ÿWPC5 Fb½¶qQ ±7SÓð@ï,ã8 ðxâÚ<ÓŒ­)Õ}‘E_Sø³>gžWFü>¯ÂÁ(ö…·øÕ¬Páf¼<ùñCâg¹òx k#Iín×ì©wFâU¦kòyŒßf¢Õ<º±„FxÐrIOé‹%¬¡M'WÔ‡­h:x½¢Ù±U·,âßtYHÐîà÷”í„P½$Ã1¹Ae )qˆic-ƒ íúèðC¯»!ðË0ÌòzáZ¯+H8®&9Á`\Ö™Æêñ©À]å,Ñ?Û:«£,W@Kp9bÌ\—àÇœþ=[E“Ù§ 1à¼áN_º´ˆÙÙl{|<íÆ=\H<¯¼o„£‰‡Ü•ÑËNA`ªÝdzµxqÊ«H\{ú¤Nù}·•žÚïÚ‹êO™ëŸœ×þ›RªSŠÎï»Ø6a&øú1¼>ª‡øÙ—1yë´2‚—š°K’O;xÂj©Ún7%Ž7k瀇f<‡ "t®î»½m›NÚM Õ£(8Y•DÝ4WLSâ[ýœÁƒ:È{K9Þu™‚?$ã ψ¦¡@«ÿI[mqõ¿ü-¯Îsò{–Pì{ã¯THå’CÕ~Ò§½oöïxeÞ¹Åÿ #ÁšUN[ %© 0:¯^ éwõ4ù  m˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô–<) dw:)üªŸ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòA.€D.€v.€CanadaóóÐ „Ô ÐÌCommunication€No.€78/1980Ð X¨ ÐÌ29€July€1984Ð , | ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ê :  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€A.€D.€[name€deleted]€Ð ¦ö  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€Ð tÄ  ÐÌòòState€party€concernedóó:€Canada€Ð B’ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€30€September€1980€(date€of€initial€letter)€óóÐ ` ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ É Ðand€Political€Rights,€Ð ² ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€29€July€1984,€Ð „Ô ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following,€Ð V¦ ÐÓWÓÌÌò òòòÓ  ÓDecision€on€inadmissibilityóóó ó€Ð a ÐÓ„ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€30€September€1980}€supplementaryÐ Ï!  Ðinformation€of€9€December€1980}€and€further€submissions€dated€26€June,€3€October,€11€NovemberÐ ¸"! Ð1981,€15€July€1982,€3€August€1983,€6€January€and€6€February€1984)€is€A.€D.,€"Ô_ÔJigap'tenÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔSanteoiÔ_ÔÐ ¡#ñ" ÐÔ_ÔMawa'iomiÔ_Ô"€-€Grand€Captain€-€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society.€He€submits€the€communication€onÐ Š$Ú# Ðbehalf€of€"the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€people"€who€claim€as€their€territory€the€lands€which€they€possessed€andÐ s%à $ Ðgoverned€at€the€time€when€they€entered€into€a€protection€treaty€with€Great€Britain€in€1952,€andÐ \&¬!% Ðwhich€are€known€today€as€Nova€Scotia,€Prince€Edward€Island,€and€parts€of€Newfoundland,€NewÐ E'•"& ÐBrunswick€and€the€Gasp,€peninsula€of€Quebec.€Ð .(~#' ÐÌ2.1€The€author€alleges€that€the€Government€of€Canada€has€denied€and€continues€to€deny€to€theÐ *P%) Ðpeople€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€the€right€of€self-determination,€in€violation€of€article€1€of€theÐ é*9&* ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€It€is€further€submitted€that€Canada€has€deprivedÐ Ò+"'+ Ðthe€alleged€victims€of€their€means€of€subsistence€and€has€enacted€and€enforced€laws€and€policiesÐ », (, Ðdestructive€of€the€family€life€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqsÔ_Ô€and€inimical€to€the€proper€education€of€their€children.€Ð ¤-ô(- Ї2.2€It€is€stated€to€be€the€objective€of€the€communication€that€the€traditional€Government€of€theÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€be€recognized€as€such€and€that€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€nation€be€recognized€as€a€State.€Ð ™é ÐÌ3.€Responding€to€a€request€by€the€Committee€for€clarification€(decision€of€29€October€1980)€A.€D.,Ð k» Ðin€a€letter€dated€9€December€1980,€reaffirms€that€the€communication€is€concerned€essentially€withÐ T¤ Ðthe€violation€of€article€1€of€the€Covenant€(...€"article€1€is€our€goal,€our€vision"€...)€and€rejectsÐ =  Ðcategorically€the€applicability€of€article€27€(concerning€the€rights€of€persons€belonging€toÐ & v Ðminorities).€He€also€submits€that€he€has€been€authorized€by€the€Grand€Council€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€peopleÐ  _ Ðto€represent€his€kinsmen€before€the€Committee.€a/€Ð ø H ÐÌ4.€By€its€decision€of€9€April€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€the€communicationÐ Ê   Ðunder€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€party€concerned,€requestingÐ ³  Ðinformation€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility€of€the€communication.€Ð œì  ÐÌ5.1€In€its€submissions,€dated€21€July€1981€and€17€May€1982,€the€State€party€objects€to€theÐ n¾  Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô,€on€the€ground€that€article€1€of€the€CovenantÐ W§  Ðcannot€affect€the€territorial€integrity€of€a€State,€a€principle€asserted€in€United€Nations€declarationsÐ @ Ðsuch€as€the€'Declaration€on€the€Granting€of€Independence€to€Colonial€Countries€and€Peoples'Ð )y Ð(General€Assembly€resolution€1514€(XV)€of€14€December€1960),€the€'Declaration€on€Principles€ofÐ b ÐInternational€Law€Concerning€Friendly€Relations€and€Co-operation€among€States€in€accordance€withÐ ûK Ðthe€Charter€of€the€United€Nations'€(General€Assembly€resolution€2625€(XXV)€of€24€October€1970)Ð ä4 Ðand€stated€in€a€great€number€of€legal€opinions.€Ð Í ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party€further€submits€that€the€communication€does€not€fulfil€the€requirements€ofÐ Ÿï Ðarticles€1€and€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€It€is€argued€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€A.€D.Ð ˆØ Ðcannot€claim€either€that€his€own€rights€have€been€violated,€since€according€to€article€1€(1)€of€theÐ qÁ ÐCovenant€the€right€of€self-determination€is€a€collective€right,€or€that€he€is€duly€authorized€under€theÐ Zª Ðrelevant€provisions€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€act€on€behalf€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€nation.€Ð C“ ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party€also€maintains€that€the€remedy€sought€in€the€case,€namely€the.€recognition€ofÐ e Ðstatehood,€goes€beyond€the€competence€of€the€Committee.€Ð þN ÐÌ5.4€Referring€to€allegations€advanced€by€A.€D.€relating€to€self-government,€education,€enfranchisingÐ Ð!   Ðof€aboriginal€people,€property€rights,€and€subsistence,€the€State€party€rejects€the€claims,€with€oneÐ ¹" ! Ðexception,€as€inadmissible,€contending€that€these€issues€derive€from€the€principal€issue€of€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðcommunication,€the€right€of€self-determination.€The€exception€in€this€connection€related€to€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðsituation€of€Indian€women€who€marry€non-Indians€and€thereby€lose€their€status€as€Indians.€The€StateÐ t%Ä $ Ðparty€refers€to€the€Indian€Act€1970,€which€provides€for€limited€self-government€of€the€aboriginalÐ ]&­!% Ðpeoples€to€laws€and€procedures€governing€their€land€claims€and€to€the€recently€amended€CanadianÐ F'–"& Ðconstitution,€the€Constitution€Act€1982,€which€in€its€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€envisages€equalÐ /(#' Ðprotection€of€the€human€rights€of€everyone€and€in€its€section€25€contains€specific€provisions€as€toÐ )h$( Ðthe€protection€of€rights€and€freedoms€of€the€aboriginal€peoples€of€Canada.€Ð *Q%) ÐÌ5.5€The€State€party€does€not€consider€the€issues€raised€by€the€author€concerning€the€legal€aspects€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthe€relationship€between€the€United€Kingdom,€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribe€and€Canada€to€be€relevant€in€theÐ ¼, (, Ðpresent€case,€since€it€considers€the€communication€inadmissible€on€the€issue€of€self-determination.€Ð ¥-õ(- ÐÔ_Ô‡6.1€By€letters,€dated€3€October€1981,€11€November€1981€and€15€July€1982,€A.€D.€submitted€hisÐ ° Ðcomments€to€the€State€party's€submissions€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€HeÐ ™é Ðrefutes€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible.€With€regard€to€the€StateÐ ‚Ò Ðparty's€argument€based€on€territorial€integrity,€he€contends€that€this€is€inapplicable€in€theÐ k» Ðcircumstances€of€the€case€'because€it€assumed€a€disputed€fact,€viz.€whether€the€territory€of€theÐ T¤ Ð'Mikmaq€Nationimouw'€ever€lawfully€became€part€of€the€territory€of€Canada'.€The€author€asserts€inÐ =  Ðthis€connection€that€the€territory€never€was€ceded€or€surrendered€to€Great€Britain€and,€therefore,€notÐ & v Ðto€Canada.€Ð  _ ÐÌ6.2€A.€D.€disagrees€with€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€right€of€self-determination€constitutesÐ á 1  Ðonly€a€collective€right,€citing€in€substantiation€the€United€Nations€study€on€the€Right€ofÐ Ê   ÐSelf-Determination,'1980,€b/prepared€by€Mr.€Hector€Gros-Espiell,€Special€Rapporteur€of€theÐ ³  ÐSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities.€A.€D.€submits€thatÐ œì  Ðthis€study€shows€that€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€has€repeatedly€invoked€self-determinationÐ …Õ  Ðas€the€right€of€individuals€as€much€as€a€right€of€peoples€collectively.€Ð n¾  ÐÌ6.3€The€author€further€challenges€the€validity€of€the€State€party's€submissions€on€the€substance€ofÐ @ Ð"subsidiary€violations€of€human€rights",€commenting€in€detail€on€the€issues€of€self-government,Ð )y Ðinvoluntary€enfranchisement,€education€rights,€property€and€human€rights€issues€relating€to€theÐ b ÐConstitution€Act,€1982.€He€suggests,€however,€that€before€more€evidence€is€Submitted€on€theseÐ ûK Ðmatters,€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€should€be€decided.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ6.4€A.€D.€finally€suggests€that€the€Committee€should,€if€it€finds€that€the€present€communication€callsÐ ¶ Ðoutside€its€competence,€bring€the€Mikmaq€people's€case€to€the€attention€of€the€Economic€and€SocialÐ Ÿï ÐCouncil€with€the€recommendation€that€an€advisory€opinion€be€sought€from€the€International€CourtÐ ˆØ Ðof€Justice.€Ð qÁ ÐÌ7.1€Before€considering€a€communication€on€the€merits,€the€Committee€must€ascertain€whether€itÐ C“ Ðfulfils€all€conditions€relating€to€its€admissibility€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ,| ÐÌ7.2€Articles€1€and€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol€provide€for€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€receiveÐ þN Ðand€consider€communications€from€individuals€who€claim€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€of€the€rightsÐ ç 7 Ðset€forth€in€the€Covenant.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌ7.3€The€communication€poses€in€particular€the€question€whether€Canada€has€violated€article€1€of€theÐ ¢#ò" ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€A.D.€claim€not€to€represent€a€minority€withinÐ ‹$Û# Ðthe€meaning€of€article€27,€but€a€people€within€the€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Covenant.€In€thisÐ t%Ä $ Ðcontext€he€also€alleges€that€the€right€of€parents€and€families€provided€for€in€article€23€in€connectionÐ ]&­!% Ðwith€article€18€has€been€violated,€most€particularly€with€regard€to€the€religious€education€of€theÐ F'–"& Ðchildren.€Ð /(#' ÐÔ_ÔÌ7.4€The€Committee€agreed€to€clarify€first€the€standing€of€the€author€in€so€far€as€he€claims€toÐ *Q%) Ðrepresent€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ7.5€While€seeking€to€clarify€the€standing€of€the€author,€the€Committee€received€a€'communique'Ð ¼, (, Ðdated€1€October€1982€from€the€Grand€Chief€of€the€Grand€Council€of€the€'Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society,€D.Ð ¥-õ(- ÐM.,€stating€that€nobody€was€authorized€to€speak€on€behalf€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€nation€or€on€behalf€of€theÐ ° ÐGrand€Council€or€the€Grand€Chief,€unless€the€latter€"will€give€this€authority€in€writing€to€the€personÐ ™é Ðor€persons€for€each€separate€correspondence".€Consequently,€the€Committee€requested€the€GrandÐ ‚Ò ÐCouncil€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€to€comment€on€or€clarify€A.€D.'s€authority€to€act€on€behalf€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_ÔÐ k» Ðtribe€and€to€provide€the€relevant€information€not€later€than€1€February€1983.€In€response,€R.€B.,€legalÐ T¤ Ðcounsel€for€A.€D.,€informed€the€Committee€by€telegram€of€31€January€1983€that€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€GrandÐ =  ÐCouncil€had€reaffirmed€the€authority€of€A.€D.€to€pursue€communication€No.€R.19/78€before€theÐ & v ÐCommittee€and€that€a€document€signed€to€this€effect€by€the€Grand€Council€would€be€transmitted€byÐ  _ Ðregistered€mail.€Ð ø H ÐÌ7.6€Six€months€later,€on€3€August€1983,€a€letter€mandating€the€legal€counsel€of€A.€D.,€Mr.€R.€B.,€toÐ Ê   Ðrepresent€the€Grand€Council€was€received.€This€'Commission'€was€signed€by€the€author€of€theÐ ³  Ðcommunication€himself€and€by€the€Assistant€Grand€Chief.€The€content€of€the€'Commission'€showsÐ œì  Ðclearly€that€it€is€not€the€Grand€Council€in€its€legal€entity€which€authorizes€A.€D.€to€act€but€that€it€isÐ …Õ  Ðthe€author€himself€who€confirms€his€self-authorization.€Ð n¾  ÐÌ7.7€Later€submissions€of€the€author€dated€6€January€and€6€February€1984€referred€to€the€substanceÐ @ Ðof€his€complaints€without€providing€evidence€on€his€standing€in€the€case€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€people€Ð )y ÐÌ8.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ ûK Ðshall,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure€decide€whether€or€not€it€isÐ ä4 Ðadmissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð Í ÐÌ8.2€The€Human€Rights€Committee€observes€that€the€author€has€not€proven€that€he€is€authorized€toÐ Ÿï Ðact€as€a€representative€on€behalf€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society.€In,€addition,€the€author€has€failed€toÐ ˆØ Ðadvance€any€pertinent€facts€supporting€his€claim€that€he€is€personally€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€anyÐ qÁ Ðrights€contained€in€the€Covenant.€Ð Zª ÐÌ9.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð ,| ÐÌThe€communication€is€inadmissible.€Ð þN ÐÌòòNotesóó€Ð Ð!   ÐÌa/€€€The€author€states€that€the€Grand€Council,€whose€members€are€the€Grand€Chief,€the€GrandÐ ¢#ò" ÐCaptain€and€the€Assistant€Grand€Chief,€constitutes€'the€traditional€Government€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribalÐ ‹$Û# Ðsociety".€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌb/€€€Document€E/CN.4/Sub.2/405/Rev.1.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓòòAPPENDIXóóó óÐ *Q%) ÐÓM9ÓÌò òòòIndividual€opinionóóó óÐ Ô+$'+ ÐÌMr.€Roger€Ô_ÔErreraÔ_Ô,€member€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€submits€the€following€individualÐ §-÷(- Ðopinion€relating€to€the€admissibility€of€communication€No.€78/1980€(A.€D.€v.€Canada):€Ð ° ÐÌA.€D.'s€communication€is€based€primarily€on€a€violation€of€article€1€of€the€Covenant€relating€to€theÐ ‚Ò Ðright€of€all€peoples€to€self-determination.€The€examination€of€the€admissibility€of€thisÐ k» Ðcommunication€accordingly€raises€the€following€questions:€Ð T¤ ÐÌ€€€€€(1)€Does€the€right€of€"all€peoples"€to€"self-determination",€as€enunciated€in€article€1,€paragraphÐ & v Ð1,€of€the€Covenant,€constitute€one€"of€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant"€in€accordance€with€theÐ  _ Ðterms€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol?€Ð ø H ÐÌ€€€€€(2)€If€it€does,€may€its€violation€by€a€State€party€which€has€acceded€to€the€Optional€Protocol€beÐ Ê   Ðthe€subject€of€a€communication€from€individuals?€Ð ³  ÐÌ€€€€€(3)€Do€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€constitute€a€"people"€within€the€meaning€of€the€above-mentioned€provisionsÐ …Õ  Ðof€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant?€Ð n¾  ÐÌThe€inadmissibility€decision€adopted€by€the€Committee€does€not€answer€any€of€these€three€questions,Ð @ Ðeven€though€they€are€fundamental€to€the€interpretation€of€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€andÐ )y Ðarticle€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€and€to€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€relating€to€individualÐ b Ðcommunications€'alleging.€violation€of€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€To€my€deep€regret,Ð ûK Ðtherefore,€I€cannot€endorse€this€decision.€Ð ä4 Ð