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:Outline208_1d23  d..<1 :Outline209_1d23  d..<+ :Outline338_123  ..<1 :Outline339_1d23  d..<+ :Outline356_123  ..($    \  `&Times New Roman(B2$ !UKUS.,    0  <6X9`(Courier New(\ Y`Symbol<6X9`(Courier  !UKUS.,  _X XXX @  @  @  @ ?+' '/ 7?G X?2 @ UKUK.,X XXX    @   2  USUK.,3 X XhX X XhX   UK.,US.,T  i  3fX XXX X XXX   ݀_Jabari_Ԁv.Turkey(para.40),EuropeanCourtofHumanRights,11July2000.USUK.,(, tQ+ Docume3|xU !UKUS.,  _    X XXX COMMITTEEAGAINSTTORTURE  A.S.v.Sweden  CommunicationNo.149/1999 p 24November2000 P  _CAT/C/25/D/149/1999_ 0  VIEWS  P  Submittedby:_A.S._Ԁ(namewithheld)      ` [representedbycounsel]  Allegedvictim:Theauthor  Stateparty:Sweden  Dateofcommunication:6November1999 `     TheCommitteeagainstTorture,establishedunderarticle17oftheConventionagainst  p TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment, `       Meetingon24November2000, @       HavingconcludeditsconsiderationofcommunicationNo.149/1999,submittedtothe   CommitteeagainstTortureunderarticle22oftheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel, ! InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment, "        Havingtakenintoaccountallinformationmadeavailabletoitbytheauthorofthe $" communication,hiscounselandtheStateparty, % #       AdoptsitsViewsunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConvention. `'"%   1.1  TheauthorofthecommunicationisA.S.,anIraniancitizencurrentlyresidingwithherson @)$' inSweden,wheresheisseekingrefugeestatus.TheauthorandhersonarrivedinSwedenon23 0*%( December1997andappliedforasylumon29December1997.Ms.S.claimsthatshewouldrisk  +p&) tortureandexecutionuponreturntotheIslamicRepublicofIranandthatherforcedreturntothat ,`'* countrywouldthereforeconstituteaviolationbySwedenofarticle3oftheConvention.Theauthor -P(+ isrepresentedbycounsel. -@), Ї1.2  Inaccordancewitharticle22,paragraph3,oftheConvention,theCommitteetransmitted  communicationNo.149/1999totheStatepartyon12November1999.Pursuanttorule108,  paragraph9,oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure,theStatepartywasrequestednottoexpelthe  authortotheIslamicRepublicofIranpendingconsiderationofhercasebytheCommittee.Ina  submissiondated12January2000theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethattheauthorwouldnot p beexpelledtohercountryoforiginwhilehercommunicationwasunderconsiderationbythe `  Committee. P   Thefactsassubmittedbytheauthor  0  2.1  TheauthorsubmitsthatshehasneverbeenpoliticallyactiveintheIslamicRepublicofIran. `  In1981,herhusband,whowasahighrankingofficerintheIranianAirForce,waskilledduring P  trainingincircumstancesthatremainunclear;ithasneverbeenpossibletodeterminewhetherhis @  deathwasanaccident.Accordingtotheauthor,sheandherhusbandbelongedtosecularminded 0  familiesopposedtotheregimeofthemullahs.   2.2  In1991,theGovernmentoftheIslamicRepublicofIrandeclaredtheauthorslatehusband  amartyr.TheauthorstatesthatmartyrdomisanissueofutmostimportancefortheShiaMuslims  inthatcountry.Allfamiliesofmartyrsaresupportedandsupervisedbyafoundation,the_Bonyad_Ԅe  _Shahid_,theCommitteeofMartyrs,whichconstitutesapowerfulauthorityinIraniansociety.Thus,  whiletheauthorandhertwosonsmateriallivingconditionsandstatusroseconsiderably,shehad p tosubmittotherigidrulesofIslamicsocietyevenmoreconscientiouslythanbefore.Oneofthe ` aimsof_Bonyad_Ԅe_Shahid_wastoconvincethemartyrswidowstoremarry,whichtheauthorrefused P todo. @   2.3  Attheendof1996oneoftheleadersofthe_Bonyad_Ԅe_Shahid_,thehighranking  p Ayatollah_Rahimian_,finallyforcedtheauthortomarryhimbythreateningtoharmherandher ` children,theyoungerofwhomishandicapped.TheAyatollahwasapowerfulmanwiththelawon P hisside.Theauthorclaimsthatshewasforcedintoasocalled_sighe_or_mutah_marriage,whichis @ ashorttermmarriage,inthepresentcasestipulatedforaperiodofoneandahalfyears,andis 0 recognizedlegallyonlybyShiaMuslims.Theauthorwasnotexpectedtolivewithher_sighe_   husband,buttobeathisdisposalforsexualserviceswheneverrequired. !   2.4  In1997,theauthormetandfellinlovewithaChristianman.Thetwometinsecret,since #! MuslimwomenarenotallowedtohaverelationshipswithChristians.Onenight,whentheauthor $" couldnotfindataxi,themandroveherhomeinhiscar.Ataroadblocktheywerestoppedbythe % # _Pasdaran_Ԁ(IranianRevolutionaryGuards),whosearchedthecar.Whenitbecameclearthattheman p&!$ wasChristianandtheauthoramartyrswidow,bothweretakenintocustodyat_Ozghol_Ԁpolice `'"% stationinthe_Lavison_ԀdistrictofTehran.Accordingtotheauthor,shehasnotseenthemansince, P(#& butclaimsthatsinceherarrivalinSwedenshehaslearnedthatheconfessedundertorturetoadultery @)$' andwasimprisonedandsentencedtodeathbystoning. 0*%(   2.5  Theauthorsaysthatshewasharshlyquestionedbythe_Zeinab_Ԁsisters,thefemaleequivalents ,`'* ofthe_Pasdaran_Ԁwhoinvestigatewomensuspectedof unIslamicbehaviour,andwasinformedthat -P(+ hercasehadbeentransmittedtotheRevolutionaryCourt.Whenitwasdiscoveredthattheauthor -@), wasnotonlyamartyrswidowbutalsothe_sighe_wifeofapowerfulayatollah,the_Pasdaran_  contactedhim.Theauthorwastakentotheayatollahshomewhereshewasseverelybeatenbyhim  forfiveorsixhours.Aftertwodaystheauthorwasallowedtoleaveandtheayatollahusedhis  influencetostopthecasebeingsenttotheRevolutionaryCourt.    2.6  Theauthorstatesthatpriortotheseeventsshehad,aftercertaindifficultiesobtainedavisa `  tovisithersisterinlawinSweden.Thetripwastotakeplacethedayaftersheleftthehomeofthe P  ayatollah.Accordingtotheinformationsubmitted,theauthorhadplannedtocontinuefromSweden @  toCanadawheresheandherloverhopedtobeabletoemigratesincehehadfamilythere,including 0  ason.SheleftIranwithheryoungersononavalidpassportandthevisapreviouslyobtained,  p  withoutdifficulty. `  2.7  TheauthorandhersonarrivedinSwedenon23December1997andappliedforasylumon @  29December1997.TheSwedishImmigrationBoardrejectedtheauthorsasylumclaimon13July 0  1998.On29October1999,theAliensAppealBoarddismissedherappeal.   2.8  TheauthorsubmitsthatsinceherdeparturefromIranshehasbeensentencedtodeathby  stoningforadultery.HersisterinlawinSwedenhasbeencontactedbytheayatollahwhotoldher  thattheauthorhadbeenconvicted.Shewasalsotoldthattheauthoritieshadfoundfilmsand  photographsofthecoupleintheChristianmansapartment,whichhadbeenusedasevidence.    2.9  TheauthordrawstheattentionoftheCommitteetoareportfromtheSwedishEmbassyin ` IranwhichstatesthatchapterIoftheIranian_hudud_law dealswithadultery,including_whoring_,and P incest,satisfactoryevidenceofwhichisaconfessionrepeatedfourtimesortestimonybyfour @ righteousmenwiththealternativeofthreemenandtwowomen,allofwhommustbeeyewitnesses. 0 Capitalpunishmentfollowsincasesofincestandotherspecifiedcases,e.g.whentheadultereris  p anonMuslimandtheabusedaMuslimwoman.Stoningiscalledforwhentheadultereris ` married.Thereportfurtherunderlinesthatevenifthesestrictrulesofevidencearenotmet,the P authorcanstillbesentencedtodeathunderthecriminallaw,wheretherulesofevidencearemore @ flexible. 0   2.10  TheauthorfurtherdrawstheattentionoftheCommitteetodocumentationsubmittedtothe ! Swedishimmigrationauthoritiestosupportherclaim,includingacertificatetestifyingtoherstatus "  asthewifeofamartyr.Shealsoincludesamedicalcertificatefrom_Kunglvs_ԀPsychiatricHospital #! indicatingthatshesuffersfromanxiety,insomnia,suicidalthoughtsandastrongfearforher $" personalsafetyifshewerereturnedtoIran.Thecertificatestatesthattheauthorhassymptomsof % # posttraumaticstresssyndromecombinedwithclinicaldepression. p&!$  Thecomplaint  P(#& 3.1  Theauthorclaimsthatthereexistsubstantialgroundstobelievethatshewouldbesubjected 0*%( totortureifshewerereturnedtotheIslamicRepublicofIran.Herforcedreturnwouldtherefore  +p&) constituteaviolationbySwedenofarticle3oftheConvention.Furthermore,theauthorsubmitsthat ,`'* thereisaconsistentpatternofgrosshumanrightsviolationsintheIslamicRepublicofIran, -P(+ circumstancesthatshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendecidingonexpulsion. -@), Ї  USUK.,&  "  UKUS.,X XXX     "-  TheStatepartysobservationsonadmissibilityandmerits"-7.  .Ԍ  Ќ US.,UK.,  X XXX   UK.,US.,-'-4.1  Initssubmissionof24January2000,theStatepartysubmitsthatitisnotawareofthe  presentmatterhavingbeenorbeingtheobjectofanyotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigation  orsettlement.Astotheadmissibilityofthecommunication,theStatepartyfurtherexplainsthat p accordingtotheSwedishAliensAct,theauthormayatanytimelodgeanewapplicationfora `  residencepermitwiththeAliensAppealBoard,basedonnewfactualcircumstanceswhichhavenot P  previouslybeenexamined.Finally,theStatepartycontendsthatthecommunicationisinadmissible @  asincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheConvention,andlackingthenecessarysubstantiation. 0    4.2  Astothemeritsofthecommunication,theStatepartyexplainsthatwhen `  determiningwhetherarticle3oftheConventionapplies,thefollowingconsiderationsarerelevant: P  (a)thegeneralsituationofhumanrightsinthereceivingcountry,althoughtheexistenceofa @  consistentpatternofgross,flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrightsisnotinitselfdeterminative; 0  and(b)thepersonalriskoftheindividualconcernedofbeingsubjectedtotortureinthecountryto   whichhe/shewouldbereturned.  4.3  TheStatepartyisawareofhumanrightsviolationstakingplaceintheIslamicRepublicof  Iran,includingextrajudicialandsummaryexecutions,disappearances,aswellaswidespreaduseof  tortureandotherdegradingtreatment.  4.4  Asregardsitsassessmentofwhetherornottheauthorwouldbepersonallyatriskofbeing ` subjectedtotortureifreturnedtotheIslamicRepublicofIran,theStatepartydrawstheattentionof P theCommitteetothefactthatseveraloftheprovisionsoftheSwedishAliensActreflectthesame @ principleastheonelaiddowninarticle3,paragraph1oftheConvention.TheStatepartyrecalls 0 thejurisprudenceoftheCommitteeaccordingtowhich,forthepurposesofarticle3,theindividual  p concernedmustfaceaforeseeable,realandpersonalriskofbeingtorturedinthecountrytowhich ` heorsheisreturned.TheStatepartyfurtherreferstotheCommitteesgeneralcommentonthe P implementationofarticle3oftheConventionwhichstatesthattheriskoftorturemustbeassessed @ ongroundsthatgobeyondmeretheoryorsuspicion,althoughtheriskdoesnothavetomeetthetest 0 ofbeinghighlyprobable.   4.5  TheStatepartyrecallsthattheauthorofthepresentcommunicationhasnotbelongedtoany "  politicalorganizationandhasnotbeenpoliticallyactiveinherhomecountry.Theauthorassertsthat #! shehasbeensentencedtostoningbyaRevolutionaryCourtintheIslamicRepublicofIran,a $" judgementwhichshemaintainswouldbeenforcedifsheweretobesentbackthere.TheStateparty % # statesthatitreliesontheevaluationofthefactsandevidenceandtheassessmentoftheauthors p&!$ credibilitymadebytheSwedishImmigrationBoardandtheAliensAppealBoardupontheir `'"% examinationoftheauthorsclaim. P(#&   4.6  Initsdecisionof13July1998,theSwedishImmigrationBoardnotedthatapartfromgiving 0*%( thenamesofher_sighe_husbandandherChristianfriend,theauthorhadinseveralrespectsfailedto  +p&) submitverifiableinformationsuchastelephonenumbers,addressesandnamesofherChristian ,`'*  friendsfamilymembers.TheImmigrationBoardfounditunlikelythattheauthorclaimedtohave -P(+ noknowledgeofherChristianfriendsexacthomeaddressandnotedinthiscontextthattheauthor  didnotevenwanttosubmitherownhomeaddressintheIslamicRepublicofIran.     4.7  TheImmigrationBoardfurthernotedthattheauthorduringtheinitialinquiryhadstatedthat  a_Pasdaran_Ԁfriendhadgivenherphotographsofpeopleinthe_Evin_Ԁprisonwhohadbeentortured, p whichshehadrequested outofcuriosityandwhichshegavetoherChristianfriendalthoughshe `   didntknowwhathewantedthemfor.TheImmigrationBoardjudgedthattheinformation P  providedbytheauthorinrelationtothisincidentlackedcredibilityandseemedtailoredsoasnot @  torevealverifiabledetails. 0  4.8  Finally,theImmigrationBoardquestionedthecredibilityoftheauthorsaccountofher `  marriagetotheayatollah,herrelationshipwiththeChristianmanandtheproblemsthathademerged P  asaresultofit. @    4.9  Initsdecisionof29October1999,theAliensAppealBoardagreedwiththeassessmentof   theImmigrationBoard.TheBoardfurtherreferredtothe_travaux_Ԁ_prparatoires_ofthe1989Aliens  Actwhichstatethattheassessmentofanasylumseekersclaimshouldbebasedontheapplicants  statementsifhis/herassertionsofpersecutionseemplausibleandtheactualfactscannotbe  elucidated.TheBoardnotedthattheauthorhadchosentobaseherapplicationforasylumonher  ownstatementsonlyandthatshehadnotsubmittedanywrittenevidenceinsupportofherclaim,  despitethefactthatshehadbeentoldoftheimportanceofdoingso. p   4.10  InadditiontothedecisionsoftheImmigrationBoardandtheAliensAppealBoard,theState P partyreferstothe_UNHCR_ԀHandbookonProceduresandCriteriaforDeterminingRefugeeStatus, @ accordingtowhich theapplicantshould:(_i_)(t)ellthetruthandassisttheexaminertothefullin 0 establishingthefactsofhiscase,[and](ii)(m)_ake_Ԁanefforttosupporthisstatementsbyany  p availableevidenceandgiveasatisfactoryexplanationforanylackofevidence.Ifnecessaryhemust ` makeanefforttoprocureadditionalevidence.Accordingtothe_UNHCR_ԀHandbook,theapplicant P shouldbegiventhebenefitofthedoubt,butonlywhenallavailableevidencehasbeenobtainedand @ checkedandwhentheexaminerissatisfiedastotheapplicantsgeneralcredibility. 0 4.11  Inthepresentcase,theStatepartyfirstremindstheCommitteethattheauthorhasrefused ! toprovideverifiableinformationandthatherreasonsfordoingso,i.e.thatshewasforbiddenbyher "  friendtodosoandthatnewtenantsarenowoccupyingherapartmentinTehran,arenotplausible. #! 4.12  Second,theStatepartymaintainsthatitseemsunlikelythattheauthor,solelyoutof % # curiosity,wouldwanttohavephotographsoftorturedpeopleinherpossession.Itseemsevenmore p&!$ unlikelythatshewouldhandoversuchphotographstosomeoneshehadknownonlyforafew `'"% months.Further,theStatepartynotesthatalthoughtheauthorclaimsthattheauthoritiesinthe P(#& IslamicRepublicofIranareinpossessionofafilmshowingherlastmeetingwithherfriend,no @)$' additionalinformationhasbeenprovidedbytheauthoronthisissue. 0*%(   4.13  Athirdreasonfordoubtingtheauthorscredibilityisthattheauthorhasnotsubmittedany ,`'* judgementorotherevidencetosupportherclaimthatshehasbeensentencedforadulterybya -P(+ RevolutionaryCourt.Inaddition,theauthorhasnotgivenanyexplanationastowhyhersisterin -@), lawwasnotabletoobtainacopyoftheRevolutionaryCourtsjudgementwhenshevisitedthe  IslamicRepublicofIran.Further,theStatepartynotesthataccordingtoinformationavailableto  it,theRevolutionaryCourtsin