ÿWPCƒ ïp6u"ób1Ù”‚VyUÈãrj.·`¥‚!2†Qˆ—š xÒ›3üŠVƒ™xòk“~»z์¨„¤¼öf©bu6ëOì1°ÿªwœÒÀ{IÝž>Û©ãZa¶Ï7`× V¶a eB¾ï©~gÀe8Ž#|rO—»;ˆgÑŽêu‘’°îQnªùf÷½é²Pzš`…˜Zìæ“¾ExsÛ±6²‹¡jïÞ_”Йò¶-ŒLk£¦ª6ÅEýŽ©Þ36åÒÞÝ#{™K6éyvÒE¯g¿¤H¸³]‰wPæ´é>Q;ž¶4‰KàçÄúó¾ö#óÌøó/i”] $@â¡Óˆ^^Þá°®Om!°7Ìæ©Ïûx§wïž?f°nòg/áG`ödyn+bîb =wÊ÷zä³Óº¾Äó Ý¡^ñÎ^cY’Õ%"‚ &k@q" ôËy%‘¯Û>Û¼'Vse‚ã’Æ`V!úF| ¡;ŠÅ­ÜèníoËß~è`®³¶üƒ0nELzÏ=BœÜLOAø”1ñŒWŸD*2¢Áe'j1L‘yKo%„›M0Jiõi 'âÇ}W͇8p’Ñ/À†¢vtìÓ¨È÷_ÆbÂFýbiU>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' V. M. R. B. v. Canada, Communication No. 236/1987 (18 July 1988), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (4. Doc. Supp. No. 40 ("Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ßM$££Ý ƒí!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xv¯XXXÔÔ€Xv¯XXXv¯ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ží$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XfXXXÔÔ€XfXXXfÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX!†R) È­F)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒí!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xv¯XXXÔÔ€Xv¯XXXv¯ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòV.€M.€R.€B.€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€236/1987Ð H˜ ÐÌ18€July€1988Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€V.€M.€R.€B.€[name€deleted]€Ð xÈ  ÐòòÌAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐòòÌState€party€concerned:€óóCanada€Ð ` ÐòòÌDate€of€communication:€óó25€June€1987€(date€of€initial€letter)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ ŽÞ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð tÄ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€18€July€1988,€Ð @ ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:€Ð  \ ÐÓ¼ÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóó€Ð ¾ ÐÓåÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€25€June€1987,€and€further€letter€datedÐ p!À  Ð20€April€1988)€is€V.€M.€R.€B,€a€journalist€and€citizen€of€El€Salvador,€born€in€1948,€at€presentÐ V"¦! Ðresiding€in€Montreal,€Canada.€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€by€the€GovernmentÐ <#Œ" Ðof€Canada€of€articles€2,€6,€9,€14,€18,€19€and€26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ "$r# ÐPolitical€Rights.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ2.1€On€5€January€1982,€the€author€entered€Canada€at€Blackpool,€on€the€United€States€border,Ð Ô&$"& Ðwithout€having€any€visa€to€enter€or€stay€in€the€country.€He€was€detained€upon€entry,€but€heÐ º' #' Ðapplied€for€admission€as€a€refugee€under€the€Canadian€Immigration€Act€of€1976.€On€7Ð  (ð#( ÐJanuary€1982,€he€was€heard€for€the€first€time€before€an€Immigration€Adjudicator,€pursuantÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€article€23€(3)€(c)€of€the€Act.€The€latter€decided€to€uphold€the€author's€detention€underÐ l*¼%* Ðarticle€104€(3)€(b)€of€the€Act,€on€the€ground€that€he€represented€a€"danger€to€the€public"€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðwas€likely€to€stay€in€Canada€and€not€appear€for€his€deportation€hearings.€This€decision€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbased€on€a€security€certificate€dated€14€November€1980€and€signed€by€both€the€Solicitor„Ð -n(- ÐGeneral€and€the€Minister€for€Employment€and€Immigration€of€Canada,€according€to€whichÐ ° Ðthe€author€is€a€person€"who€there€are€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€will€engage€in€orÐ –æ Ðinstigate€the€subversion€by€force€of€any€Government".€Under€article€19€(1)€(f)€of€the€Act,Ð |Ì Ðsuch€persons€are€to€be€denied€entry€into€Canadian€territory.€Ð b² ÐÌ2.2€The€detention€order€was€extended€in€a€succession€of€weekly€hearings€before€theÐ . ~ ÐAdjudicator€(from€14€January€to€11€February€1982).€On€17€February€1982,€the€AdjudicatorÐ  d Ðordered€the€author€deported,€purportedly€on€the€sole€ground€that€the€Minister's€certificate€ofÐ ú J Ð14€November€1980€was€"Ô_ÔuncontestableÔ_Ô".€Testimony€on€behalf€of€the€author€by€witnessesÐ à 0 Ðproduced€by€his€lawyer€was€deemed€unconvincing.€After€another€hearing€on€10€March€1982,Ð Æ   Ðduring€which€the€government€representative€stated€that€the€author€could€no€longer€beÐ ¬ ü  Ðregarded€as€a€danger€to€the€public,€the€Adjudicator€ordered€the€author's€release€on€11€MarchÐ ’â  Ð1982.€The€deportation€order,€however,€was€upheld.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ2.3€The€author€claims€that€the€Government€of€Canada€has€violated€article€9,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ D”  Ðthe€Covenant€by€detaining€him€arbitrarily€from€5€January€to€11€March€1982,€as€the€detentionÐ *z  Ðhearings€never€established€that€he€represented€a€danger€to€the€public.€He€alleges€a€violationÐ ` Ðof€article€6€because€the€Canadian€Government€has€refused€to€assure€him€formally€that€heÐ öF Ðwould€not€be€deported€to€El€Salvador,€where,€the€author€claims,€he€would€have€reasons€toÐ Ü, Ðfear€attempts€on€his€life.€It€is€further€claimed€that€article€19€(1)€(f)€of€the€Immigration€ActÐ Â Ðviolates€the€freedoms€of€political€opinion,€thought€and€expression€guaranteed€by€theÐ ¨ø ÐCovenant.€Finally,€the€author€states€that€the€reviews€of€his€detention€did€not€proceed€in€a€fairÐ ŽÞ Ðand€impartial€manner€and€that€therefore€he€was€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,Ð tÄ Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð Zª ÐÌ2.4€With€regard€to€the€requirement€of€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€statesÐ &v Ðthat€he€has€taken€his€case€through€all€court€instances,€and€that€his€appeals€were€dismissed€byÐ  \ Ðthe€Immigration€Appeal€Board,€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada€(first€instance),€the€FederalÐ òB ÐCourt€of€Appeal€and€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.€He€claims€that€domestic€remedies€haveÐ Ø( Ðbeen€exhausted€with€the€decision€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€of€29€January€1987€notÐ ¾ Ðto€grant€him€leave€to€appeal.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ3.€By€a€decision€of€19€October€1987,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ p!À  Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ V"¦! ÐState€party,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ4.1€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€dated€12€February€1988,€the€State€party€objects€to€theÐ î%>!% Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_ÔÐ Ô&$"& ÐÔ_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô,€óóas€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€and€as€an€abuse€of€the€rightÐ º' #' Ðof€submission.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.2€With€regard€to€the€facts,€the€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€had€already€enteredÐ l*¼%* ÐCanada€in€February€1980€and€applied€for€refugee€status.€Before€a€decision€could€be€Ô_ÔrenderedÐ R+¢&+ Ðin€his€case,€he€left€Canada€in€October.€1980.€Investigations€showed€that€"while€in€Canada,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðhe€was€tasked€and€funded€by€a€foreign€political€party€to€carry€out€certain€activities€which€areÐ -n(- Ðprohibited€under€Canadian€law.€As€a€cover€for€his€entry€to€Canada€and€for€his€activitiesÐ ° Ðwhile€in€Canada,€Mr.€R.€was€accredited€as€a€journalist€with€the€...€news€agency€...€which€isÐ –æ Ðknown€to€be€directed€by€a€foreign€intelligence€service".€As€a€result€of€information€madeÐ |Ì Ðavailable€by€the€Security€Service€of€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police,€it€was€determinedÐ b² Ðthat€Mr.€R.€was€a€person€described€under€article€19€(1)€(f)€of€the€Immigration€Act€of€1976,Ð H˜ Ðwhich€denies€admission€to€Canada€to€persons€for€whom€there€are€reasonable€grounds€toÐ . ~ Ðbelieve€that€they€will€engage€in€or€instigate€the€subversion€by€force€of€any€Government.Ð  d ÐTherefore,€on€14€November€1980,€after€the€author's€departure€from€Canada,€a€certificateÐ ú J Ðpursuant€to€article€39€of€the€Immigration€Act€was€issued,€excluding€him€from€re„entry€intoÐ à 0 ÐCanada,€and€requiring€that€he€be€deported€if€he€entered€Canada€again.€Thus,€when€on€5Ð Æ   ÐJanuary€1982€he€again€entered€Canada,€he€was€ordered€detained€pursuant€to€article€104€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Immigration€Act.€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€Ð ’â  ÐÌ"upon€seeking€to€re„enter€Canada€...€the€author€was€entitled€to€a€hearing€of€his€refugee€claim;Ð ^®  Ðhowever,€he€was€never€legally€admitted€to€Canada,€pursuant€to€the€rules€for€admission€setÐ D”  Ðout€in€the€Immigration€Act,€1976.€From€1982€to€date,€the€author€has€never€been€lawfullyÐ *z  Ðwithin€the€territory€of€Canada,€although€he€has€remained€in€Canada€during€this€time€pendingÐ ` Ðthe€outcome€of€immigration€proceedings".€Ð öF ÐÌ4.3€With€respect€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€indicatesÐ Â Ðthat€what€the€author€is€complaining€of€is€that€Canada€might€deport€him€to€El€Salvador€or€toÐ ¨ø Ðanother€country€that€would,€in€turn,€return€him€to€El€Salvador,€where€allegedly€his€life€couldÐ ŽÞ Ðbe€in€danger.€Thus,€what€the€author€is€in€effect€claiming€is€that€unless€he€is€given€permissionÐ tÄ Ðto€stay€in€Canada,€article€6€of€the€Covenant€will€be€contravened.€In€this€connection€the€StateÐ Zª Ðparty€observes€that€there€is€no€right€of€asylum€in€the€Covenant,€and€that€a€violation€of€articleÐ @ Ð6€of€the€Covenant€cannot€result€from€the€denial€of€asylum.€Thus,€this€aspect€of€theÐ &v Ðcommunication€should€be€declared€inadmissable€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô.€óóFurthermore,€the€StateÐ  \ Ðparty€adds€that€the€author's€fears€are€unfounded,€since€the€Government€of€Canada€hasÐ òB Ðpublicly€stated€on€several€occasions€that€it€would€not€return€him€to€Ô_ÔE1Ô_Ô€Salvador€and€hasÐ Ø( Ðgiven€him€the€option€of€selecting€a€safe€third€country.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ4.4€With€respect€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ Š Ú Ðparty€indicates€that€Mr.€R's€detention€from€5€January€1982€to€11€March€1982€was€based€onÐ p!À  Ðthe€certificate€issued€jointly€by€the€Canadian€Solicitor„General€and€by€the€Minister€ofÐ V"¦! ÐEmployment€and€Immigration€pursuant€to€article€39€of€the€Immigration€Act,€stating€that,Ð <#Œ" Ð"based€on€security€and€criminal€intelligence€reports€received€and€considered€by€us,€whichÐ "$r# Ðcannot€be€revealed€in€order€to€protect€information€sources,€[the€author]€is€a€person€describedÐ %X $ Ðin€article€19€(1)€(f)€of€the€Immigration€Act,€1976,€his€presence€in€Canada€being€detrimentalÐ î%>!% Ðto€the€national€interest".€Thus,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€lawful€detention€of€an€alienÐ Ô&$"& Ðagainst€whom€there€exists€an€exclusion€order€cannot€be€deemed€to€constitute€arbitraryÐ º' #' Ðdetention.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€explains€that€in€the€case€of€a€person€seeking€asylum,Ð  (ð#( Ða€reasonable€amount€of€time€must€be€allotted€to€the€authorities€to€collect€information,Ð †)Ö$) Ðinvestigate€and€carefully€determine€the€sensitive€question€whether€an€individual€poses€aÐ l*¼%* Ðdanger€to€national€'security.€In€this€context€the€State€party€refers€to€article€5,€paragraph€I€(f),Ð R+¢&+ Ðof€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights,€which€specifically€provides€that:€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"No€one€shall€be€deprived€of€his€liberty€save€in€the€following€cases€and€in€accordance€withÐ ° Ða€procedure€prescribed€by€law:€...€Ð –æ ÐÌ"(f)€The€lawful€arrest€or€detention€of€a€person€to€prevent€his€effecting€an€unauthorized€entryÐ b² Ðinto€the€country€or€of€a€person€against€whom€action€is€being€taken€with€a€view€to€deportationÐ H˜ Ðor€extradition".€Ð . ~ ÐÌWhile€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€is€not€as€specific€as€the€parallel€provision€inÐ ú J Ðthe€European€Convention,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€scope€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,Ð à 0 Ðdoes€not€cover€detention€for€the€purposes€of€immigration€control€and€that€this€aspect€of€theÐ Æ   Ðcommunication€should€be€declared€inadmissable€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô.óó€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ4.5€Although€the€author€does€not€invoke€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€addressesÐ xÈ  Ðthe€issue€of€the€expulsion€of€aliens€as€provided€for€in€the€Covenant€and€refers€to€theÐ ^®  ÐCommittee's€decision€in€case€No.€58/1979€Ô_ÔMaroufidouÔ_Ô€v.€Sweden,€òòa/óó€where€the€CommitteeÐ D”  Ðheld€that€her€deportation€from€Sweden€did€not€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€becauseÐ *z  Ðshe€had€been€expelled€in€accordance€with€the€procedure€laid€down€by€the€State's€domesticÐ ` Ðlaw€and€that€there€had€been€no€evidence€of€bad€faith€or€abuse€of€power.€In€this€context,€theÐ öF ÐGovernment€of€Canada€asserts€that€the€deportation€proceedings€against€Mr.€R.€are€inÐ Ü, Ðcompliance€with€the€requirements€of€article€13€of€the€Covenant.€Ð  ÐÌ4.6€With€respect€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ ŽÞ Ðparty€submits€that€a€procedure€for€the€expulsion€of€an€alien€which€is€specifically€envisagedÐ tÄ Ðin€article€13€of€the€Covenant€cannot€be€said€to€be€in€violation€of€article€14.€More€particularly,Ð Zª Ðthe€State€party€observes€that€the€protections€contained€in€article€14€of€the€Covenant€applyÐ @ Ðto€the€determination€of€any€"criminal€charge"€or€of€any€"rights€and€obligations€in€a€suit€atÐ &v Ðlaw".€It€submits€that€deportation€proceedings€do€not€fall€into€either€of€these€categories;Ð  \ Ðrather,€they€fall€into€the€domain€of€public€law.€Since€asylum€or€deportation€proceedings€areÐ òB Ðnot€covered€by€the€terms€of€article€14,€this€aspect€of€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ Ø( Ðinadmissible€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ô.óó€Ð ¾ ÐÌ4.7€With€respect€to€an€alleged€violation€of€articles€18€and€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€partyÐ Š Ú Ðobjects€that€the€author€has€not€submitted€evidence€to€substantiate€a€òòprima€facieóó€case€of€anyÐ p!À  Ðviolation€of€his€rights€to€freedom€of€thought,€opinion€and€expression.€Finally,€with€respectÐ V"¦! Ðto€an€alleged€violation€of€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€submits€that€theÐ <#Œ" Ðauthor€has€submitted€insufficient€evidence€to€disclose€a€òòprima€facieóó€violation€of€theseÐ "$r# Ðprovisions,€that€his€allegations€are€manifestly€ill„founded,€and€that€these€aspects€of€theÐ %X $ Ðcommunication€should€be€declared€inadmissible€as€an€abuse€of€the€right€of€submissionÐ î%>!% Ðpursuant€to€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.1€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission€under€rule€91,€the€author,€on€20€April€1988,Ð  (ð#( Ðreiterates€that€the€order€for€his€expulsion€represents€an€objective€danger€to€his€life€and€refersÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€the€judicial€precedents€of€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights€in€this€respect.€HeÐ l*¼%* Ðfurther€argues€that€his€communication€does€òònot€óóinvoke€a€right€of€asylum,€and€that€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðdistinction€must€be€made€between€the€request€for€a€right€of€asylum,€and€asylum€resultingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfrom€the€establishment€of€certain€mechanisms€to€remedy€violations€of€the€Covenant€allegedÐ -n(- Ðby€individuals.€It€was€not€the€deportation€order€which€he€denounced,€but€the€breach€ofÐ ° Ðspecific€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant.€Ð –æ ÐÌ5.2€With€respect€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph.€I,€the€author€advocates€aÐ b² Ðbroad€interpretation€of€what€constitutes€"rights€and€obligations€in€a€suit€at€law".€He€refersÐ H˜ Ðto€the€Committee's€general€comment€on€article€14,€which€states€that€"the€provisions€of€articleÐ . ~ Ð14€apply€to€all€courts€and€tribunals€within€the€scope€of€that€article,€whether€ordinary€orÐ  d Ðspecialized",€òòb/óó€and€suggests€that€public€law€disputes€also€fall€under€the€scope€of€applicationÐ ú J Ðof€article€14.€Furthermore,€he€recalls€that€the€English€version€of€the€Covenant€protects€rightsÐ à 0 Ðand€obligations€"in€a€suit€at€law"€rather€than€rights€and€obligations€òò"de€Ô_ÔcaractereÔ_Ô€óócivil",€asÐ Æ   Ðstated€in€the€French€version€of€the€Covenant,€which€therefore€is€said€to€be€more€restrictive.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ5.3€With€respect€to€article€9,€the€author€maintains€that€this€provision€should€be€applied€to€allÐ xÈ  Ðsituations€where€an€individual€has€been€deprived€of€his€liberty,€including€for€reasons€ofÐ ^®  Ðimmigration€control.€Ð D”  ÐÌ5.4€The€author€concludes€that€with€respect€to€his€other€allegations,€concerning€violations€ofÐ ` Ðarticles€18€and€19,€he€has€at€least€presented€òòprima€facieóó€evidence€to€the€effect€that€CanadaÐ öF Ðhas€violated€the€Covenant.€He€surmises€that€the€reason€why€Canadian€authorities€want€toÐ Ü, Ðdeport€him€is€because€of€his€political€opinions:€Ð  ÐÌ"National€security€grounds€cannot€be€invoked€unless€there€is€justification€for€thisÐ ŽÞ Ðinfringement€of€a€right€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€in€this€case€to€be€protected€against€allÐ tÄ Ðdiscrimination€....€The€State€invokes€national€security€grounds€against€opinions€expressedÐ Zª Ðby€an€individual€as€penalizing€that€individual€for€having€exercised€his€right€to€freedom€ofÐ @ Ðexpression."€Ð &v ÐÌThe€author€suggests€that€the€Committee€would€be€ill„advised€to€have€recourse€to€restrictiveÐ òB Ðinterpretations€of€the€Covenant€as€that€would€be€contrary€to€its€object€and€purpose.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ5.5€With€regard€to€his€allegation€that€he€has€been€subjected€to€discrimination€in€violation€ofÐ ¤ô Ðarticles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€contends:€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"that€the€Canadian€Government's€Ô_ÔmanoeuvresÔ_Ô€constitute€discrimination€against€foreignÐ V"¦! Ðcitizens.€An€alien€may€not€express€his€opinions,€thought€or€convictions,€for€in€exercisingÐ <#Œ" Ðthese€rights€he€will€not€receive€the€same€treatment€as€a€Canadian€citizen.€The€mechanismÐ "$r# Ðprovided€by€article€19€(1)€(f)€of€the€Canadian€Immigration€Act€is€discriminatory€in€that€theÐ %X $ Ðaccuracy€of€information€concerning€an€alien€as€regards€ideas€or€opinions€allegedly€expressedÐ î%>!% Ðby€him€is€not€verified.€The€alien€cannot€enjoy€the€same€protection€for€his€opinions€as€aÐ Ô&$"& Ðcitizen€expressing€the€same€views."€Ð º' #' ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ †)Ö$) ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ l*¼%* Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€has€not€contested€the€author's€claim€thatÐ -n(- Ðdomestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€It€further€notes€that€the€same€matter€is€not€beingÐ ° Ðexamined€under€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€On€the€basisÐ –æ Ðof€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€therefore€finds€that€the€communication€meetsÐ |Ì Ðthe€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð b² ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€has€also€examined€whether€the€conditions€of€articles€2€and€3€of€theÐ . ~ ÐOptional€Protocol€have€been€met.€It€observes€that€a€right€of€asylum€is€not€protected€by€theÐ  d ÐCovenant.€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€that€his€right€to€life€under€article€6€of€theÐ ú J ÐCovenant€and€that€his€right€to€liberty€under€article€9€have€been€violated,€the€Committee€findsÐ à 0 Ðthat€he€has€not€substantiated€either€allegation.€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ Æ   Ðauthor€has€merely€expressed€fear€for€his€life€in€the€hypothetical€case€that€he€should€beÐ ¬ ü  Ðdeported€to€El€Salvador.€The€Committee€cannot€examine€hypothetical€violations€of€CovenantÐ ’â  Ðrights€which€might€occur€in€the€future~;furthermore,€the€Government€of€Canada€has€publiclyÐ xÈ  Ðstated€on€several€occasions€that€it€would€not€extradite€the€author€to€El€Salvador€and€hasÐ ^®  Ðgiven€him€the€opportunity€to€select€a€safe€third€country.€With€regard€to€article€9,€theÐ D”  ÐCommittee€points€out€that€this€article€prohibits€unlawful€arrest€and€detention,€whereas€theÐ *z  Ðauthor€was€lawfully€arrested€in€connection€with€his€unauthorized€entry€into€Canada,€and€theÐ ` Ðdecision€to€detain€him€was€not€made€arbitrarily,€especially€in€view€of€his€insistence€not€toÐ öF Ðleave€the€territory€of€Canada.€The€Committee€also€found€it€necessary€to€determine€whetherÐ Ü, Ða€claim€could€be€substantiated€under€article€13,€although€the€author€has€not€invoked€it.€ItÐ Â Ðobserves€that€one€of€the€conditions€for€the€application€of€this€article€is€that€the€alien€beÐ ¨ø Ðlawfully€in€the€territory€of€the€State€party,€whereas€Mr.€R.€has€not€been€lawfully€in€theÐ ŽÞ Ðterritory€of€Canada.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€has€pleaded€reasons€of€national€security€inÐ tÄ Ðconnection€with€the€proceedings€to€deport€him.€It€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€test€a€sovereignÐ Zª ÐState's€evaluation€of€an€alien's€security€rating;€moreover,€on€the€basis€of€the€informationÐ @ Ðbefore€the€Committee,€the€procedures€to€deport€Mr.€R.€have€respected€the€safeguardsÐ &v Ðprovided€for€in€article€13.€With€respect€to€article€14,€the€Committee€notes€that€even€ifÐ  \ Ðimmigration€hearings€and€deportation€proceedings€were€to€be€deemed€to€constitute€"suits€atÐ òB Ðlaw"€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€as€the€author€contends,Ð Ø( Ða€thorough€examination€of€the€communication€has€not€revealed€any€facts€in€substantiationÐ ¾ Ðof€the€author's€claim€that€he€is€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€this€article.€In€particular,€itÐ ¤ô Ðemerges€from€the€author's€own€submissions€that€he€was€given€ample€opportunity,€in€formalÐ Š Ú Ðproceedings,€including€oral€hearings€with€witness€testimony,€both€before€the€Adjudicator€andÐ p!À  Ðbefore€the€Canadian€Courts,€to€present€his€case€for€sojourn€in€Canada.€With€respect€toÐ V"¦! Ðarticles€18€and€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€not€submittedÐ <#Œ" Ðany€evidence€to€substantiate€how€his€exercise€of€freedom€of€conscience€or€expression€hasÐ "$r# Ðbeen€restricted€in€Canada.€His€apparent€contention€that€the€deportation€proceedings€resultedÐ %X $ Ðfrom€the€State€party's€disapproval€of€his€political€opinions€is€refuted€by€the€State€party'sÐ î%>!% Ðuncontested€statement€that,€as€early€as€November€1980,€he€had€been€excluded€from€re„Ð Ô&$"& Ðentering€Canada€on€clear€national€security€grounds€(para.€4.2€above).€Deportation€of€an€alienÐ º' #' Ðon€security€grounds€does€not€constitute€an€interference€with€the€rights€guaranteed€by€articlesÐ  (ð#( Ð18€and€19€of€the€Covenant.€With€respect€to€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€hasÐ †)Ö$) Ðfailed€to€establish€how€the€deportation€of€an€alien€on€national€security€grounds€constitutesÐ l*¼%* Ðdiscrimination.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð -n(- Ї(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Optional€ProtocolÐ ° Ðbecause€the€author's€claims€are€either€unsubstantiated€or€incompatible€with€the€provisionsÐ –æ Ðof€the€Covenant;€Ð |Ì ÐÌ(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€author€of€the€'communication€and€to€theÐ H˜ ÐState€party.€Ð . ~ ÐÌÌòòNotesóó:Ð à 0 ÐÌa/€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÐ ¬ ü  Ð(A/36/40),€annex€XVIII.Ð ’â  ÐÌb/€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÐ ^®  Ð(A/39/40€and€Corr.1€and€2),€€annex€VI,€general€comment€13€(21),€para.4.Ð D”  ÐÌÓ;ÓÌ