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`‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`‹ArialÕ“’) 'gt)ço‚]ž3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô€v.€SwitzerlandóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€137/1999Ð `° ÐÌ16€November€1999Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌCAT/C/23/D/137/1999Ð  ` ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô€(name€deleted)€[represented€by€counsel]€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Switzerland€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€27€May€1999€Ð  p ÐóóÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ä4 ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð Ð  ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€16€November€1999,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€137/1999,€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ €Ð Ðagainst€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ l¼ ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð X ¨ ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€the€communicationÐ 0"€  Ðand€the€State€party,€Ð #l! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following€decision:€Ð ô$D # ÐÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Ô_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô,€a€Turkish€citizen€of€Kurdish€origin€born€in€1975Ð ¸'#& Ðand€currently€residing€in€Switzerland,€where€he€has€applied€for€asylum.€His€application€has€beenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrejected€and€he€alleges€that€his€forced€repatriation€to€Turkey€would€constitute€a€violation€byÐ )à$( ÐSwitzerland€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ1.2€In€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€transmitted€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€on€18€June€1999.€At€the€same€time,€the€Committee,€acting€inÐ @-(, Ðaccordance€with€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€requested€the€State€party€not€toÐ ° Ðexpel€the€author€to€Turkey€while€his€communication€was€being€considered.€On€18€October€1999,€theÐ œì ÐState€party€notified€the€Committee€that€measures€had€been€taken€to€prevent€the€author€from€beingÐ ˆØ Ðreturned€to€Turkey€while€his€communication€was€pending€before€the€Committee.€Ð tÄ ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÐ L œ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€comes€from€south„eastern€Turkey;€he€was€born€on€25€November€1975€in€Ô_ÔDoganÔ_ÔÐ $ t ÐÔ_ÔKyÔ_Ô,€a€village€near€Ô_ÔErzincanÔ_Ô,€and€lived€there€until€1993.€He€states€that€at€that€time€villagers€wereÐ  ` Ðsubjected€to€torture€by€the€Turkish€army€and€that€young€people€were€systematically€arrested€onÐ ü L  Ðsuspicion€of€being€partisans,€resistance€fighters€or€guerrillas,€and€tortured,€especially€in€the€villageÐ è 8  Ðof€Ô_ÔDoganÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKyÔ_Ô,€which,€according€to€the€author,€was€notorious€for€its€links€with€the€KurdistanÐ Ô$  ÐWorkers'€Party€(Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô).€Ð À  ÐÌ2.2€The€author€and€his€parents€left€this€village€when€he€was€young€to€settle€in€Istanbul.€As€a€student,Ð ˜è  Ðhe€was€very€active€in€politics.€As€a€supporter€of€the€Youth€Union€of€Kurdistan€(Ô_ÔYCKÔ_Ô),€the€youthÐ „Ô  Ðbranch€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô,€until€1992,€the€author€took€part€in€demonstrations,€meetings€and€the€distributionÐ pÀ Ðof€pamphlets.€He€also€collected€money€for€the€cause€and€helped€to€recruit€new€supporters.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ2.3€On€29€May€1995,€when€he€was€about€to€be€called€up,€the€author€left€Turkey€to€join€his€brother,Ð 4„ Ða€Swiss€citizen,€in€Switzerland.€His€departure€was€also€prompted€by€his€fear€of€having€to€do€hisÐ  p Ðmilitary€service.€He€submitted€an€application€for€asylum€on€27€July€1995,€but€it€was€turned€downÐ  \ Ðon€3€November€of€the€same€year.€On€29€April€1999,€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€on€AsylumÐ øH ÐMatters,€in€its€ruling€on€his€appeal,€confirmed€the€initial€decision€to€refuse€asylum.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ2.4€The€author€alleges€that,€since€he€settled€in€Switzerland,€the€police€have€made€several€visits€to€hisÐ ¼  Ðparents'€home€in€Istanbul€because€he€was€an€active€opponent€of€the€Government€and€a€deserter.€AfterÐ ¨ø Ðseveral€visits,€his€parents€were€pressured€into€admitting€to€the€police€that€the€author€had€taken€refugeÐ ”ä Ðin€Switzerland€and€had€applied€for€asylum€there.€As€a€result,€the€Turkish€consulate€in€Geneva€twiceÐ €Ð Ðsummoned€his€brother€to€the€consulate€so€that€the€author€could€clarify€his€situation€in€SwitzerlandÐ l¼ Ðand€the€problem€of€his€military€service.€The€author€made€no€response.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2.5€In€addition€to€the€facts€noted€above,€the€author€cites€problems€that€members€of€his€family€haveÐ 0"€  Ðhad€and€that€could€be€prejudicial€to€him€if€he€returns.€In€this€connection,€he€claims€that€two€femaleÐ #l! Ðand€two€male€cousins€who€lived€in€his€home€village€and€who€were€politically€active€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_ÔÐ $X" Ðguerrilla€movement€were€killed€in€clashes€with€the€Turkish€army.€The€face€of€one€of€the€two€girlsÐ ô$D # Ðhad€been€so€badly€disfigured€that€she€could€only€be€identified€by€a€gold€tooth.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌòòMerits€of€the€Ô_ÔcomplaintóóÔ_ÔÐ ¸'#& ÐÌ3.1€The€author€maintains€that€his€forcible€return€to€Turkey€would€constitute€a€violation€byÐ )à$( ÐSwitzerland€of€its€obligations€under€the€Convention€since,€in€view€of€the€reasons€which€promptedÐ |*Ì%) Ðhis€departure€from€Turkey,€there€were€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€would€be€at€risk€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðbeing€tortured.€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð3.2€After€giving€a€brief€history€of€the€Kurdish€issue,€the€author€stresses€that€torture€isÐ ° Ðinstitutionalized€in€Turkey€and€that,€according€to€Amnesty€International,€almost€all€of€the€250,000Ð œì Ðor€so€people€arrested€between€1980€and€1988€for€political€reasons€were€tortured.€The€author€alsoÐ ˆØ Ðrecalls€that,€according€to€Amnesty€International,€2,500€people€were€killed€in€1996€alone,€a€yearÐ tÄ Ðduring€which€the€state€of€emergency€was€in€place€without€interruption.€During€a€state€of€emergency,Ð `° Ða€person€can€be€held€in€police€custody€for€up€to€10€days,€including€4€days€incommunicado.€It€isÐ L œ Ðgenerally€accepted€that€to€hold€a€person€incommunicado€in€this€way€is€conducive€to€acts€of€torture.Ð 8 ˆ ÐFor€example,€a€certain€C.S.,€after€deserting€during€his€military€service,€has€said€he€was€subjected€toÐ $ t Ðextremely€brutal€treatment,€such€as€having€a€truncheon€inserted€in€his€anus€and€receiving€electricalÐ  ` Ðshocks€to€the€genitals.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ3.3€Again€according€to€Amnesty€International,€the€European€Committee€for€the€Prevention€ofÐ Ô$  ÐTorture€and€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€said€in€its€second€public€statement€onÐ À  ÐTurkey€that€torture€was€still€widespread€in€the€country€and€that€new€instruments€of€torture€had€beenÐ ¬ü  Ðfound€in€1992€at€police€headquarters€in€Ô_ÔDiyarbakirÔ_Ô€and€Ankara,€including€one€instrument€for€givingÐ ˜è  Ðelectric€shocks€and€another€for€hanging€a€person€up€by€the€arms.€Amnesty€International€alsoÐ „Ô  Ðmentions€the€finding€by€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€that€Turkish€security€forces€wereÐ pÀ Ðguilty€of€burning€houses€in€a€village€in€south„eastern€Turkey.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ3.4€With€regard€to€military€service,€the€author€notes€that,€according€to€Amnesty€International,€TurkeyÐ 4„ Ðdoes€not€recognize€the€right€of€conscientious€objection€and€that€there€is€no€provision€for€alternativeÐ  p Ðcivilian€service.€Moreover,€according€to€Denise€Graf,€cited€by€the€author€as€one€of€the€mostÐ  \ Ðknowledgeable€people€with€respect€to€the€situation€of€draft„evaders€and€those€refusing€to€performÐ øH Ðtheir€military€service€in€Turkey,€Turkish€soldiers€of€Kurdish€origin€are€regularly€sent€to€the€provincesÐ ä4 Ðwhere€a€state€of€emergency€has€been€declared.€There€is€a€real€danger€that€soldiers€of€Kurdish€originÐ Ð  Ðwho€have€to€perform€their€military€service€in€these€regions€will€be€subjected€to€ill„treatment,Ð ¼  Ðespecially€if€they€themselves,€or€a€member€of€their€family,€have€engaged€in€political€activities.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ3.5€The€author€believes€that€if€he€was€sent€back€to€Turkey€he€would€be€immediately€arrested€atÐ €Ð ÐAnkara€airport€and€would€have€to€admit€he€had€applied€for€asylum€in€Switzerland€for€the€variousÐ l¼ Ðreasons€described€above.€He€would€then€be€enlisted€in€the€army€and€sent€to€the€region€he€came€from,Ð X ¨ Ðwhere€he€would€be€subjected€to€ill„treatment€and€where€he€would€have€to€inflict€abuses€on€his€ownÐ D!” Ðpeople.€During€his€military€service€he€would€be€tried€for€desertion€and€would€have€a€sentence€toÐ 0"€  Ðserve€at€the€end€of€his€military€service;€he€would€be€subjected€to€further€ill„treatment€while€servingÐ #l! Ðthat€sentence.€Ð $X" ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€on€the€admissibility€and€merits€of€the€Ô_ÔcommunicationÔ_ÔÔ_ÔóóÔ_ÔÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party€has€not€contested€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€and€made€itsÐ ¸'#& Ðobservations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication€in€a€letter€dated€20€December€1999.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€on€Asylum€Matters€carried€out€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðdetailed€examination€of€the€author's€allegations€concerning€the€risk€of€persecution€he€would€face€ifÐ h+¸&* Ðhe€ever€returned€to€Turkey.€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð4.3€With€regard€to€the€risks€linked€to€his€desertion,€the€above„mentioned€Commission€noted€first€ofÐ ° Ðall€that€the€State€party's€asylum€laws€do€not€allow€a€person€to€be€granted€refugee€status€solely€on€theÐ œì Ðbasis€of€an€aversion€to€military€service€or€fear€of€combat.€It€must€also€be€proven€either€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðpunishment€for€draft€evasion€or€desertion€is€totally€disproportionate€on€grounds€that€would€be€aÐ tÄ Ðdetermining€factor€in€asylum€cases€or€that€the€deserter€would€be€persecuted€on€the€same€grounds€„Ð `° Ðin€this€case,€for€example,€if€the€Turkish€Government€were€to€be€conscripting€certain€groups€of€theÐ L œ Ðpopulation€on€the€basis€of€political€or€similar€criteria.€According€to€the€information€available€to€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐCommission,€this€is€not€the€case€in€Turkey,€where€conscription€is€based€solely€on€the€conscript'sÐ $ t Ðnationality€and€birth.€The€Kurdish€origins€of€the€author€would€therefore€not€pose€any€risk€of€hisÐ  ` Ðbeing€sent€to€the€eastern€front.€Furthermore,€the€Commission€noted€that€the€author€had€produced€noÐ ü L  Ðevidence€that€he€was€being€sought€by€the€Turkish€authorities€for€that€reason.€The€Commission€recallsÐ è 8  Ðthat€it€was€only€because€he€was€asked€when€he€made€his€application€for€asylum€whether€he€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_ÔÐ Ô$  Ðany€problems€with€the€army€that€the€author€mentioned€his€refusal€to€do€military€service,€while€untilÐ À  Ðthen€he€had€asserted€that€he€had€no€other€reasons€for€seeking€asylum.€At€the€time,€moreover,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðauthor€was€very€evasive€on€the€questions€put€to€him€with€regard€to€his€military€service,€whichÐ ˜è  Ðshowed€that€he€knew€nothing€of€the€recruitment€procedure.€Given€the€consequences€of€the€act€ofÐ „Ô  Ðdesertion,€this€fact€raises€serious€doubts€about€the€truthfulness€of€the€author's€claims€in€this€respect.Ð pÀ ÐLastly,€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€on€Asylum€Matters€noted€that,€according€to€its€information,Ð \¬ Ðsentences€imposed€on€those€refusing€to€perform€their€military€service€in€Turkey€were€notÐ H˜ Ðdisproportionate.€Ð 4„ ÐÌ4.4€With€regard€to€the€author's€political€activities,€the€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€sameÐ  \ ÐCommission€found€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€support€his€statements,€that€he€had€neverÐ øH Ðbeen€arrested€or€charged€for€draft€evasion€and€that€he€had€already€stated€that€he€had€left€his€countryÐ ä4 Ðfor€the€sole€reason€that€he€did€not€wish€to€serve€in€the€Turkish€army.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.5€On€the€more€general€subject€of€persecution€because€of€his€Kurdish€origins,€the€Swiss€AppealÐ ¨ø ÐCommission€on€Asylum€Matters€noted€that€the€author€lived€in€western€Turkey€(Bursa€and,€later,Ð ”ä ÐIstanbul),€where€these€problems€were€not€very€serious,€or,€at€least,€not€more€serious€for€the€authorÐ €Ð Ðthan€they€were€for€the€rest€of€the€Kurdish€population€in€that€region.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ4.6€In€the€context€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€risk€of€torture€shouldÐ D!” Ðbe€evaluated€not€only€in€the€light€of€the€general€human€rights€situation€in€the€country€concerned€butÐ 0"€  Ðalso€in€the€light€of€factors€relating€to€the€author's€own€personality.€The€State€party€therefore€stressesÐ #l! Ðthat€there€must€be€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€that€the€author€will€be€tortured€in€the€countryÐ $X" Ðto€which€he€is€returned.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€recalls€that€during€its€consideration€of€other€communications€from€TurkishÐ Ì&"% Ðcitizens,€the€Committee€had€stressed€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Turkey€was€disturbing,Ð ¸'#& Ðparticularly€for€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€militants,€who€were€frequently€tortured.€However,€in€the€cases€where€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCommittee€found€there€had€been€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€had€previously€notedÐ )à$( Ðthat€the€authors€were€politically€active€within€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€or€had€been€detained€and€tortured€before€theirÐ |*Ì%) Ðdeparture,€or€else€that€they€had€additional€evidence€to€support€their€allegations.€On€the€other€hand,Ð h+¸&* Ðin€the€cases€where€the€Committee€had€not€found€any€violation,€it€had€concluded€that€no€legal€actionÐ T,¤'+ Ðhad€ever€been€taken€against€the€author€for€specific€incidents€or€that€legal€action€had€not€been€takenÐ @-(, Ðagainst€him€but€against€members€of€his€family,€or€else€that€after€leaving€Turkey,€the€author,€orÐ ° Ðmembers€of€his€family,€had€not€been€either€intimidated€or€wanted€by€the€police€and€had€stoppedÐ œì Ðcollaborating€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ4.8€In€the€case€in€point,€the€State€party€first€draws€attention€to€earlier€decisions€of€the€Committee,Ð `° Ðaccording€to€which€the€risk€of€arrest€is€not€on€its€own€and€in€itself€evidence€of€a€risk€of€torture.€TheÐ L œ Ðauthor€must€also€prove€that€the€act€of€desertion€and€his€political€activities€give€rise€to€a€real€risk€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðtorture€if€he€returns.€Ð $ t ÐÌ4.9€The€State€party€emphasizes€the€length€of€time€taken€by€the€author€to€apply€for€asylum€andÐ ü L  Ðconsiders€that€it€is€not€consistent€with€the€attitude€of€someone€who€fears€he€will€be€tortured€if€heÐ è 8  Ðreturns€to€his€country.€In€fact,€it€believes€that€the€author€only€applied€for€asylum€after€being€arrestedÐ Ô$  Ðby€the€Fribourg€police€on€8€July€1995€in€order€to€avoid€immediate€deportation.€Ð À  ÐÌ4.10€The€above€considerations€have€also€led€the€State€party€to€surmise€that€the€author€had€not€in€factÐ ˜è  Ðleft€Turkey€on€2€June€1995€as€he€claimed.€The€author's€file€reveals€that€he€obtained€a€visa€forÐ „Ô  ÐSwitzerland€on€15€June€1992€but€there€is€no€entry€in€his€passport€to€confirm€that€he€returned€toÐ pÀ ÐTurkey€when€this€visa€expired.€In€the€circumstances,€and€in€the€light€of€information€showing€thatÐ \¬ Ðpassport€controls€upon€entering€Turkish€territory€are€quite€strict,€the€State€party€concludes€that€theÐ H˜ Ðauthor€actually€arrived€on€Swiss€territory€on€15€June€1992,€not€on€2€June€1995,€and€lived€thereÐ 4„ Ðillegally€until€he€applied€for€asylum.€The€assertions€that€the€author€was€working€for€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€in€1993Ð  p Ðtherefore€have€even€less€credibility,€as€he€was€probably€living€in€Switzerland€at€the€time.€Ð  \ ÐÌ4.11€The€author's€fear€of€arrest€because€of€his€political€activities,€particularly€since€some€of€hisÐ ä4 Ðcomrades€who€took€part€in€the€same€demonstration€had€been€arrested,€is€inconsistent€with€theÐ Ð  Ðauthor's€own€statements€that€they€used€code€names€when€taking€part€in€the€demonstrations.€It€wouldÐ ¼  Ðfollow€that€neither€the€author€nor€his€comrades€could€in€fact€know€each€other's€names.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.12€The€State€party€also€stresses€that€the€author€cited€in€his€communication€three€new€argumentsÐ €Ð Ðthat€he€had€never€raised€during€his€application€for€asylum,€even€though€nothing€prevented€him€fromÐ l¼ Ðdoing€so.€These€arguments€are€that€his€home€village€was€notorious€for€its€links€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô,€thatÐ X ¨ Ðthe€police€allegedly€searched€his€parents'€home€in€Turkey€and€that€two€of€his€male€and€two€of€hisÐ D!” Ðfemale€cousins€were€killed€because€of€their€activities€within€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Aside€from€the€fact€that€it€isÐ 0"€  Ðsurprising€they€were€not€raised€earlier,€these€arguments€do€not€prove€that€the€risk€of€torture€cited€byÐ #l! Ðthe€author€exists,€insofar€as€the€author€left€his€home€village€in€1990€and€never€talked€of€problemsÐ $X" Ðhe€may€have€had€there€in€the€various€places€where€he€lived€afterwards.€Likewise,€in€addition€to€theÐ ô$D # Ðfact€that€there€is€no€evidence€to€prove€that€members€of€his€family€were€killed,€the€persecution€andÐ à%0!$ Ðkilling€of€some€members€of€his€family€would€not€entitle€the€Committee,€on€the€basis€of€its€pastÐ Ì&"% Ðpractice,€to€conclude€there€is€a€risk€of€torture€to€the€author.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ4.13€With€regard€to€the€new€documents€produced€by€the€author€concerning€his€refusal€to€be€drafted,Ð )à$( Ðthe€State€party€points€out€that€the€statement€from€the€mayor€of€Ô_ÔCalgiÔ_Ô€is€of€questionable€value.€AsideÐ |*Ì%) Ðfrom€the€fact€that€this€kind€of€statement€is€not€within€the€prerogatives€of€a€village€mayor,€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdocument€contains€no€concrete€indication€of€how€its€author€obtained€the€information,€which€leadsÐ T,¤'+ Ðthe€State€party€to€believe€that€it€is€a€document€of€convenience.€Moreover,€it€is€doubtful€whether€thisÐ @-(, Ðdocument€was€translated€by€the€sworn€translator€of€the€Turkish€consulate€in€Geneva€when€it€was€theÐ ° Ðlatter€that€actually€carried€out€the€investigations€to€find€it.€The€author's€fears€with€regard€to€theseÐ œì Ðinvestigations€are€inconsistent€with€this€request€for€service.€As€for€the€letter€from€his€brother€thatÐ ˆØ Ðpurports€to€confirm€that€the€author€received€call„up€papers€on€two€occasions€from€the€TurkishÐ tÄ Ðconsulate€in€1997€and€1998,€the€State€party€is€not€persuaded€by€the€explanation€that€the€brotherÐ `° Ðwould€have€kept€these€papers€if€he€had€foreseen€any€problems€for€the€author,€since€it€was€preciselyÐ L œ Ðat€the€time€the€papers€were€issued€that€the€author€was€appealing€against€the€decision€of€the€FederalÐ 8 ˆ ÐOffice€for€Refugees.€Moreover,€there€is€an€inconsistency€surrounding€the€dates€of€the€call„up€papersÐ $ t Ðgiven€by€the€author€and€his€brother;€according€to€the€former€they€date€from€1995€and€1997€whereasÐ  ` Ðaccording€to€the€latter€they€date€from€between€1997€and€1998.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ4.14€The€State€party€further€emphasizes€that€recruitment€into€the€Turkish€army€is€carried€out€solelyÐ Ô$  Ðon€the€basis€of€the€nationality€and€birth€of€conscripts€and€that,€in€the€light€of€the€system€used€forÐ À  Ðregistering€the€population€in€Turkey,€it€would€be€technically€impossible€to€recruit€on€the€basis€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðmembership€of€an€ethnic€group.€Nor€would€it€be€logical€to€systematically€send€Kurdish€conscriptsÐ ˜è  Ðto€south„eastern€Turkey,€since€the€Turkish€Government€requires€absolutely€loyal€and€reliable€soldiersÐ „Ô  Ðin€that€region.€Lastly,€the€courts€that€are€competent€to€deal€with€deserters€have€so€far€passed€veryÐ pÀ Ðlenient€sentences€on€those€refusing€the€draft.€Ð \¬ ÐÌòòFurther€comments€by€the€authoróóÐ 4„ ÐÌ5.1€By€letter€of€25€February€2000,€the€author€commented€on€the€State€party's€observations€on€theÐ  \ Ðmerits€of€the€communication.€Ð øH ÐÌ5.2€With€regard€to€the€decision€of€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€on€Asylum€Matters,€the€authorÐ Ð  Ðgives€as€an€example€of€a€soldier€being€sent€to€the€east€to€fight€against€other€Kurds€the€case€of€AliÐ ¼  ÐÔ_ÔPedukÔ_Ô,€cited€by€Denise€Graf,€who€died€in€service€in€summer€1999€from€as€yet€unknown€causes.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ5.3€With€regard€to€the€convocations€to€the€consulate,€the€author€maintains€that€it€was€indeed€hisÐ €Ð Ðbrother€who€told€him€that€he€had€been€called€up€in€Turkey€and€who€had€received€the€twoÐ l¼ Ðconvocations,€which€called€on€his€brother€to€go€to€the€Turkish€consulate€in€Geneva€to€explain€theÐ X ¨ Ðauthor's€situation.€The€consulate€had,€unfortunately,€not€kept€copies€of€the€convocations,€which€hadÐ D!” Ðbeen€returned€to€Turkey€after€one€month,€in€accordance€with€usual€practice.€Moreover,€the€authorÐ 0"€  Ðsays€he€did€specify€"unless€he€was€mistaken"€when€giving€the€dates€of€1995€and€1997€for€theÐ #l! Ðconvocations.€The€argument€put€forward€by€the€State€party€on€this€point€is€therefore€irrelevant.€Ð $X" ÐÌ5.4€The€author€recalls€that€in€addition€to€the€sentence€of€two€to€three€years'€imprisonment€for€draft„Ð à%0!$ Ðevaders,€the€latter€are€not€released€from€their€military€service€after€serving€the€sentence;€it€is€preciselyÐ Ì&"% Ðthis€injustice€that€the€author€denounces.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ5.5€The€author€reaffirms€that€his€political€activities€consisted€of€taking€part€in€demonstrations€andÐ )à$( Ðmeetings,€distributing€pamphlets,€acting€as€a€host€and€collecting€money.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ5.6€With€respect€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€author€is€afraid€not€only€of€the€sentence€forÐ T,¤'+ Ðdesertion€and€the€torture€he€will€suffer€during€that€sentence€but€also€of€being€sent€to€the€front€and€theÐ @-(, Ðrisk€of€being€killed€during€a€clash.€Ð ° ÐÌ5.7€With€regard€to€the€time€lapse€between€his€arrival€in€Switzerland€and€his€application€for€asylum,Ð ˆØ Ðthe€author€had€already€provided€an€explanation€in€his€appeal€to€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€onÐ tÄ ÐAsylum€Matters€and€had€explained€that€the€delay€was€unrelated€to€the€reasons€for€his€application.Ð `° ÐAlso,€the€author's€brother€had€suggested€that€he€rest€before€submitting€his€application€because€he€wasÐ L œ Ðscared€and€stressed.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ5.8€On€the€question€of€the€date€of€his€arrival€in€Switzerland,€the€author€did€not€agree€that€theÐ  ` Ðinspections€on€entry€into€Turkey€were€systematic.€He€also€pointed€out€that€he€was€17€years€old€whenÐ ü L  Ðhe€returned,€so€that€there€was€nothing€in€his€appearance€to€attract€the€attention€of€customs€officers.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ5.9€The€author€confirms€the€official€nature€of€the€statement€by€the€mayor€of€Ô_ÔCalgiÔ_Ô€and€stresses€thatÐ À  Ðthe€consulate's€interpreter€is€often€asked€to€work€as€a€translator€in€Fribourg€and€knows€how€to€beÐ ¬ü  Ðdiscreet€while€respecting€professional€secrecy.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ5.10€The€author€reiterates€his€belief€that€Kurdish€draft„evaders€are€regularly€sent€to€the€south„easternÐ pÀ Ðfront€to€fight€against€other€Kurds€and€on€this€point€refers€once€again€to€the€statements€of€DeniseÐ \¬ ÐGraf.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.11€Lastly,€the€author€presents€as€new€factors€the€fact€that€his€father€died€in€Bursa€on€11€FebruaryÐ  p Ð2000€and€that€because€of€his€fears€he€had€not€wished€to€go€to€the€funeral€even€though€all€his€familyÐ  \ Ðwould€be€there.€Furthermore,€some€new€developments€in€the€conflict€between€the€TurkishÐ øH ÐGovernment€and€the€Kurds€have€convinced€the€author€that€the€risks€to€his€person€are€as€great€as€ever.Ð ä4 ÐOn€the€basis€of€various€news€stories,€he€draws€particular€attention€to€the€abuses€committed€byÐ Ð  ÐÔ_ÔHezbollahÔ_Ô€against€the€Kurds€and€to€the€fact€that€the€announcement€by€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€that€it€is€giving€upÐ ¼  Ðthe€armed€struggle€is€mainly€intended€to€save€its€leader's€head.€As€proof€that€the€conflict€really€isÐ ¨ø Ðcontinuing,€the€author€recalls€that€three€Kurdish€mayors€have€recently€been€arrested€for€their€allegedÐ ”ä Ðlinks€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Ð €Ð ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Ô_ÔCommitteeóóÔ_ÔÐ X ¨ ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€against€TortureÐ 0"€  Ðmust€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€hasÐ #l! Ðascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€the€Convention,€that€the€sameÐ $X" Ðmatter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€international€investigationÐ ô$D # Ðor€settlement.€In€the€case€in€point,€the€Committee€also€notes€that€all€domestic€remedies€have€beenÐ à%0!$ Ðexhausted€and€that€the€State€party€has€not€contested€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€ItÐ Ì&"% Ðtherefore€considers€the€communication€to€be€admissible.€Since€both€the€State€party€and€the€authorÐ ¸'#& Ðhave€provided€observations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€proceedsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðimmediately€with€the€consideration€of€those€merits.€Ð )à$( ÐÌ6.2€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€author€to€Turkey€wouldÐ h+¸&* Ðviolate€the€obligation€of€the€State€party€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€to€returnÐ T,¤'+ Ða€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€or€she€would€beÐ @-(, Ðin€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€Ð ° ÐÐ Ð6.3€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€1,€whether€there€are€substantialÐ ˆØ Ðgrounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€returnÐ tÄ Ðto€Turkey.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€account€all€relevantÐ `° Ðconsiderations,€pursuant€to€article€3,€paragraph€2,€including€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€ofÐ L œ Ðgross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€the€determination,€however,€is€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðestablish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€tortureÐ $ t Ðin€the€country€to€which€he€would€return.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,Ð  ` Ðflagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€sufficientÐ ü L  Ðgrounds€for€determining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€tortureÐ è 8  Ðupon€his€return€to€that€country.€Other€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individual€concernedÐ Ô$  Ðwould€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€flagrant€violations€ofÐ À  Ðhuman€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€might€not€be€subjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specificÐ ¬ü  Ðcircumstances.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ6.4€The€Committee€recalls€its€general€comment€on€the€implementation€of€article€3,€which€includesÐ pÀ Ðthe€following:€Ð \¬ ÐÐ Ð"Bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€and€the€Committee€are€obliged€to€assess€whether€there€areÐ 4„ Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€tortureÐ  p Ðwere€he/she€to€be€expelled,€returned€or€extradited,€the€risk€of€torture€must€be€assessed€on€groundsÐ  \ Ðthat€go€beyond€mere€theory€or€suspicion.€However,€the€risk€does€not€have€to€meet€the€test€of€beingÐ øH Ðhighly€probable"€(A/53/44,€annex€IX,€para.€6).Ð ä4 ÐÌ6.5€In€the€present€instance,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€draws€attention€toÐ ¼  Ðinconsistencies€and€contradictions€in€the€author's€account,€casting€doubt€on€the€truthfulness€of€hisÐ ¨ø Ðallegations.€It€also€takes€note€of€the€explanations€provided€by€counsel€in€this€respect.€Ð ”ä ÐÌ6.6€From€the€information€submitted€by€the€author,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€events€thatÐ l¼ Ðprompted€his€departure€from€Turkey€date€back€to€1995.€However,€the€arguments€put€forward€by€theÐ X ¨ ÐState€party€with€regard€to€the€actual€date€on€which€the€author€arrived€in€Switzerland€have€not€led€theÐ D!” Ðauthor€to€produce€any€arguments€that€might€sway€the€Committee€or€to€produce€evidence€of€hisÐ 0"€  Ðpresence€in€Turkey€during€the€disputed€period.€Ð #l! ÐÌ6.7€The€Committee€also€notes€that€the€author€has€not€provided€any€evidence€of€his€membership€of,Ð ô$D # Ðor€his€activities€in,€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€or€Ô_ÔYCKÔ_Ô.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ6.8€Lastly,€the€Committee€believes€that€the€arguments€put€forward€by€the€author€with€regard€to€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðcall„up€are€marred€by€inconsistencies,€that€the€author's€apparent€inability€to€produce€the€allegedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconvocations€issued€by€the€Turkish€consulate€in€Geneva€is€questionable€and€that€the€only€documentÐ )à$( Ðproduced€to€back€up€this€part€of€the€communication€contains€nothing€that€might€establish€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðtruthfulness€of€his€version€of€events.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ6.9€On€the€basis€of€the€above€considerations,€the€Committee€takes€the€view€that€the€informationÐ @-(, Ðbefore€it€does€not€show€that€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€will€beÐ ° Ðpersonally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€he€is€sent€back€to€Turkey.€Ð œì ÐÐ Ð6.10€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention€againstÐ tÄ ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€concludes€that€the€StateÐ `° Ðparty's€decision€to€return€the€author€to€Turkey€does€not€constitute€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theÐ L œ ÐConvention.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.]