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`‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`‹Arial'’’) 'gt)ço‚Xž3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔH.A.D.Ô_Ô€v.€SwitzerlandóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€126/1999Ð `° ÐÌ10€May€2000Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌCAT/C/24/D/126/1999Ð  ` ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔH.A.D.Ô_Ô€[name€deleted]€[represented€by€counsel]€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Switzerland€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€21€January€1999€óóÐ  p ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ä4 ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð Ð  ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€10€May€2000,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€126/1999,€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ €Ð Ðagainst€Torture€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ l¼ ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð X ¨ ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€the€communicationÐ 0"€  Ðand€the€State€party,€Ð #l! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following€decision:€Ð ô$D # ÐÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Ô_ÔH.A.D.Ô_Ô,€a€Turkish€citizen€of€Kurdish€origin€born€in€1962Ð ¸'#& Ðand€currently€residing€in€Switzerland,€where€he€applied€for€asylum€on€11€March€1991.€HisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðapplication,€however,€was€turned€down€and€he€claims€that€his€forcible€repatriation€to€Turkey€wouldÐ )à$( Ðconstitute€a€violation€by€Switzerland€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€He€is€representedÐ |*Ì%) Ðby€counsel.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ1.2€In€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€brought€theÐ @-(, Ðcommunication€to€the€attention€of€the€State€party€on€8€February€1999.€At€the€same€time,€the€StateÐ ° Ðparty€was€requested,€pursuant€to€article€108,€paragraph€9,€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€notÐ œì Ðto€expel€the€author€to€Turkey€while€his€communication€was€under€consideration.€On€6€April€1999,Ð ˆØ Ðthe€State€party€notified€the€Committee€that€steps€had€been€taken€to€ensure€that€the€author€was€notÐ tÄ Ðreturned€to€Turkey€while€his€case€was€pending€before€the€Committee.€Ð `° ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€author€óóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€comes€from€the€south„eastern€part€of€Turkey.€His€family€owns€a€farm€in€the€villageÐ  ` Ðof€Ô_ÔBazlamaÔ_Ô,€in€the€Ô_ÔKarakocanÔ_Ô€region€of€Ô_ÔElazigÔ_Ô€province€in€south„eastern€Turkey,€an€area€traditionallyÐ ü L  Ðinhabited€by€the€Kurds.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ2.2€When€the€author€was€living€in€Turkey,€most€of€the€members€of€his€family€had€problems€with€theÐ À  Ðauthorities.€His€older€brother€Y.,€an€active€supporter€of€the€Kurdish€Workers'€Party€(Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô)€sinceÐ ¬ü  Ð1979,€joined€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€fighters€in€1986€and€was€killed€during€a€battle€on€13€February€1995.€His€fatherÐ ˜è  Ðdied€on€15€January€1980,€three€months€after€surviving€a€month€in€prison,€where€he€had€been€tortured.Ð „Ô  ÐHe€had€been€arrested€on€account€of€his€son€Y.'s€activities€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€The€circumstancesÐ pÀ Ðsurrounding€their€father's€death€traumatized€the€author's€younger€brother,€V.,€an€asylum„seeker€inÐ \¬ ÐSwitzerland.€At€the€age€of€nine,€V.€was€unable€to€talk€for€several€months€following€his€father's€arrestÐ H˜ Ðby€the€security€forces.€He€has€been€suffering€since€then€from€chronic€psychological€problems,€forÐ 4„ Ðwhich€he€has€needed€psychiatric€help,€including€in€Switzerland.€The€only€brother€of€the€author€toÐ  p Ðstay€in€Turkey€had€to€change€his€surname€in€order€to€avoid€further€persecution.€The€author's€wife€wasÐ  \ Ðforced€to€agree€to€a€divorce€for€the€same€reasons.€Lastly,€the€author€cites€the€names€of€several€otherÐ øH Ðmembers€of€his€family€who€were€refugees€in€Switzerland€or€who€were€killed€by€the€Turkish€army.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ2.3€In€1985,€the€author€was€jailed€about€one€month€after€the€arrest€of€a€cousin,€Ô_ÔN.S.Ô_Ô,€who€today€hasÐ ¼  Ðrefugee€status€in€Switzerland,€on€charges€of€acting€as€a€guide€(or€"pathfinder"òò1óó)€to€this€cousin€andÐ ¨ø Ðother€guerrillas€in€1984.€During€his€detention,€he€was€ill„treated€and€tortured.€The€doctor'sÐ ”ä Ðobservations€on€the€medical€certificate€he€has€produced€can€only€be€interpreted€as€referring€to€theÐ €Ð Ðeffects€of€the€torture€to€which€he€was€subjected.€The€author€emphasizes€that€such€observations€ofÐ l¼ Ðtorture€cannot€be€confirmed€by€a€doctor€without€endangering€the€latter's€life.€òò2óó€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2.4€Later,€he€took€part€in€the€1991€spring€festivities€(òòÔ_ÔNewrozÔ_Ôóó),€which€had€been€moved€forward€toÐ 0"€  ÐJanuary€for€political€reasons.€The€festivities€came€to€an€end€when€the€security€forces€arrived.€OneÐ #l! Ðguerrilla€and€two€soldiers€were€killed.€The€author€managed€to€escape€undetected;€he€went€back€toÐ $X" ÐIstanbul€and€left€the€country€as€he€was€afraid€he€would€be€persecuted€again€for€taking€part€in€theÐ ô$D # Ðfestivities.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ2.5€The€author€applied€for€asylum€in€Switzerland€on€11€March€1991.€He€was€questioned€on€15€MayÐ ¸'#& Ð1991€and€29€March€1994.€The€author€stresses€that€these€rounds€of€questioning€were€difficult€for€himÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbecause€of€his€lack€of€schooling;€moreover,€the€fact€that€the€second€one€took€place€three€years€afterÐ )à$( Ðthe€first€meant€that€his€memory€of€events€changed.€His€lack€of€education€also€accounts€for€hisÐ |*Ì%) Ðignorance€of€various€aspects€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€explains€why€he€did€what€he€could€to€support€thisÐ h+¸&* Ðorganization.€The€Federal€Office€for€Refugees€turned€down€the€author's€application€for€asylum€onÐ T,¤'+ Ð1€November€1994.€The€author's€appeal€to€the€Swiss€Appeal€Commission€on€Asylum€Matters€wasÐ @-(, Ðrejected€on€6€November€1998.€Ð ° ÐÌòòMerits€of€the€complaintóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€torture€is€commonly€used€in€Turkey€during€police€interrogations,€as€hasÐ `° Ðbeen€confirmed€by€the€European€Committee€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€and€Inhuman€or€DegradingÐ L œ ÐTreatment€or€Punishment.€According€to€the€author,€people€committing€acts€of€torture€are€protectedÐ 8 ˆ Ðby€the€1991€Anti„Terrorist€Act€and€by€the€courts€and€tribunals.òò€3óó€"This€state€of€affairs€will€neverÐ $ t Ðchange€as€long€as€the€Turkish€Republic€is€based€on€the€myth€of€an€ethnically€homogeneous€TurkishÐ  ` Ðpeople,€sustained€despite€all€proof€to€the€contrary€by€an€army€fighting€an€unwinnable€war€that€theÐ ü L  ÐTurkish€economy€can€ill€afford,€the€cost€of€which€has€led€to€the€corruption€of€the€entire€politicalÐ è 8  Ðclass".òò€4óóÐ Ô$  ÐÌ3.2€The€first€argument€put€forward€by€the€author€is€that€he€comes€from€a€family€with€close€links€toÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€whose€mere€reputation€could€give€him€the€most€serious€kinds€of€problems€with€theÐ ˜è  ÐTurkish€authorities,€including€torture.€As€emphasized€in€a€court€ruling€in€Stuttgart,€Germany,Ð „Ô  Ðconcerning€his€cousin€Ô_ÔF.M.Ô_Ô,€as€a€member€of€a€family€that€has€suffered€deeply€from€persecution,€theÐ pÀ Ðauthor€will€certainly€be€tortured€if€he€returns€to€Turkey.€The€risk€is€real€and€personal€since€he€hasÐ \¬ Ðalready€been€subjected€to€torture€and€the€Turkish€authorities€rightly€believe€that€he€has€helped€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_ÔÐ H˜ Ðguerrillas€by€doing€small€favours€for€them€and€supporting€them.€Ð 4„ ÐÌòòObservations€by€the€State€party€on€the€admissibility€and€merits€of€the€communication€óóÐ  \ ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party€did€not€contest€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€and€made€observationsÐ ä4 Ðon€its€merits€in€a€letter€dated€9€August€1999.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.2€First,€the€State€party€recalls€that€the€existence€of€a€pattern€of€mass,€flagrant€or€systematicÐ ¨ø Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€concludingÐ ”ä Ðthat€a€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€he€returned€to€that€country.€ThereÐ €Ð Ðmust€also€be€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ4.3€Furthermore,€the€State€party€does€not€believe€the€author€can€claim€to€be€the€victim€of€"deliberateÐ D!” Ðpersecution",€defined€as€government€reprisals€against€the€families€of€political€activists.€Even€thoughÐ 0"€  Ðthe€author's€older€brother€Y.€was€wanted€for€his€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€activities,€there€had€been€no€contact€betweenÐ #l! Ðthe€two€of€them€for€over€10€years,€according€to€the€author's€statements€when€he€applied€for€asylum.Ð $X" ÐIt€is€therefore€unlikely€that€the€author€was€wanted€by€the€Turkish€authorities€at€the€time€of€his€flight.Ð ô$D # ÐAs€the€Committee€has€already€recalled,€the€fear€of€persecution€must€be€of€a€current€nature€at€the€timeÐ à%0!$ Ðwhen€the€communication€is€under€consideration.òò€5óó€Moreover,€Y.€was€killed€on€13€February€1995€andÐ Ì&"% Ðthis€gives€the€Turkish€authorities€even€less€reason€to€look€for€the€author.€Lastly,€with€the€death€ofÐ ¸'#& ÐY.,€the€author€no€longer€has€any€family€members€in€Turkey€who€are€active€members€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThose€who€might€be€subjected€to€"deliberate€persecution"€are€either€outside€Turkey€or€dead.€Ð )à$( ÐÌ4.4€The€State€party€does€not€see€how€the€situation€of€his€younger€brother€V.,€an€asylum„seeker€inÐ h+¸&* ÐSwitzerland,€whatever€his€psychological€state,€can€have€anything€to€do€with€the€alleged€risks€ofÐ T,¤'+ Ðtorture€faced€by€the€author.€As€for€the€brother€who€stayed€in€Turkey,€while€he€may€have€changed€hisÐ @-(, Ðname€to€avoid€persecution,€it€should€be€stressed€that€the€author's€mother,€ex„wife€and€children€alsoÐ ° Ðlive€in€Turkey€and€have€kept€the€same€name.€The€State€party€is€therefore€of€the€view€that€theÐ œì Ðbrother's€change€of€name€owes€more€to€the€fact€that€the€surname€D.€is€very€widespread€in€TurkeyÐ ˆØ Ðthan€to€a€real€fear€of€persecution.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.5€With€regard€to€the€author's€divorce,€the€State€party€wonders€why€it€took€place€only€three€yearsÐ L œ Ðafter€the€author's€departure€and€why€it€was€not€his€wife€who€applied€for€it€if€the€aim€of€the€divorceÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€purely,€according€to€the€author's€statements,€to€avoid€her€continued€persecution.€The€State€partyÐ $ t Ðbelieves€the€reasons€for€the€divorce€have€more€to€do€with€the€irreparable€breakdown€of€the€marriage,Ð  ` Ðas€mentioned€on€the€separation€certificate.€This€impression€is€confirmed€by€the€author's€request€forÐ ü L  Ðpublication€of€a€notice€of€intent€to€marry,€submitted€in€February€1999€and€withdrawn€a€few€weeksÐ è 8  Ðlater.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ4.6€The€State€party€recalls€the€Committee's€general€comment€on€the€implementation€of€article€3€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Convention,€according€to€which€the€risk€of€torture€"must€be€assessed€on€grounds€that€go€beyondÐ ˜è  Ðmere€theory€or€suspicion",€even€though€"the€risk€does€not€have€to€meet€the€test€of€being€highlyÐ „Ô  Ðprobable".€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€State€party€does€not€consider€that€the€author€hasÐ pÀ Ðdemonstrated€that€the€risk€of€"deliberate€persecution"€is€highly€probable.€Indeed,€according€toÐ \¬ Ðinformation€provided€by€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara,€there€is€no€political€file€on€the€author€or€anyÐ H˜ Ðfile€in€which€it€is€stated€that€he€has€committed€a€crime€under€ordinary€law;€neither€the€local€nor€theÐ 4„ Ðnational€police€or€gendarmerie€are€looking€for€him€and€there€are€no€restrictions€at€all€on€his€use€ofÐ  p Ða€passport.€Someone€from€his€village€also€confirmed€that€the€author€had€left€over€10€years€earlier€andÐ  \ Ðhad€settled€in€Istanbul€before€leaving€for€Switzerland.€Ð øH ÐÌ4.7€On€the€question€of€the€allegations€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€suffered€by€the€author€in€the€past,Ð Ð  Ðthe€State€party€first€draws€attention€to€the€factors€to€be€taken€into€account€according€to€the€generalÐ ¼  Ðcomment€on€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€On€the€basis€of€this,€it€then€refersÐ ¨ø Ðto€the€observations€made€by€the€Swiss€authorities€on€the€author's€application€for€asylum€and€notesÐ ”ä Ðthat€the€author€produced€two€letters€from€a€lawyer€explaining€his€problems€which€containedÐ €Ð Ðnumerous€spelling€and€syntactical€mistakes€and€which€had€been€drafted€in€a€very€unprofessional€way.Ð l¼ ÐThe€author€argues€that€the€lawyer€was€a€Kurd€and€did€not€know€Turkish€very€well,€but€the€State€partyÐ X ¨ Ðpoints€out€that€Turkish€is€the€official€language€in€Turkey,€that€the€laws€are€written€in€Turkish€and€thatÐ D!” Ðlawyers'€training€is€given€in€Turkish.€It€is€therefore€highly€unlikely€that€a€lawyer€would€not€knowÐ 0"€  ÐTurkish€well.€The€State€party€also€points€out€that€the€author€makes€no€further€mention€of€anÐ #l! Ðaccommodation€document€from€the€òòÔ_ÔMutharÔ_Ôóó€of€Ô_ÔBazlamaÔ_Ô€and€a€forged€letter€from€the€Ô_ÔKarakocanÔ_ÔÐ $X" Ðpublic€prosecutor,€and€this€would€suggest€that€the€author€no€longer€contests€the€observations€by€theÐ ô$D # ÐSwiss€authorities€in€this€regard.€The€State€party€then€states€that€no€probative€value€can€be€attachedÐ à%0!$ Ðto€the€medical€report€that€is€supposed€to€prove€that€acts€of€torture€took€place.€For€one€thing,€theÐ Ì&"% Ðreport€asserts€that€the€"treatment"€lasted€from€23€May€to€3€June€1985,€whereas€the€author€has€saidÐ ¸'#& Ðhe€was€released€on€29€June€1985;€for€another,€the€author's€description€of€the€torture€he€underwent€„Ð ¤(ô#' Ðincluding€blows,€burns,€paralysis€of€two€fingers€and€electric€shocks€to€the€genitals€„€does€notÐ )à$( Ðcorrespond€to€what€is€described€in€the€medical€report.€Lastly,€the€State€party€draws€attention€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðcontradictory€statements€in€which€the€author€claimed€on€one€occasion€that,€after€seven€days€inÐ h+¸&* Ðdetention,€he€had€been€taken€before€a€prosecutor€who€released€him€after€his€family€paid€a€sum€ofÐ T,¤'+ Ðmoney€to€an€"Ô_ÔOberleutnantÔ_Ô"€(lieutenant„colonel)€and,€on€another€occasion,€that€he€had€never€beenÐ @-(, Ðtaken€before€a€prosecutor€and€that€his€uncle€had€paid€a€security€to€either€a€judge,€a€prosecutor,€or€aÐ ° Ð"Ô_ÔHauptmannÔ_Ô"€(captain)€or€an€"Ô_ÔOberstÔ_Ô"€(colonel).€Ð œì ÐÌ4.8€The€State€party€also€considers€that,€even€if€the€author€was€indeed€tortured,€there€is€no€satisfactoryÐ tÄ Ðcausal€link€between€his€detention€and€his€flight€from€Turkey.€According€to€previous€decisions€of€theÐ `° ÐCommittee,€the€foreseeable€nature€of€the€risk€seems€in€practice€to€mean€that€a€causal€relationshipÐ L œ Ðmust€be€established€between€the€persecution€suffered€and€the€reasons€for€fleeing.€In€the€view€of€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐState€party,€this€relationship€is€non„existent€when€there€is€a€lapse€of€seven€years€between€theÐ $ t Ðpersecution€and€departure€from€the€country,€particularly€since€the€author€did€not€resume€his€politicalÐ  ` Ðactivities€in€the€host€country.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ4.9€The€State€party€has€serious€doubts€about€the€author's€credibility€in€terms€of€his€commitment€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Although€he€spoke€of€a€whole€series€of€activities€and€events€he€had€taken€part€in,€he€wasÐ À  Ðunable€to€give€any€substantial€information€on€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€that€was€not€common€knowledge€in€Turkey;Ð ¬ü  Ðthe€stereotypical€accommodating€statements€made€by€cousins€who€are€refugees€in€Switzerland,€toÐ ˜è  Ðthe€effect€that€the€author€was€active€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô,€do€nothing€to€refute€these€observations.€The€StateÐ „Ô  Ðparty€also€stresses€that€it€is€rather€surprising€that€counsel€for€the€author€should€assert€in€theÐ pÀ Ðcommunication€that€a€lack€of€schooling€is€the€cause€of€this€ignorance€when€the€author€claims€to€haveÐ \¬ Ðbeen€active€in€this€organization€for€over€10€years€and€to€come€from€a€family€of€political€activists,Ð H˜ Ðincluding€a€cousin€who€was€a€founder€member€of€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€Lastly,€the€argument€that€theÐ 4„ Ðcontradictions€in€the€accounts€given€at€the€different€hearings€are€the€result€of€the€three„year€gapÐ  p Ðbetween€them€is€unconvincing€insofar€as€the€author€had€the€opportunity€to€reread€the€minutes€of€theÐ  \ Ðhearings€and€had€to€sign€them.€Ð øH ÐÌ4.10€Finally,€with€regard€to€the€general€situation€in€Turkey€prevailing€and€described€by€the€authorÐ Ð  Ðwith€the€help€of€various€supporting€documents,€the€State€party€recalls€that,€while€it€should€indeedÐ ¼  Ðbe€taken€into€account€when€assessing€the€risk,€for€the€purposes€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€theÐ ¨ø ÐCommittee€believes€there€must€be€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€that€the€person€will€beÐ ”ä Ðtortured€if€he€is€returned€to€the€country.€The€State€party€also€stresses€that€it€regularly€reassesses€theÐ €Ð Ðsituation€in€Turkey€and€recently€decided€that€a€person€could€not€be€repatriated€to€the€author's€homeÐ l¼ Ðprovince€(Ô_ÔElazigÔ_Ô).€However,€the€areas€of€conflict€are€clearly€defined€and€it€is€quite€possible€for€theÐ X ¨ Ðauthor€to€settle€in€another,€calmer€region€where€he€will€be€able€to€fit€in€easily,€particularly€given€hisÐ D!” Ðknowledge€of€Turkish€and€his€level€of€education.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌòòComments€by€the€authoróóÐ $X" ÐÌ5.1€In€a€letter€dated€25€October€1999,€the€author€commented€on€the€State€party's€observations€on€theÐ à%0!$ Ðmerits€of€the€communication.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ5.2€The€author€first€of€all€regrets€that€the€State€party's€observations€focus€on€arguments€he€neverÐ ¤(ô#' Ðintended€to€put€forward.€For€example,€he€never€claimed€that€his€younger€brother's€psychologicalÐ )à$( Ðproblems€were€proof€of€the€risk€of€torture€facing€him€if€he€returned€to€his€country.€The€author€onlyÐ |*Ì%) Ðwished€to€emphasize€that€he€came€from€a€family€with€particularly€close€links€to€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€and€which,Ð h+¸&* Ðas€a€result,€was€certainly€targeted€by€the€Turkish€authorities.€It€is€in€this€context€that€he€fears,€quiteÐ T,¤'+ Ðrightly,€that€he€will€be€tortured€if€he€returns.òò€6óóÐ @-(, Ї5.3€It€seems€that€the€State€party€no€longer€contests€any€of€the€events€the€members€of€the€author'sÐ ° Ðfamily€were€involved€in€Ô_ÔinÔ_Ô€connection€with€their€activities€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€This€proves,€therefore,€thatÐ œì Ðthe€author€must€have€been€involved€with€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€in€one€way€or€another.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ5.4€The€author€has€always€given€the€same€account€of€his€detention€in€1985€and€clearly€bears€theÐ `° Ðmarks€of€it.€Another€medical€report€will€be€produced€to€bear€this€out.€The€inconsistencies€andÐ L œ Ðcontradictions€pointed€out€by€the€State€party€are€minimal€and€do€not€detract€from€the€author'sÐ 8 ˆ Ðcredibility.€Ð $ t ÐÌ5.5€It€is€true€that€Turkey€does€not€recognize€the€principle€of€family€responsibility.€However,€no€oneÐ ü L  Ðdisputes€that€the€Turkish€authorities€resort€to€reprisals€against€family€members€in€their€fight€againstÐ è 8  Ðthe€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô.€This€explains€why€Ô_ÔY.O.Ô_Ô,€the€author's€brother„in„law,€was€arrested,€beaten€and€tortured€byÐ Ô$  Ðthe€Turkish€authorities€in€August€1996€to€extract€information€from€him€on€members€of€his€familyÐ À  Ðand,€in€particular,€the€author's€situation.€In€this€connection,€the€author€provides€a€copy€of€the€StateÐ ¬ü  ÐSecurity€Court's€decision€of€10€September€1996.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ5.6€With€regard€to€his€contacts€with€his€brother€Y.,€the€author€emphasizes€that€he€illegally€sent€himÐ pÀ Ða€number€of€items€from€Switzerland€that€would€be€useful€in€his€guerrilla€activities,€and€this€is€ofÐ \¬ Ðcourse€illegal€as€far€as€the€Turkish€authorities€are€concerned€and€is€a€further€reason€why€the€authorÐ H˜ Ðis€afraid€of€returning€to€the€country.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€did€not€faithfully€transcribe€theÐ 4„ Ðauthor's€statements:€the€author€in€fact€stated€that€he€had€not€ò òseenó ó€his€brother€for€10€years€before€heÐ  p Ðleft,€but€that€did€not€stop€him€from€having€contact€with€him.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.7€The€author€stands€by€his€explanation€of€why€his€brother€I.€changed€his€name,€saying€it€would€beÐ è8 Ðfoolish€to€believe€that€someone€could€so€easily€change€his€name€just€because€it€was€a€very€commonÐ Ô$ Ðname.€Ð À ÐÌ5.8€With€regard€to€the€author's€divorce,€it€is€clear€that€the€real€grounds€for€the€divorce€could€not€beÐ ˜è Ðrevealed€to€the€court€and€the€fact€that€he€tried€to€become€socially€integrated€in€Switzerland,€by€meansÐ „Ô Ðof€a€marriage€that€in€the€end€did€not€take€place,€had€absolutely€nothing€to€do€with€his€divorce€inÐ pÀ Ð1994.€Moreover,€he€continues€to€provide€for€his€family.€Ð \ ¬ ÐÌ5.9€The€information€on€the€author€collected€by€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara€is€highly€suspect.€TheÐ 4"„  ÐTurkish€Government€is€under€no€obligation€to€provide€such€information€to€the€State€party€and€it€isÐ  #p! Ðdoubtful€that€it€would€voluntarily€give€accurate€information€on€a€conflict€taking€place€in€the€south„Ð  $\" Ðeast€of€the€country.€This€information€is€in€no€way€a€reliable€basis€for€proving€there€is€no€risk.òò€7óóÐ ø$H # ÐMoreover,€the€State€party€has€never€really€disputed€the€facts€of€the€author's€detention€in€1985.€Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌ5.10€With€regard€to€the€only€contradiction€found€in€the€author's€accounts€of€his€appearance€beforeÐ ¼' #& Ða€prosecutor,€he€emphasizes€that€it€involves€a€legal€term€which€is€difficult€to€translate€into€Turkish,Ð ¨(ø#' Ðthat€he€did€not€know€the€precise€meaning€of€that€term,€since€he€had€only€had€seven€years€ofÐ ”)ä$( Ðschooling,€and€that€the€hearings€were€held€in€Turkish,€which€is€not€his€mother€tongue.€Furthermore,Ð €*Ð%) Ðhis€uncertainty€over€the€rank€of€the€person€who€received€the€sum€of€money€has€no€bearing€on€theÐ l+¼&* Ðauthor's€credibility.€As€to€the€claim€that€some€of€the€documents€are€false,€the€author€is€convinced€thatÐ X,¨'+ Ðthey€are€authentic€and,€even€supposing€some€of€them€were€forgeries,€that€would€not€have€been€theÐ D-”(, Ðresult€of€a€deliberate€choice€on€his€part€and€could€even€have€been€justified€by€his€extreme€fear€ofÐ ° Ðbeing€tortured€again.€Ð œì ÐÌ5.11€The€author€considers€the€simple€spelling€mistakes€in€the€lawyer's€letters€to€be€irrelevant€and€aÐ tÄ Ðrelatively€feeble€argument.€He€also€refutes€the€State€party's€claims€that€he€had€accepted€itsÐ `° Ðobservations€on€his€lack€of€credibility.€Ð L œ ÐÐ Ð5.12€The€author€finds€it€inexcusable€that€the€State€party€did€not€have€a€medical€examination€carriedÐ $ t Ðout€in€connection€with€the€torture€he€had€been€subjected€to.€His€injuries€have€indeed€affected€hisÐ  ` Ðmemory€and€it€is€easy€to€find€inconsistencies€in€the€account€of€a€person€who€has€been€tortured.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ5.13€The€author€confirms€that€he€has€had€only€minimal€schooling,€and€this€explains€why€he€has€noÐ Ô$  Ðplace€in€the€Ô_ÔPKKÔ_Ô€hierarchy.€However,€this€lack€of€education€did€not€stop€him€from€carrying€out€allÐ À  Ðthe€activities€he€reported€to€the€Swiss€authorities.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ5.14€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€argument€that€he€contradicted€himself€in€his€account€of€his€flightÐ „Ô  Ðfrom€Turkey,€the€author€gives€some€details€of€this€journey,€although,€according€to€him,€they€are€notÐ pÀ Ðan€important€aspect€of€the€persecution€he€suffered.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ5.15€Lastly,€on€the€question€of€the€possibility€of€his€settling€in€another€region,€the€author€points€outÐ 4„ Ðthat,€in€order€to€return€to€Turkey,€he€would€have€to€go€through€border€controls.€His€name€alone€andÐ  p Ðthe€fact€that€most€members€of€his€family€have€fled€the€country€will€ensure€that€he€is€detained€whileÐ  \ Ðan€investigation€is€carried€out€in€his€home€province.€During€that€time,€he€will€be€subjected€toÐ øH Ðextreme€interrogation€methods.€Ð ä4 ÐÌòòFurther€observations€by€the€State€partyóóÐ ¼  ÐÌ6.1€In€a€letter€dated€25€January€2000,€the€State€party€provided€its€final€comments€on€the€aboveÐ ”ä Ðobservations€by€the€author.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ6.2€According€to€information€provided€to€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara€by€a€contact€who€lives€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðauthor's€home€village,€the€author's€sister,€Ô_ÔS.O.Ô_Ô,€and€her€husband,€Ô_ÔY.O.Ô_Ô,€were€arrested€in€1996€byÐ D!” Ðgendarmes,€but,€contrary€to€the€author's€assertions,€they€were€not€tortured.€In€addition,€it€appears€that,Ð 0"€  Ðaccording€to€the€same€informants,€Y.€and€Ô_ÔS.O.Ô_Ô€spend€their€holidays€every€year€in€Ô_ÔBazlamaÔ_Ô.€Ð #l! ÐÌòòFurther€comments€by€the€authoróóÐ ô$D # ÐÌ7.1€By€letter€of€17€April€2000,€the€author€submitted€his€final€comments,€particularly€on€the€reportÐ Ì&"% Ðby€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ7.2€The€author€considers€that€a€contact's€statements€to€the€Swiss€embassy€in€Ankara€to€the€effect€thatÐ )à$( Ðthere€was€no€incident€at€the€burial€of€Ô_ÔN.O.Ô_Ô€are€false.€The€State€Security€Court's€decision€of€10Ð |*Ì%) ÐSeptember€1996€shows€that€the€author's€brother„in„law€was€arrested€and€charged€with€supporting€anÐ h+¸&* Ðillegal€organization.€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð7.3€The€author€points€out€that€the€other€Swiss€embassy€contact€in€Ankara€is€the€mayor€of€the€villageÐ ° Ðof€Ô_ÔBalzamaÔ_Ô€and€that€he€had€to€be€somewhat€cautious€about€imparting€information€since€he€was€notÐ œì Ðsure€for€whom€it€was€intended.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ7.4€The€author€considers€that€the€State€party€should€on€no€account€base€itself€on€information€to€theÐ `° Ðeffect€that€the€author€is€not€wanted,€first€because€of€the€difficulty€of€verifying€the€source€andÐ L œ Ðsecondly€because€the€police€would€not€refrain€from€arresting€the€author€in€the€event€of€his€return€toÐ 8 ˆ ÐTurkey€for€that€reason.€The€author€is€convinced€that€he€would€be€arrested€upon€his€return€becauseÐ $ t Ðhe€based€an€application€for€asylum€on€pro„Kurdish€activities.€When€the€border€guards€conductedÐ  ` Ðtheir€inquiry,€they€certainly€consulted€the€gendarmerie,€who€were€familiar€with€the€circumstancesÐ ü L  Ðof€his€brother's€and€father's€death.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ7.5€Lastly,€by€letter€of€11€May€2000,€the€author€transmitted€a€document€according€to€whichÐ À  Ðinformation€concerning€the€registration€of€wanted€persons€in€not€disclosed€to€anyone€prior€to€theirÐ ¬ü  Ðarrest€apart€from€the€police.€The€Turkish€police€thus€had€no€reason€to€inform€the€Swiss€embassy€ofÐ ˜è  Ðtheir€wish€to€arrest€the€author.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÐ \¬ ÐÌ8.1.€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€against€TortureÐ 4„ Ðmust€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€hasÐ  p Ðascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€the€Convention,€that€the€sameÐ  \ Ðmatter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€international€investigationÐ øH Ðor€settlement.€In€this€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€beenÐ ä4 Ðexhausted€and€that€the€State€party€has€not€contested€its€admissibility.€The€Committee€finds€thereforeÐ Ð  Ðthat€the€communication€is€admissible.€The€State€party€and€the€author€have€each€made€observationsÐ ¼  Ðon€the€merits€of€the€communication€and€the€Committee€therefore€proceeds€to€examine€it€on€itsÐ ¨ø Ðmerits.€Ð ”ä ÐÌ8.2.€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€return€of€the€author€to€Turkey€would€violate€theÐ l¼ Ðobligation€of€the€State€party€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€return€the€person€toÐ X ¨ Ðanother€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ D!” Ðsubjected€to€torture.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌ8.3.€The€Committee€must€decide,€pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€whether€there€are€substantialÐ $X" Ðgrounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€returnÐ ô$D # Ðto€Turkey.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€account€all€relevantÐ à%0!$ Ðconsiderations,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€the€existence€of€a€consistent€patternÐ Ì&"% Ðof€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€the€determination,€however,€is€toÐ ¸'#& Ðestablish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€be€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€tortureÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€would€return.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€patternÐ )à$( Ðof€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðsufficient€ground€for€determining€that€a€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€toÐ h+¸&* Ðtorture€upon€his€return€to€that€country.€Other€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individualÐ T,¤'+ Ðconcerned€would€be€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€grossÐ @-(, Ðviolations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ ° Ðsubjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.€Ð œì ÐÐ Ð8.4.€The€Committee€recalls€its€general€comment€on€the€implementation€of€article€3,€which€reads:€Ð tÄ ÐÐ Ð"Bearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€and€the€Committee€are€obliged€to€assess€whether€there€areÐ L œ Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€tortureÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€he/she€to€be€expelled,€returned€or€extradited,€the€risk€of€torture€must€be€assessed€on€groundsÐ $ t Ðthat€go€beyond€mere€theory€or€suspicion.€However,€the€risk€does€not€have€to€meet€the€test€of€beingÐ  ` Ðhighly€probable"€(A/53/44,€annex€IX,€para.€6).Ð ü L  ÐÌ8.5.€The€Committee€does€not€doubt€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€to€which€the€author€was€subjectedÐ Ô$  Ðduring€his€28„day€detention€after€his€arrest€in€1985,€even€though€the€medical€reports€do€notÐ À  Ðsubstantiate€the€author's€description€of€acts€of€torture€or€their€effects.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ8.6.€However,€in€view€of€the€time€that€has€elapsed€between€the€events€described€by€the€author,€theÐ „Ô  Ðestablishment€of€the€veracity€of€his€claims€and€the€present€day€(15€years€have€passed),€the€currentÐ pÀ Ðrisk€for€the€author€of€being€subjected€to€torture€or€"deliberate€persecution"€on€being€returned€toÐ \¬ ÐTurkey€does€not€appear€to€have€been€sufficiently€well„established.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ8.7.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,Ð  p Ðof€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,Ð  \ Ðconcludes€that€the€decision€of€the€State€party€to€return€the€author€to€Turkey€would€not€constitute€aÐ øH Ðbreach€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ¼  ÐÌÌòòNotesÐ €Ð ÐóóÌ1/€€€The€word€used€in€the€original€communication.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2/€€€See€Vincent€Ô_ÔIacopinoÔ_Ô,€"Torture€in€Turkey€and€its€unwilling€accomplices",€Physicians€for€HumanÐ 0"€  ÐRights,€1996,€pp.€4„9.€Ð #l! ÐÌ3/€€€Public€statement€by€Amnesty€International€on€11€March€1998.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ4/€€€òòÔ_ÔNeueÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZrcherÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZeitungÔ_Ô€óóNo.€19/1998,€p.€5.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ5/€€€Decision€No.€61/1996,€òòX,€Y€and€Z€v.€Swedenóó,€6€May€1998.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ6/€€€See€Ô_ÔSelahattinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCelikÔ_Ô,€òòDie€Ô_ÔTodesmaschinerieÔ_Ô€"Ô_ÔTrkischeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKonterguerillaÔ_Ô"óó,€1999,€pp.€40„212.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ7/€€€See€Werner€Ô_ÔSpirigÔ_Ô,€òòMit€Ô_ÔverdecktenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKartenÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔAsylrechtÔ_Ô€im€Ô_ÔSchattenÔ_Ô€der€Ô_ÔGeheimdiensteÔ_Ôóó,€2nd€ed.,Ð T,¤'+ Ð1996,€òòpassimóó.