ÿWPC} {\l6† Gü%~uˆ/Vx(MñC¢ÿWcØ)ḭ̈}de'È2rØÏ;¬ ƒ8Óõ[8ÜÙÆ¾bHÒÂÐÖFE|¼+Ÿ°  g¸R~VkÓMš5­íßRÌäžBç0F¹ÜN!Ò;‰" _¶4†‚”²æÒN$Yþ¸&ì’:kÛF„Áó-F&¿…à‡™çK*T½Ä)øŒ;O'z串ò†…Óî*¦¥çÇÃF*KåVÅe"& »zØš%pÍZ×ÅÔt˜Ìk '£ûóç6—P1ã8Š $ÍMèF/µ¯%à Î~H]ò¡¯¹@šCíŸdG}› ¯§ãÀ`FçÊÑŽyð,¨CðTRIœj¾Ì`&ö¦0Šw* Í𬊿ýçÀs,ô3LCT¢o½úšüFÃS[¤W y§'ùnvŸî¶Ôˆ 7Efq>²d!ƒ~Zù· §Ü¿ l€þl‰µTÝâžì¯s @–EÀô&î)Aþ|<$c>˜%ò‹³‚¯¯“a/(Õ pãµýL`~¥~Öîí$‚z%<-ÁwþcŽvþ¦öU©…HG*Å_jMöaÉ-ÏØ[ÌÂ/èÚcu5v'íÌ _²Â ¼øÂeÐ^U>–ÌÔ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ê 0iIƲ 0Ñx 0(I D+q AMœ œ œ é 0Nù 0¶G #Áý UN¾ % M(N>^ @wL4Pd mfô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Lilian Celiberti de Casariego v. Uruguay, Communication No. 56/1979 (29 July 1981), U.N. D429 July 1981), U.N. D"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2`P$££Ý ƒv‘!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XõÇXXXÔÔ€XõÇXXXõÇÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(Žv‘$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xñ“XXXÔÔ€Xñ“XXXñ“Ô˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX~û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒv‘!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XõÇXXXÔÔ€XõÇXXXõÇÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô€v.€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€56/1979Ð H˜ ÐÌ29€July€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Lilian€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô€on€17€July€1979€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Uruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€29€July€1981€(thirteenth€session)óó€Ð Ü, ÐÌÓ  ÓÌòòò òViews€under€articles€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóòò€1óóÐ ŽÞ ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€17€July€1979€and€further€letters€datedÐ @ Ð5€and€20€March€1980),€is€Francesco€Ô_ÔCavallaroÔ_Ô,€practicing€lawyer€in€Milan,€Italy,€acting€onÐ &v Ðbehalf€of€Lilian€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô,€who€is€imprisoned€in€Uruguay.€The€lawyer€hasÐ  \ Ðsubmitted€a€duly€authenticated€copy€of€a€General€Power€of€Attorney€to€act€on€her€behalf.€Ð òB ÐÌ2.1€In€his€submission€of€17€July€1979€the€author€of€the€communication€alleges€the€following:€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.2€Since€1974€Lilian€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô,€a€Uruguayan€citizen€by€birth€and€of€ItalianÐ Š Ú Ðnationality€based€on€Ô_ÔjusÔ_Ô€sanguinis,€had€been€living€in€Milan,€Italy,€with€her€husband€and€twoÐ p!À  Ðchildren.€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€had€been€authorized€to€leave€Uruguay€in€1974.€While€in€UruguayÐ V"¦! Ðshe€had€been€an€active€member€of€the€Resistencia€Ô_ÔObreroÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔEstudiantilÔ_Ô€and€in€this€connectionÐ <#Œ" Ðshe€had€been€arrested€for€"security€reasons",€and€subsequently€released,€several€times.€InÐ "$r# Ð1978€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô,€her€two€children€(3€and€5€years€of€age)€and€Ô_ÔUniversindoÔ_Ô€RodriguezÐ %X $ ÐDiaz,€a€Uruguayan€exile€living€in€Sweden,€traveled€to€Porto€Alegre€(Brazil)€purportedly€toÐ î%>!% Ðcontact€Uruguayan€exiles€living€there.€The€author€claims€that,€based€on€informationÐ Ô&$"& Ðgathered,€inter€alia,€by€representatives€of€private€international€organizations,€the€Lawyers'Ð º' #' ÐAssociation€in€Brazil,€journalists,€Brazilian€parliamentarians€and€Italian€authorities,€Mrs.Ð  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€arrested€on€12€November€1978€together€with€her€two€children€and€Ô_ÔUniversindoÔ_ÔÐ †)Ö$) ÐRodriguez€Diaz€in€their€apartment,€in€Porto€Alegre,€by€Uruguayan€agents€with€theÐ l*¼%* Ðconnivance€of€two€Brazilian€police€officials€(against€whom€relevant€charges€have€beenÐ R+¢&+ Ðbrought€by€Brazilian€authorities€in€this€connection).€From€12€November€probably€to€19Ð 8,ˆ', ÐNovember€1978,€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€detained€in€her€apartment€in€Porto€Alegre.€The€childrenÐ -n(- Ðwere€separated€from€their€mother€and€were€kept€for€several€days€in€the€office€of€the€BrazilianÐ ° Ðpolitical€police.€The€mother€and€the€children€were€then€driven€together€to€the€UruguayanÐ –æ Ðborder€where€they€were€separated€again.€The€children€were€brought€to€MontevideoÐ |Ì Ð(Uruguay)€where€they€remained€for€11€days€in€a€place€together€with€many€other€childrenÐ b² Ðbefore€being€handed€over€on€25€November€1978€by€a€judge€to€their€maternal€grandparents.Ð H˜ ÐMrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€forcibly€abducted€into€Uruguayan€territory€and€kept€in€detention.€On€25Ð . ~ ÐNovember€1978€the€Ô_ÔFuerzasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔConjuntasÔ_Ô€of€Uruguay€publicly€confirmed€the€arrest€of€Mrs.Ð  d ÐÔ_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô,€her€two€children€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔUniversindoÔ_Ô€Rodriguez€Diaz,€alleging€that€they€had€triedÐ ú J Ðto€cross€the€Brazilian„Uruguayan€border€secretly€with€subversive€material.€Until€16€MarchÐ à 0 Ð1979,€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€held€incommunicado.€At€that€time€she€was€detained€in€MilitaryÐ Æ   ÐCamp€No.€13,€but€neither€her€relatives€nor€other€persons,€including€representatives€of€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐItalian€Consulate,€were€allowed€to€visit€her.€On€23€March€1979,€it€was€decided€to€charge€herÐ ’â  Ðwith€"subversive€association",€"violation€of€the€Constitution€by€conspiracy€and€preparatoryÐ xÈ  Ðacts€thereto"€and€with€other€violations€of€the€Military€Penal€Code€in€conjunction€with€theÐ ^®  Ðordinary€Penal€Code.€She€was€ordered€to€be€tried€by€a€Military€Court.€It€was€further€decidedÐ D”  Ðto€keep€her€in€"preventive€custody"€and€to€assign€an€ex€officio€defense€lawyer€to€her.€Ð *z  ÐÌ2.3€The€author€claims€that€the€following€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ öF Ðand€Political€Rights€have€been€violated€by€the€Uruguayan€authorities€in€respect€of€LilianÐ Ü, ÐÔ_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô:€articles€9,€10€and€14.€Ð  ÐÌ3.€On€10€October€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,Ð tÄ Ðrequesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility.€Ð Zª ÐÌ4.1€By€a€note€dated€14€December€1979€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theÐ &v Ðcommunication€on€the€ground€that€the€same€matter€had€been€submitted€to€the€Inter„AmericanÐ  \ ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€and€referred€to€case€No.€4529,€dated€15€August€1979.€Ð òB ÐÌ4.2€In€a€further€submission€dated€5€March€1980,€the€author€states€that,€as€the€legalÐ ¾ Ðrepresentative€of€Lilian€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCasariegoÔ_Ô,€he€cannot€rule€out€the€possibility€of€her€caseÐ ¤ô Ðhaving€been€submitted€to€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights.€He€claims,Ð Š Ú Ðhowever,€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee's€competence€is€not€excluded€for€the€followingÐ p!À  Ðreasons:€(a)€the€communication€relating€to€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€submitted€to€the€Human€RightsÐ V"¦! ÐCommittee€on€17€July€1979,€i.e.,€before€the€matter€reached€the€Inter„American€CommissionÐ <#Œ" Ðon€Human€Rights;€(b)if€the€case€was€submitted€to€the€Inter„American€Commission€onÐ "$r# ÐHuman€Rights€by€a€third€party,€this€cannot€prejudice€the€right€of€the€legal€representative€ofÐ %X $ ÐMrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€to€choose€the€international€body€to€protect€her€interests.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ5.€On€2€April€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€(a)€Having€ascertained€from€theÐ º' #' Ðsecretariat€of€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€that€a€case€concerningÐ  (ð#( ÐLilian€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô€was€submitted€by€an€unrelated€third€party€and€opened€on€2€August€1979Ð †)Ö$) Ðunder€No.€4529,€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ(b)€Concluding€that€it€is€not€prevented€from€considering€the€communication€submitted€to€itÐ 8,ˆ', Ðby€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCelibertiÔ_Ô's€legal€representative€on€17€July€1979€by€reason€of€the€subsequent€openingÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôof€a€case€by€an€unrelated€third€party€under€the€procedure€of€the€Inter„American€CommissionÐ ° Ðon€Human€Rights,€Ð –æ ÐÌ(c)€Being€unable€to€conclude€that,€with€regard€to€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€on€theÐ b² Ðbasis€of€the€information€before€it,€there€were€any€further€remedies€which€the€alleged€victimÐ H˜ Ðshould€or€could€have€pursued,€Ð . ~ ÐÌTherefore€decided:€Ð ú J ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð Æ   ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beÐ ’â  Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ xÈ  Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifÐ ^®  Ðany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð D”  ÐÌ6.€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ ` Ðexpired€on€29€October€1980.€Up€to€date€no€such€submission€has€been€received€from€the€StateÐ öF Ðparty.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€it€has€been€informed€by€the€Government€ofÐ ¨ø ÐUruguay€in€another€case€(No.€9/1977,€Edgardo€D.€Santullo€Valcada€v.€Uruguay)€that€theÐ ŽÞ Ðremedy€of€habeas€corpus€is€not€applicable€to€persons€detained€under€the€"prompt€securityÐ tÄ Ðmeasures".€Ð Zª ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€considering€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÐ &v Ðinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ  \ ÐProtocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€as€set€out€by€the€author€inÐ òB Ðthe€absence€of€any€comments€thereupon€by€the€State€party.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ9.€On€12€November€1978€Lilian€Celiberti€de€Casariego€was€arrested€in€Porto€Alegre€(Brazil)Ð ¤ô Ðtogether€with€her€two€children€and€with€Universindo€Rodriguez€Diaz.€The€arrest€was€carriedÐ Š Ú Ðout€by€Uruguayan€agents€with€the€connivance€of€two€Brazilian€police€officials.€From€12€toÐ p!À  Ð19€November€1978,€Mrs.€Celiberti€was€detained€in€her€apartment€in€Porto€Alegre€and€thenÐ V"¦! Ðdriven€to€the€Uruguayan€border.€She€was€forcibly€abducted€into€Uruguayan€territory€andÐ <#Œ" Ðkept€in€detention.€On€25€November€1978€the€Fuerzas€Conjuntas€of€Uruguay€publiclyÐ "$r# Ðconfirmed€the€arrest€of€Mrs.€Celiberti,€her€two€children€and€Mr.€Universindo€RodriguezÐ %X $ ÐDiaz,€alleging€that€they€had€tried€to€cross€the€Brazilian€Uruguayan€border€secretly€withÐ î%>!% Ðsubversive€material.€Until€16€March€1979,€Mrs.€Celiberti€was€held€incommunicado.€On€23Ð Ô&$"& ÐMarch€1979,€she€was€charged€with€"subversive€association",€"violation€of€the€ConstitutionÐ º' #' Ðby€conspiracy€and€preparatory€acts€thereto",€and€with€other€violations€of€the€Military€PenalÐ  (ð#( ÐCode€in€conjunction€with€the€ordinary€Penal€Code.€She€was€ordered€to€be€tried€by€a€MilitaryÐ †)Ö$) ÐCourt.€She€was€ordered€to€be€kept€in€"preventive€custody"€and€assigned€an€ex€officio€defenseÐ l*¼%* Ðlawyer.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ10.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€observes€that€although€the€arrest€and€initial€detentionÐ -n(- Ðof€Lilian€Celiberti€de€Casariego€allegedly€took€place€on€foreign€territory,€the€Committee€isÐ ° Ðnot€barred€either€by€virtue€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€("...€individuals€subject€to€itsÐ –æ Ðjurisdiction€...€")€or€by€virtue€of€article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€("...€individuals€within€itsÐ |Ì Ðterritory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€...")€from€considering€these€allegations,€together€withÐ b² Ðthe€claim€of€subsequent€abduction€into€Uruguayan€territory,€inasmuch€as€these€acts€wereÐ H˜ Ðperpetrated€by€Uruguayan€agents€acting€on€foreign€soil.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ10.2€The€reference€in€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€"individuals€subject€to€itsÐ ú J Ðjurisdiction"€does€not€affect€the€above€conclusion€because€the€reference€in€that€article€is€notÐ à 0 Ðto€the€place€where€the€violation€occurred,€but€rather€to€the€relationship€between€theÐ Æ   Ðindividual€and€the€State€in€relation€to€a€violation€of€any€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐCovenant,€wherever€they€occurred.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ10.3€Article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€places€an€obligation€upon€a€State€party€to€respect€and€toÐ ^®  Ðensure€rights€"to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction",€but€it€doesÐ D”  Ðnot€imply€that€the€State€party€concerned€cannot€be€held€accountable€for€violations€of€rightsÐ *z  Ðunder€the€Covenant€which€its€agents€commit€upon€the€territory€of€another€State,€whetherÐ ` Ðwith€the€acquiescence€of€the€Government€of€that€State€or€in€opposition€to€it.€According€toÐ öF Ðarticle€5€(1)€of€the€Covenant:€Ð Ü, ÐÌNothing€in€the€present€Covenant€may€be€interpreted€as€implying€for€any€State,€group€orÐ ¨ø Ðperson€any€right€to€engage€in€any€activity€or€perform€any€act€aimed€at€the€destruction€of€anyÐ ŽÞ Ðof€the€rights€and€freedoms€recognized€herein€or€at€their€limitation€to€a€greater€extent€than€isÐ tÄ Ðprovided€for€in€the€present€Covenant.€Ð Zª ÐÌIn€line€with€this,€it€would€be€unconscionable€to€so€interpret€the€responsibility€under€articleÐ &v Ð2€of€the€Covenant€as€to€permit€a€State€party€to€perpetrate€violations€of€the€Covenant€on€theÐ  \ Ðterritory€of€another€State,€which€violations€it€could€not€perpetrate€on€its€own€territory.€Ð òB ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ ¾ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€byÐ ¤ô Ðthe€Committee,€disclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ Š Ú ÐRights,€in€particular€of:€Ð p!À  ÐÌArticle€9€(1),€because€the€act€of€abduction€into€Uruguayan€territory€constituted€an€arbitraryÐ <#Œ" Ðarrest€and€detention;€Ð "$r# ÐÌArticle€10€(1),€because€Lilian€Celiberti€de€Casariego€was€kept€incommunicado€for€fourÐ î%>!% Ðmonths;€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌArticle€14€(3)€(b),€because€she€had€no€counsel€of€her€own€choosing;€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌArticle€14€(3)€(c),€because€she€was€not€tried€without€undue€delay.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ12.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðpursuant€to€article€2€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€to€provide€Lilian€Celiberti€de€Casariego€withÐ -n(- Ðeffective€remedies,€including€her€immediate€release,€permission€to€leave€the€country€andÐ ° Ðcompensation€for€the€violations€which€she€has€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€thatÐ –æ Ðsimilar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ð |Ì ÐÌÌ___________Ð . ~ ÐÌ1/€€€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion€submitted€by€a€Committee€member€is€appended€toÐ ú J Ðthese€views.€Ð à 0 ÐÌÌò òòòÓ  ÓAppendix€ó óóóÐ ’â  ÐÓ¦=ÓÌÌòòIndividual€opinion€submitted€by€a€member€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€rule€94Ð D”  Ð(3)€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure€Ð *z  ÐCommunication€No.€56/1979óó€Ð ` ÐÌòòIndividual€opinion€appended€to€the€Committee's€views€at€the€request€of€Mr.€ChristianÐ Ü, ÐTomuschatóó:€Ð  ÐÌI€concur€in€the€views€expressed€by€the€majority.€None€the€less,€the€arguments€set€out€inÐ ŽÞ Ðparagraph€10€for€affirming€the€applicability€of€the€Covenant€also€with€regard€to€those€eventsÐ tÄ Ðwhich€have€taken€place€outside€Uruguay€need€to€be€clarified€and€expanded.€Indeed,€the€firstÐ Zª Ðsentence€in€paragraph€10.3,€according€to€which€article€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€does€not€implyÐ @ Ðthat€a€State€party€"cannot€be€held€accountable€for€violations€of€rights€under€the€CovenantÐ &v Ðwhich€its€agents€commit€upon€the€territory€of€another€State",€is€too€broadly€framed€andÐ  \ Ðmight€therefore€give€rise€to€misleading€conclusions.€In€principle,€the€scope€of€application€ofÐ òB Ðthe€Covenant€is€not€susceptible€to€being€extended€by€reference€to€article€5,€a€provisionÐ Ø( Ðdesigned€to€cover€instances€where€formally€rules€under€the€Covenant€seem€to€legitimizeÐ ¾ Ðactions€which€substantially€run€counter€to€its€purposes€and€general€spirit.€Thus,€GovernmentsÐ ¤ô Ðmay€never€use€the€limitation€clauses€supplementing€the€protected€rights€and€freedoms€toÐ Š Ú Ðsuch€an€extent€that€the€very€substance€of€those€rights€and€freedoms€would€be€annihilated;Ð p!À  Ðindividuals€are€legally€barred€from€availing€themselves€of€the€same€rights€and€freedoms€withÐ V"¦! Ða€view€to€overthrowing€the€regime€of€the€rule€of€law€which€constitutes€the€basic€philosophyÐ <#Œ" Ðof€the€Covenant.€In€the€present€case,€however,€the€Covenant€does€not€even€provide€theÐ "$r# Ðpretext€for€a€"right"€to€perpetrate€the€criminal€acts€which,€according€to€the€Committee'sÐ %X $ Ðconviction,€have€been€perpetrated€by€the€Uruguayan€authorities.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌTo€construe€the€words€"within€its€territory"€pursuant€to€their€strict€literal€meaning€asÐ º' #' Ðexcluding€any€responsibility€for€conduct€occurring€beyond€the€national€boundaries€would,Ð  (ð#( Ðhowever,€lead€to€utterly€absurd€results.€The€formula€was€intended€to€take€care€of€objectiveÐ †)Ö$) Ðdifficulties€which€might€impede€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€specific€situations.Ð l*¼%* ÐThus,€a€State€party€is€normally€unable€to€ensure€the€effective€enjoyment€of€the€rights€underÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€Covenant€to€its€citizens€abroad,€having€at€its€disposal€only€the€tools€of€diplomaticÐ 8,ˆ', Ðprotection€with€their€limited€potential.€Instances€of€occupation€of€foreign€territory€offerÐ -n(- Ðanother€example€of€situations€which€the€drafters€of€the€Covenant€had€in€mind€when€theyÐ ° Ðconfined€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€their€own€territory.€All€these€factual€patterns€haveÐ –æ Ðin€common,€however,€that€they€provide€plausible€grounds€for€denying€the€protection€of€theÐ |Ì ÐCovenant.€It€may€be€concluded,€therefore,€that€it€was€the€intention€of€the€drafters,€whoseÐ b² Ðsovereign€decision€cannot€be€challenged,€to€restrict€the€territorial€scope€of€the€Covenant€inÐ H˜ Ðview€of€such€situations€where€enforcing€the€Covenant€would€be€likely€to€encounterÐ . ~ Ðexceptional€obstacles.€Never€was€it€envisaged,€however,€to€grant€States€parties€unfetteredÐ  d Ðdiscretionary€power€to€carry€out€wilful€and€deliberate€attacks€against€the€freedom€andÐ ú J Ðpersonal€integrity€of€their€citizens€living€abroad.€Consequently,€despite€the€wording€of€articleÐ à 0 Ð2€(1),€the€events€which€took€place€outside€Uruguay€come€within€the€purview€of€theÐ Æ   ÐCovenant.€