠLopez€Burgos€and€13€others€were€transported€to€a€chalet€on€Ō_ŌShangrilaŌ_Ō€Beach€and€that€all€14Š Øų Šwere€officially€arrested€there€on€23€October€1976€and€that€the€press€was€informed€thatŠ ŽŽ Š"subversives"€had€been€surprised€at€the€chalet€while€conspiring.€Four€of€the€witnesses€furtherŠ tÄ Šassert€that€Lopez€Burgos€and€several€others€were€forced€under€threats€to€sign€falseŠ ZŖ Šstatements€which€were€subsequently€used€in€the€legal€proceedings€against€them€and€toŠ @ Šrefrain€from€seeking€any€legal€counsel€other€than€Colonel€Mario€Rodriguez.€Another€witnessŠ &v Šadds€that€all€the€arrested,€including€Monica€Ō_ŌSolifioŌ_Ō€and€Ines€Ō_ŌQuadrosŌ_Ō,€whose€parents€areŠ  \ Šattorneys,€were€forced€to€name€ex€officio€defense€attorneys.€Š ņB ŠĢ2.4€The€author€further€states€that€her€husband€was€transferred€from€the€secret€prison€and€heldŠ ¾ Š"at€the€disposition€of€military€justice",€first€at€a€military€hospital€where€for€several€monthsŠ ¤ō Šhe€had€to€undergo€treatment€because€of€the€physical€and€mental€effects€of€the€torture€appliedŠ Š Ś Što€him€prior€to€his€"official"€arrest,€and€subsequently€at€Ō_ŌLibertadŌ_Ō€prison€in€San€Jose.€AfterŠ p!Ą  Ša€delay€of€14€months€his€trial€started€in€April€1978.€At€the€time€of€writing,€Mr.€Lopez€BurgosŠ V"¦! Šwas€still€waiting€for€final€judgement€to€be€passed€by€the€military€court.€The€author€adds€inŠ <#Œ" Šthis€connection€that€her€husband€was€also€denied€the€right€to€have€legal€defense€counsel€ofŠ "$r# Šhis€own€choice.€A€military€ex€officio€counsel€was€appointed€by€the€authorities.€Š %X $ ŠĢ2.5€Mrs.€Ō_ŌSaldiasŌ_Ō€de€Lopez€states€that€the€case€has€not€been€submitted€to€any€other€procedureŠ Ō&$"& Šof€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ2.6€She€also€claims€that€the€limited€number€of€domestic€remedies€which€can€be€invoked€inŠ †)Ö$) ŠUruguay€under€the€"prompt€security€measures"€have€been€exhausted€and€she€also€refers€inŠ l*¼%* Šthis€connection€to€an€unsuccessful€resort€to€Ō_ŌarnparoŌ_Ō€by€the€mother€of€the€victim€in€Argentina.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ2.7€She€has€also€furnished€a€copy€of€a€letter€from€the€Austrian€Consulate€in€Montevideo,Š -n(- ŠŌ_ŌUruguay,€mentioning€that€the€Austrian€Government€has€granted€a€visa€to€Mr.€LOPEZ€BurgosŠ ° Šand€that€this€information€has€been€communicated€to€the€Uruguay€Ministry€of€ForeignŠ –ę ŠAffairs.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.8€She€alleges€that€the€following€articles€of€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€haveŠ H˜ Šbeen€violated€by€the€Uruguayan€authorities€in€respect€of€her€husband:€articles€7,€9€and€12€(1)Š . ~ Šand€article€14€(3).€Š  d ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€7€August€1979€the€Human€Rights€Committee:€Š ą 0 ŠĢ(1)€Decided€that€the€author€was€justified€in€acting€on€behalf€of€the€alleged€victim;€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ(2)€Transmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theŠ xČ  ŠState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofŠ ^®  Šadmissibility€of€the€communication€indicating€that€if€the€State€party€contended€that€domesticŠ D”  Šremedies€had€not€been€exhausted,€it€should€give€details€of€the€effective€remedies€availableŠ *z  Što€the€alleged€victim€in€the€particular€circumstances€Of€his€case.€Š ` ŠĢ4.€The€State€party,€in€its€response€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€datedŠ Ü, Š14€December€1979,€states€"that€the€communication€concerned€is€completely€devoid€of€anyŠ Ā Šgrounds€which€would€make€it€admissible€by€the€Committee€since,€in€the€course€of€theŠ Øų Šproceedings€taken€against€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€he€enjoyed€all€the€guarantees€afforded€by€theŠ ŽŽ ŠUruguayan€legal€order".€The€State€party€refers€in€this€connection€to€its€previous€submissionsŠ tÄ Što€the€Committee€in€other€cases€citing€the€domestic€remedies€generally€available€at€presentŠ ZŖ Šin€Uruguay.€Furthermore€the€State€party€provides€some€factual€evidence€in€the€case€asŠ @ Šfollows:€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€was€arrested€on€23€October€1976€for€his€connection€withŠ &v Šsubversive€activities€and€detained€under€prompt€security€measures;€on€4€November€1976,Š  \ Šthe€second€military€examining€magistrate€charged€him€with€presumed€commission€of€theŠ ņB Šoffence€of€"subversive€association"€under€section€60€(V)€of€the€Military€Penal€Code;€on€8Š Ų( ŠMarch€1979,€the€court€of€first€instance€sentenced€him€to€seven€years'€imprisonment€for€theŠ ¾ Šoffences€specified€in€section€60€(V)€of€the€Military€Penal€Code,€section€60€(I)€(6)€inŠ ¤ō Šassociation€with€60€(XII)€of€the€Military€Penal€Code€and€sections€7,243€and€54€of€theŠ Š Ś ŠOrdinary€Penal€Code;€subsequently,€on€4€October€1979,€the€Supreme€Military€CourtŠ p!Ą  Šrendered€final€judgement,€reducing€his€sentence€to€four€years€and€six€months.€It€is€furtherŠ V"¦! Šstated€that€Mr.€LOPEZ€Burgos'€defense€counsel€was€Colonel€Mario€Rodriguez€and€that€Mr.Š <#Œ" ŠLopez€Burgos€is€being€held€at€Military€Detention€Establishment€No.€1.€The€Government€ofŠ "$r# ŠUruguay€also€brings€to€the€attention€of€the€Committee€a€report€on€a€medical€examination€ofŠ %X $ ŠMr.€Lopez€Burgos,€stating€in€part€as€follows:€Š ī%>!% ŠĢMedical€history€prior€to€imprisonment€(Antecedentes€personales€anteriores€a€su€"recursion"):Š ŗ' #' Šoperated€on€for€bilateral€inguinal€hernia€at€the€age€of€12;€(2)€history€of€unstable€arterialŠ  (š#( Šhypertension;€(3)€fracture€of€lower€left€jaw.€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢFamily€medical€history:€(1)€father€a€diabetic.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢMedical€record€in€prison€(Antecedents€de€"recursion"):€treated€by€the€dental€surgery€serviceŠ -n(- Šof€the€Armed€Forces€Central€Hospital€for€the€fracture€of€the€jaw€with€which€he€entered€theŠ ° ŠEstablishment.€Discharged€from€the€Armed€Forces€Central€Hospital€on€7€May€1977€with€theŠ –ę Šfracture€knitted€and€progressing€well;€subsequently€examined€for€polyps€of€larynx€on€leftŠ |Ģ Švocal€cord;€a€biopsy€conducted€....€Š b² ŠĢ5.€In€a€further€letter€dated€4€March€1980€the€author,€Delia€Saldias€de€Lopez,€refers€to€theŠ . ~ ŠHuman€Rights€Committee's€decision€of€7€August€1979€and€to€the€note€of€the€GovernmentŠ  d Šof€Uruguay€dated€14€December€1979,€and€claims€that€the€latter€confirmed€the€author'sŠ ś J Šprevious€statement€concerning€the€exhaustion€of€all€possible€domestic€remedies.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ6.€In€the€absence€of€any€information€contrary€to€the€author's€statement€that€the€same€matterŠ ¬ ü  Šhad€not€been€submitted€to€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement€andŠ ’ā  Šconcluding,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€there€were€no€unexhaustedŠ xČ  Šdomestic€remedies€which€could€or€should€have€been€pursued,€the€Committee€decided€on€24Š ^®  ŠMarch€1980:€Š D”  ŠĢ(1)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€relates€to€events€which€haveŠ ` Šallegedly€continued€or€taken€place€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€of€the€entry€into€force€ofŠ öF Šthe€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Uruguay):€Š Ü, ŠĢ(2)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beŠ Øų Šrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itŠ ŽŽ Šof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifŠ tÄ Šany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Š ZŖ ŠĢ(3)€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statements€submittedŠ &v Šby€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€primarily€relate€to€the€substance€of€theŠ  \ Šmatter€under€consideration,€and€in€particular€the€specific€violations€of€the€Covenant€allegedŠ ņB Što€have€occurred.€The€State€party€is€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€give€information€as€toŠ Ų( Šthe€whereabouts€of€Lopez€Burgos€between€July€and€October€1976€and€as€to€theŠ ¾ Šcircumstances€in€which€he€suffered€a€broken€jaw€and€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€ordersŠ ¤ō Šor€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Š Š Ś ŠĢ7.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€20€October€1980,€theŠ V"¦! ŠState€party€asserts€that€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos€had€legal€assistance€at€all€times€and€that€he€lodgedŠ <#Œ" Šan€appeal;€the€result€of€the€appeal€was€a€sentence€at€second€instance€that€reduced€the€penaltyŠ "$r# Šof€seven€years€to€four€years€and€six€months€of€rigorous€imprisonment.€The€State€party€alsoŠ %X $ Šrejects€the€allegation€that€Lopez€Burgos€was€denied€the€right€to€have€defense€counsel€of€hisŠ ī%>!% Šown€choice,€asserting€that€he€was€not€prevented€from€having€one.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ7.2€As€to€the€circumstances€under€which€Mr.€Lopez€Burgos'€jaw€was€broken,€the€State€partyŠ  (š#( Šquotes€from€the€"relevant€medical€report":€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢOn€5€February€1977€he€entered€the€Armed€Forces€Central€Hospital€with€a€fracture€of€theŠ R+¢&+ Šlower€left€jaw€caused€when€he€was€engaged€in€athletic€activities€at€the€prison€(MilitaryŠ 8,ˆ', ŠDetention€Establishment€No.€1).€He€was€treated€by€the€dental€surgery€service€of€the€hospitalŠ -n(- Šfor€the€fracture€of€the€jaw€with€which€he€entered€the€hospital.€He€was€discharged€on€7€MayŠ ° Š1977€with€the€fracture€knitted€and€progressing€well.€Š –ę ŠĢ7.3€Whereas€the€author€claims€that€her€husband€was€kidnaped€by€members€of€the€UruguayanŠ b² Šsecurity€and€intelligence€forces€on€13€July€1976,€the€State€party€asserts€that€Mr.€LopezŠ H˜ ŠBurgos,€was€arrested€on€23€October€1976€and€claims€that€the€whereabouts€of€Mr.€LopezŠ . ~ ŠBurgos€have€been€known€since€the€date€of€his€detention€but€no€earlier€information€isŠ  d Šavailable.€Š ś J ŠĢ7.4€As€to€the€right€to€have€a€defense€counsel,€the€State€party€generally€asserts€that€accusedŠ Ę   Špersons€themselves€and€not€the€authorities€choose€from€the€list€of€court„appointed€lawyers.€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ8.1€In€her€submission€under€rule€93€(3)€dated€22€December€1980€the€author€indicates€thatŠ xČ  Šsince€accused€persons€can€only€choose€their€lawyers€from€a€list€of€military€lawyers€drawnŠ ^®  Šup€by€the€Uruguayan€Government,€her€husband€had€no€access€to€a€civilian€lawyer,Š D”  Šunconnected€with€the€Government,€who€might€have€provided€"a€genuine€and€impartialŠ *z  Šdefense"€and€that€he€did€not€enjoy€the€proper€safeguards€of€a€fair€trial.€Š ` ŠĢ8.2€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€explanations€concerning€the€fractured€jaw€suffered€byŠ Ü, ŠLopez€Burgos,€the€author€claims€that€they€are€contradictory.€The€transcript€of€the€medicalŠ Ā Šreport€in€the€State€party's€note€of€14€December€1979€lists€the€fracture€in€the€paragraphŠ Øų Šbeginning€"Medical€history€prior€to€'recursion'"€and€goes€on€to€the€paragraph€beginningŠ ŽŽ Š"Medical€record€'de€reclusion'€"to€state€that€Lopez€Burgos€was€"treated€by€the€dental€surgeryŠ tÄ Šservice€of€the€Armed€Forces€Central€Hospital€for€the€fracture€of€the€jaw€with€which€heŠ ZŖ Šentered€the€establishment".€In€other€words,€the€fracture€occurred€prior€to€his€imprisonment.Š @ ŠHowever,€the€note€of€20€October€1980€states€that€he€entered€the€hospital€with€a€fractured€jawŠ &v Šcaused€"when€he€was€engaged€in€athletic€activities€at€the€prison".€She€reiterates€herŠ  \ Šallegation€that€the€fracture€occurred€as€a€consequence€of€the€tortures€to€which€Lopez€BurgosŠ ņB Šwas€subjected€between€July€and€October€1976,€when€he€was€in€the€hands€of€the€UruguayanŠ Ų( ŠSpecial€Security€Forces.€Š ¾ ŠĢ9.€The€State€party€submitted€additional€comments€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Covenant€in€aŠ Š Ś Šnote€dated€5€May€1981,€contending€that€there€is€no€contradiction€between€the€medicalŠ p!Ą  Šreports,€because€the€State€party€used€the€term€'€'recursion"€to€mean€"internacion€en€elŠ V"¦! Šestablecimiento€hospitalario"€(hospitalization),€and€reasserts€that€the€fracture€occurred€in€theŠ <#Œ" Šcourse€of€athletic€activities€in€the€prison.€Š "$r# ŠĢ10.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€lightŠ ī%>!% Šof€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€theŠ Ō&$"& ŠOptional€Protocol.€The€Committee€bases€its€views€inter€alia€on€the€following€undisputedŠ ŗ' #' Šfacts:€Š  (š#( ŠĢ10.2€Sergio€Ruben€Lopez€Burgos€was€living€in€Argentina€as€a€political€refugee€until€hisŠ l*¼%* Šdisappearance€on€13€July€1976;€he€subsequently€reappeared€in€Montevideo,€Uruguay,€notŠ R+¢&+ Šlater€than€23€October€1976,€the€date€of€his€purported€arrest€by€Uruguayan€authorities,€andŠ 8,ˆ', Šwas€detained€under€"prompt€security€measures".€On€4€November€1976€pre„trial€proceedingsŠ -n(- Šcommenced€when€the€second€military€examining€magistrate€charged€him€with€the€of€fenceŠ ° Šof€"subversive€association",€but€the€actual€trial€began€in€April€1978€before€a€military€courtŠ –ę Šof€first€instance,€which€sentenced€him€on€8€March€1979€to€seven€years'€imprisonment;€uponŠ |Ģ Šappeal€the€court€of€second€instance€reduced€the€sentence€to€four€years€six€months.€LopezŠ b² ŠBurgos€was€treated€for€a€broken€jaw€in€a€military€hospital€from€5€February€to€7€May€1977.€Š H˜ ŠĢ11.1€In€formulating€its€views€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theŠ  d Šfollowing€considerations:€Š ś J ŠĢ11.2€As€regards€the€whereabouts€of€Lopez€Burgos€between€July€and€October€1976€theŠ Ę   ŠCommittee€requested€precise€information€from€the€State€party€on€24€March€1980.€In€itsŠ ¬ ü  Šsubmission€dated€20€October€1980€the€State€party€claimed€that€it€had€no€information.€TheŠ ’ā  ŠCommittee€notes€that€the€author€has€made€precise€allegations€with€respect€to€her€husband'sŠ xČ  Šarrest€and€detention€in€Buenos€Aires€on€13€July€1976€by€the€Uruguayan€security€andŠ ^®  Šintelligence€forces€and€that€witness€testimony€submitted€by.€her€indicates€the€involvementŠ D”  Šof€several€Uruguayan€officers€identified€by€name.€The€State€party€has€neither€refuted€theseŠ *z  Šallegations€nor€adduced€any€adequate€evidence€that€they€have€been€duly€investigated.€Š ` ŠĢ11.3€As€regards€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€and€torture,€the€Committee€notes€that€theŠ Ü, Šauthor€has€submitted€detailed€testimony€from€six€ex„detainees€who€were€held,€together€withŠ Ā ŠLopez€Burgos,€in€some€of€the€secret€detention€places€in€Argentina€and€Uruguay.€TheŠ Øų ŠCommittee€notes€further€that€the€names€of€five€Uruguayan€officers€allegedly€responsible€forŠ ŽŽ Šor€personally€involved€in€the€ill„treatment€are€given.€The€State€party€should€haveŠ tÄ Šinvestigated€the€allegations€in€accordance'€with€its€laws€and€its€obligations€under€theŠ ZŖ ŠCovenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol.€As€regards€the€fracture€of€the€jaw,€the€Committee€notesŠ @ Šthat€the€witness€testimony€submitted€by€the€author€indicates€that€the€fracture€occurred€uponŠ &v Šthe€arrest€of€Lopez€Burgos€on€13€July€1976€in€Buenos€Aires,€when€he€was€physically€beaten.Š  \ ŠThe€State€party's€explanation€that€the€jaw€was€broken€in€the€course€of€athletic€activities€inŠ ņB Šthe€prison€seems€to€contradict€the€State€party's€earlier€statement€that€the€injury€occurred€priorŠ Ų( Što€his€"recursion".€The€State€party's€submission€of€14€December€1979€uses€"recursion"Š ¾ Šinitially€to€mean€imprisonment,€e.g.€"Establecimiento€Militar€de€Reclusion".€The€termŠ ¤ō Šreappears€six€lines€later€in€the€same€document€in€connection€with€"Antecedents€personalesŠ Š Ś Šanteriores€a€su€reclusion".€The€Committee€is€inclined€to€believe€that€"reclusi6n"€in€thisŠ p!Ą  Šcontext€means€imprisonment€and€not€hospitalization€as€contended€by€the€State€party€in€itsŠ V"¦! Šsubmission€of€5€May€1981.€At€any€rate,€the€State€party's€references€to€a€medical€reportŠ <#Œ" Šcannot€be€regarded€as€a€sufficient€refutation€of€the€allegations€of€mistreatment€and€torture.€Š "$r# ŠĢ11.4€As€to€the€nature€of€the€judicial€proceedings€against€L6pez€Burgos€the€CommitteeŠ ī%>!% Šrequested€the€State€party€on€24€March€1980€to€furnish€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisionsŠ Ō&$"& Šof€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€hasŠ ŗ' #' Šnot€submitted€any€court€orders€or€decisions.€Š  (š#( ŠĢ11.5€The€State€party€has€also€not€specified€in€what€"subversive€activities"€L6pez€Burgos€wasŠ l*¼%* Šallegeally€involved€or€clarified€how€or€when€he€engaged€in€these€activities.€It€would€haveŠ R+¢&+ Šbeen€the€duty€of€the€State€party€to€provide€specific€information€in€this€regard,€if€it€wantedŠ 8,ˆ', Što€refute€the€allegations€of€the€author€that€L6pez€Burgos€has€been€persecuted€because€of€hisŠ -n(- Šinvolvement€in€the€trade„union€movement.€The€State€party€has€not€refuted€the€author'sŠ ° Šallegations€that€L6pez€Burgos€was€forced€to€sign€false€testimony€against€himself€and€that€thisŠ –ę Štestimony€was€used€in€the€trial€against€him.€The€State€party€has€stated€that€L6pez€Burgos€wasŠ |Ģ Šnot€prevented€from€choosing€his€own€legal€counsel.€It€has€not,€however,€refuted€witnessŠ b² Štestimony€indicating€that€L6pez€Burgos€and€others€arrested€with€him,€including€M6nicaŠ H˜ ŠSolifio€and€In~s€Quadros,€whose€parents€are€attorneys,€were€forced€to€agree€to€ex€officioŠ . ~ Šlegal€counsel.€Š  d ŠĢ11.6€The€Committee€has€considered€whether€acts€and€treatment,€which€are€prima€facie€notŠ ą 0 Šin€conformity€with€the€Covenant,€could€for€any€reasons€be€justified€under€the€Covenant€inŠ Ę   Šthe€circumstances€of€the€case.€The€Government€of€Uruguay€has€referred€to€provisions,€inŠ ¬ ü  ŠUruguayan€law,€of€"prompt€security€measures".€However,€the€Covenant€(art.€4)€does€notŠ ’ā  Šallow€national€measures€derogating€from€any€of€its€provisions€except€in€strictly€definedŠ xČ  Šcircumstances,€and€the€Government€has€not€made€any€submissions€of€fact€or€law€in€relationŠ ^®  Šthereto.€Moreover,€some€of€the€facts€referred€to€above€raise€issues€under€provisions€fromŠ D”  Šwhich€the€Covenant€does€not€allow€any€derogation€under€any€circumstances.€Š *z  ŠĢ11.7€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€if€the€sentence€of€L6pez€Burgos€ran€from€theŠ öF Špurported€date€of€arrest€on€23€October€1976,€it€was€due€to€be€completed€on€23€April€1981,Š Ü, Šon€which€date€he€should€consequently€have€been€released.€Š Ā ŠĢ11.8€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Austrian€Government€has€granted€L6pez€Burgos€an€entryŠ ŽŽ Švisa.€In€this€connection€and€pursuant€to€article€12€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€observesŠ tÄ Šthat€L6pez€Burgos€should€be€allowed€to€leave€Uruguay,€if€he€so€wishes,€and€travel€to€AustriaŠ ZŖ Što€join€his€wife,€the€author€of€this€communication.€Š @ ŠĢ12.€I€The€Human€Rights€Committee€further€observes€that€although€the€arrest€and€initialŠ  \ Šdetention€and€mistreatment€of€Lopez€Burgos€allegedly€took€place€on€foreign€territory,€theŠ ņB ŠCommittee€is€not€barred€either€by€virtue€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€("...€individualsŠ Ų( Šsubject€to€its€jurisdiction€...")€or€by€virtue€of€article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€("...€individualsŠ ¾ Šwithin€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€...€")€from€considering€these€allegations,Š ¤ō Štogether€with€the€claim€of€subsequent€abduction€into€Uruguayan€territory,€inasmuch€as€theseŠ Š Ś Šacts€were€perpetrated€by€Uruguayan€agents€acting€on€foreign€soil.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ12.2€The€reference€in€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€"individuals€subject€to€itsŠ <#Œ" Šjurisdiction"€does€not€affect€the€above€conclusion€because€the€reference€in€that€article€is€notŠ "$r# Što€the€place€where€the€violation€occurred,€but€rather€to€the€relationship€between€theŠ %X $ Šindividual€and€the€State€in€relation€to€a€violation€of€any€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€theŠ ī%>!% ŠCovenant,€wherever€they€occurred.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ12.3€Article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€places€an€obligation€upon€a€State€party€to€respect€and€toŠ  (š#( Šensure€rights€"to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction",€but€it€doesŠ †)Ö$) Šnot€imply€that€the€State€party€concerned€cannot€be€held€accountable€for€violations€of€rightsŠ l*¼%* Šunder€the€Covenant€which€its€agents€commit€upon€the€territory€of€another€State,€whetherŠ R+¢&+ Šwith€the€acquiescence€of€the€Government€of€that€State€or€in€opposition€to€it.€According€toŠ 8,ˆ', Šarticle€5€(1)€of€the€Covenant:€Š -n(- Š‡Nothing€in€the€present€Covenant€may€be€interpreted€as€implying€for€any€State,€group€orŠ ° Šperson€any€right€to€engage€in€any€activity€or€perform€any€act€aimed€at€the€destruction€of€anyŠ –ę Šof€the€rights€and€freedoms€recognized€herein€or€at€their€limitation€to€a€greater€extent€than€isŠ |Ģ Šprovided€for€in€the€present€Covenant.€Š b² ŠĢIn€line€with€this,€it€would€be€unconscionable€to€so€interpret€the€responsibility€under€articleŠ . ~ Š2€of€the€Covenant€as€to€permit€a€State€party€to€perpetrate€violations€of€the€Covenant€on€theŠ  d Šterritory€of€another€State,€which€violations€it€could€not€perpetrate€on€its€own€territory.€Š ś J ŠĢ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€uncle[€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theŠ Ę   ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€is€of€the€view€that€the€communicationŠ ¬ ü  Šdiscloses€violations€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular€of:€Š ’ā  ŠĢArticle€7,€because€of€the€treatment€(including€torture)€suffered€by€Lopez€Burgos€at€the€handsŠ ^®  Šof€Uruguayan€military€officers€in€the€period€from€July€to€October€1976€both€in€ArgentinaŠ D”  Šand€Uruguay;€Š *z  ŠĢArticle€9€(1),€because€the€act€of€abduction€into€Uruguayan€territory€constituted€an€arbitraryŠ öF Šarrest€and€detention;€Š Ü, ŠĢArticle€9€(3),€because€Lopez€Burgos€was€not€brought€to€trial€within€a€reasonable€time;€Š Øų ŠĢArticle€14€(3)€(d),€because€Lopez€Burgos€was€forced€to€accept€Colonel€Mario€Rodriguez€asŠ tÄ Šhis€legal€counsel;€Š ZŖ ŠĢArticle€14€(3)€(g),€because€Lopez€Burgos€was€compelled€to€sign€a€statement€incriminatingŠ &v Šhimself;€Š  \ ŠĢArticle€22€(1)€in€conjunction€with€article€19€(I)€and€(2),€because€Lopez€Burgos€has€sufferedŠ Ų( Špersecution€for€his€trade€union€activities.€Š ¾ ŠĢ14.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Š Š Ś Špursuant€to€article€2€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€to€provide€effective€remedies€to€Lopez€Burgos,Š p!Ą  Šincluding€immediate€release,€permission€to€leave€Uruguay€and€compensation€for€theŠ V"¦! Šviolations€which€he€has€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€notŠ <#Œ" Šoccur€in€the€future.€Š "$r# ŠĢ____________Š ī%>!% ŠĢ1.€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion€submitted€by€a€Committee€member€is€appended€to€theseŠ ŗ' #' Šviews.€Š  (š#( ŠĢĢņ ņņņÓ  ÓAppendixó óóóŠ R+¢&+ ŠÓłxÓĢŠ -n(- ŠņņIndividual€opinion€submitted€by€a€member€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€rule€94Š ° Š(3)€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure€Š –ę ŠCommunication€No.€52/1979óó€Š |Ģ ŠĢņņIndividual€opinion€appended€to€the€Committee's€views€at€the€request€of€Mr.€ChristianŠ H˜ ŠTomuschatóó:€Š . ~ ŠĢ1€concur€in€the€views€expressed€by€the€majority.€None€the€less,€the€arguments€set€out€inŠ ś J Šparagraph€12€for€affirming€the€applicability€of€the€Covenant€also€with€regard€to€those€eventsŠ ą 0 Šwhich€have€taken€place€outside€Uruguay€need€to€be€clarified€and€expanded.€Indeed,€the€firstŠ Ę   Šsentence€in€paragraph€12.3,€according€to€which€article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€does€not€implyŠ ¬ ü  Šthat€a€State€party€"cannot€be€held€accountable€for€violations€of€rights€under€the€CovenantŠ ’ā  Šwhich€its€agents€commit€upon€the€territory€of€another€State",€is€too€broadly€framed€andŠ xČ  Šmight€therefore€give€rise€to€misleading€conclusions.€In€principle,€the€scope€of€application€ofŠ ^®  Šthe€Covenant€is€not€susceptible€to€being€extended€by€reference€to€article€5,€a€provisionŠ D”  Šdesigned€to€cover€instances€where€formally€rules€under€the€Covenant€seem€to€legitimizeŠ *z  Šactions€which€substantially€run€counter€to€its€purposes€and€general€spirit.€Thus,€GovernmentsŠ ` Šmay€never€use€the€limitation€clauses€supplementing€the€protected€rights€and€freedoms€toŠ öF Šsuch€an€extent€that€the€very€substance€of€those€rights€and€freedom€would€be€annihilated:Š Ü, Šindividuals€are€legally€barred€from€availing€themselves€of€the€same€rights€and€freedoms€withŠ Ā Ša€view€to€overthrowing€the€regime€of€the€rule€of€law€which€constitutes€the€basic€philosophyŠ Øų Šof€the€Covenant.€In€the€present€case,€however,€the€Covenant€does€not€even€provide€theŠ ŽŽ Špretext€for€a€"right"€to€perpetrate€the€criminal€acts€which,€according€to€the€Committee'sŠ tÄ Šconviction,€have€been€perpetrated€by€the€Uruguayan€authorities.€Š ZŖ ŠĢTo€construe€the€words€"within€its€territory"€pursuant€to€their€strict€literal€meaning€asŠ &v Šexcluding€any€responsibility€for€conduct€occurring€beyond€the€national€boundaries€would,Š  \ Šhowever,€lead€to€utterly€absurd€results.€The€formula€was€intended€to€take€care€of€objectiveŠ ņB Šdifficulties€which€might€impede€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€specific€situations.Š Ų( ŠThus,€a€State€party€is€normally€unable€to€ensure€the€effective€enjoyment€of€the€rights€underŠ ¾ Šthe€Covenant€to€its€citizens€abroad,€having€at€its€disposal€only€the€tools€of€diplomaticŠ ¤ō Šprotection€with€their€limited€potential.€Instances€of€occupation€of€foreign€territory€offerŠ Š Ś Šanother€example€of€situations€which€the€drafters€of€the€Covenant€had€in€mind€when€theyŠ p!Ą  Šconfined€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€their€own€territory.€All€these€factual€patterns€haveŠ V"¦! Šin€common,€however,€that€they€provide€plausible€grounds€for€denying€the€protection€of€theŠ <#Œ" ŠCovenant.€It€may€be€concluded,€therefore,€that€it€was€the€intention€of€the€drafters,€whoseŠ "$r# Šsovereign€decision€cannot€be€challenged,€to€restrict€the€territorial€scope€of€the€Covenant€inŠ %X $ Šview€of€such€situations€where€enforcing€the€Covenant€would€be€likely€to€encounterŠ ī%>!% Šexceptional€obstacles.€Never€was€it€envisaged,€however,€to€grant€States€parties€unfetteredŠ Ō&$"& Šdiscretionary€power€to€carry€out€wilful€and€deliberate€attacks€against€the€freedom€andŠ ŗ' #' Špersonal€integrity€of€their€citizens€living€abroad.€Consequently,€despite€the€wording€of€articleŠ  (š#( Š2€(l),€the€events€which€took€place€outside€Uruguay€come€within€the€purview€of€the€Covenant.€