ÿWPCƒ b¹óŒ&¬Ü%|¯`µƒ«[úŽJ3ú{?<Ô–-^Qn.ýe`­»³(ñvVöP{õ×¼ûâª&U.5Š’³Ë$²;8kP˜€q¢ž›e­¹®fÌ`ñ‰²¦vÿ¹ÛähÞJ›ñUNçˆÖ™Éj‚7†BÖò`-¶åÖ\Ó±Êy§¢3‰œbƘ«ãbéQ”ƒ*¿œÖÚÚøT}§îÀŽ‹Ã7ÔO-¯¥ˆKÇÏÞ}0úYü>kGÈÝ Š¾ÂÆ¡gΰ$Þ«¿P Cè/ )¤¿£Ý»&T@¯Êžíå²ÊÝZ¢äÉsGE¬ƒ4c•S”f(h‹öGànkÙ©a•ØåN%„ab4yÉ“° ÉÌ Ó’cè@ì(ü¶ƒñX 9lÚ?:Å]þ ¯tzâÊ®w£r fîiΗޙJ“o·QEfT:ÜRs3åg‰–¤´Ý¬Ù©qU¸ÇË.²Î²Œˆ‹ C2S ØÁÞ’©oõã¸âÆÇÛànM.„Ê5 ȪÔXooï·Yz ‰, ,Þþõ„w8+ ëâ]po>h~wO‹ï5lDa)£f{ ÐäOTEìÑÎ"aYôÞD³äiAÕ-U>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Gustavo Raul Larrosa Bequio v. Uruguay, Communication No. 88/1981, 14 March 1981, U.N. Doc4 March 1981, U.N. Doc"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2·.$££Ý ƒ¶!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XnÇXXXÔÔ€XnÇXXXnÇÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ž¶$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XkXXXÔÔ€XkXXXkÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX*…û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¶!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XnÇXXXÔÔ€XnÇXXXnÇÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€88/1981Ð H˜ ÐÌ29€March€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóDaniel€Ô_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€his€brother€Ô_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBequioÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóÔ_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô€Raul€Ô_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBequioÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóUruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó14€March€1981€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó2€April€1982óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€29€March€1983,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€88/1981€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Daniel€Ô_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ¾ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓdÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€14€March€1981€and€furtherÐ †)Ö$) Ðsubmissions€dated€25€March,€21€July,€29€August€and€15€December€1981€and€16€NovemberÐ l*¼%* Ð1982)€is€a€Uruguayan€national,€residing€at€present€in€France.€He€submitted€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðcommunication€on€behalf€of€his€brother,€Ô_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔLarrosaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBequioÔ_Ô,€a€38„year„oldÐ 8,ˆ', ÐUruguayan€national€at€present€imprisoned€in€Uruguay.€Ð -n(- Ї2.1€The€author€states€that€his€brother,€who€had€been€an€active€member€of€the€politicalÐ ° Ðorganization€Ô_ÔFrenteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAmplioÔ_Ô,€was€arrested€in€Uruguay€on€30€May€1972€because€he€wasÐ –æ Ðsuspected€of€being€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔMovimientoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔLiberacionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€òò(Ô_ÔTupamarosÔ_Ô).€óóTheÐ |Ì Ðauthor€further€alleges€that€his€brother€was€kept€incommunicado€for€a€long€period€of€time,Ð b² Ðthat€he€has€been€held€in€several€military€prisons,€that€he€is€at€present€detained€at€the€PenalÐ H˜ Ðde€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô€and€that€he€has€been€subjected€to€torture€and€inhuman€prison€conditions.€TheÐ . ~ Ðauthor€mentions€that€his€brother€has€lost€his€hearing€in€one€ear€because€of€the€beatingsÐ  d Ðinflicted€upon€him,€that€his€sight€has€diminished€to€an€extent€that€he€now€needs€glasses€andÐ ú J Ðthat€owing€to€the€insufficient€food€he€has€lost€much€weight€during€his€imprisonment.€TheÐ à 0 Ðauthor€also€mentioned€that€his€brother€is€not€allowed€to€do€any€exercise,€to€read€or€to€writeÐ Æ   Ðand€that€his€mental€health€has€suffered€accordingly.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.2€With€respect€to€the€judicial€proceedings€against€his€brother,€the€author€states€that€he€wasÐ xÈ  Ðcharged€by€the€Military€Criminal€Investigation€Court€of€First€Instance€(file€No.€2216,€vol.Ð ^®  Ð4,€p.€75)€with€the€offences€of€conspiracy€to€upset€the€Constitution,€aiding€and€abetting€theÐ D”  Ðescape€of€prisoners,€manufacturing€or€being€in€possession€of€explosive€substances€andÐ *z  ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô.€After€the€pre„trial€proceedings,€he€was€prosecuted€by€the€Military€ProsecutorÐ ` Ðof€First€Instance,€Captain€(R)€Roberto€A.€Ô_ÔReinosoÔ_Ô€(Navy),€and€convicted€of€the€offences€ofÐ öF ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€attempts€to€upset€the€Constitution,€both€as€an€accessory€and€in€conspiracy€withÐ Ü, Ðothers,€and€criminal€conspiracy€(under€articles€61€and€281,€62€and€132,€137€and€150€of€theÐ Â ÐPenal€Code).€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.3€The€First€Military€Judge€of€First€Instance€rejected€the€12„year€sentence€requested€by€theÐ tÄ ÐMilitary€Prosecutor€on€the€grounds€that€it€had€been€miscalculated€and€reduced€it€to€a€9„yearÐ Zª Ðsentence.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.4€The€sentence€was€appealed€and€the€case€went€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€Justice,Ð  \ Ðwhich€upheld€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€First€Instance€on€11€September€1979€but€increasedÐ òB Ðthe€prison€term€to€10€years€and€imposed€security€.measures€for€one€to€five€years.€TheÐ Ø( Ðjudgement€by€the€Supreme€Military€Court€can€be€considered€final€since€no€further€remediesÐ ¾ Ðat€law€are€available€to€modify€it.€Moreover,€because€security€measures€have€been€imposed,Ð ¤ô Ðit€is€impossible€to€obtain€release€from€custody€or€release€on€parole,€since€the€securityÐ Š Ú Ðmeasures€have€to€be€served,€once€the€main€term€is€completed,€and€these€can€last€for€up€toÐ p!À  Ðfive€years.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ2.5€With€respect€to€the€conditions€of€his€imprisonment,€the€author€alleges€that€his€brother€hasÐ "$r# Ðbeen€removed€from€prison€on€several€occasions€in€order€to€be€tortured,€that€he€is€oftenÐ %X $ Ðpunished€by€the€prison€authorities€and€not€allowed€to€receive€visits€or€parcels.€He€adds€thatÐ î%>!% Ðhis€brother€was€punished€in€mid„October€1980€for€unknown€reasons€and€that€since€then,€upÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€March€1981,€he€has€been€allowed€to€receive€only€one€visit€on€21€February€1981.€He€hasÐ º' #' Ðalso€been€held€in€what€is€called€"La€Ô_ÔIslaÔ_Ô",€a€prison€wing€of€small€cells€without€windows,Ð  (ð#( Ðwhere€the€artificial€light€is€left€on€24€hours€a€day€and€there€is€a€cement€bed€and€a€hole€in€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðfloor€for€a€Ô_ÔWCÔ_Ô;€the€prisoner€was€kept€in€solitary€confinement€there€for€more€than€one€monthsÐ l*¼%* Ðthere€are€cases€of€people€who€have€spent€more€than€90€days€in€"La€Ô_ÔIslaÔ_Ô".€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ2.6€By€letter€of€21€July€1981,€the€author€informed€the€Committee€that€he€had€withdrawn€hisÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôcomplaint€to€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€enclosed€a€copy€of€hisÐ ° Ðwithdrawal.€Ð –æ ÐÌ2.7€The€author€claims€that€his€brother€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€2€(1)€and€(3),€6,€7,Ð b² Ð10€and€14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€13€October€1981,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ  d Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ ú J ÐState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ à 0 Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€requested€the€State€party€toÐ Æ   Ðgive€the€Committee€information€on€the€state€of€health€of€Gustavo€Rau1€Larrosa€Bequio.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ4.€By€a€further€letter€of€15€December€1981,€the€author€requested€that€his€brother€be€furnishedÐ xÈ  Ðwith€copies€of€the€material€pertaining€to€the€proceedings€in€the€case.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ5.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€took€note€that€no€submission€had€been€received€from€theÐ *z  ÐState€party€concerning€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€On€the€basisÐ ` Ðof€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€by€article€5€(2)Ð öF Ð(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication.€The€Committee€was€alsoÐ Ü, Ðunable€to€conclude€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€there€were€effective€remediesÐ Â Ðavailable€to€the€alleged€victim€which€he€had€failed€to€exhaust.€Accordingly,€the€CommitteeÐ ¨ø Ðfound€that€the€communication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€OptionalÐ ŽÞ ÐProtocol.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ6.€On€2€April€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð @ ÐÌ(a)€That€the€Communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€events€said€to€haveÐ  \ Ðoccurred€on€or€after€23€March€1976,€the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€the€OptionalÐ òB ÐProtocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay;€Ð Ø( ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beÐ ¤ô Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ Š Ú Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifÐ p!À  Ðany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(c)€That€the€State€party€should€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ "$r# Ðsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relate€primarily€to€theÐ %X $ Ðsubstance€of€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressed€that,€in€order€toÐ î%>!% Ðperform€its€responsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€the€allegations€which€had€beenÐ Ô&$"& Ðmade€by€the€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actionsÐ º' #' Ðtaken€by€it.€The€State€party€was€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€any€courtÐ  (ð#( Ðorders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration;€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ(d)€That€the€State€party€should€be€requested€to€furnish€the€Committee€with€information€onÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€present€state€of€health€of€Gustavo€Larrosa€and€the€medical€treatment€given€to€him;€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð(e)€That€the€State€party€should€be€requested€to€transmit€copies€of€the€material€pertaining€toÐ ° Ðthe€case€of€Gustavo€Larrosa€and€to€grant€him€the€opportunity€to€communicate€directly€withÐ –æ Ðthe€Committee.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ7.1€On€18€June€1982,€17€days€after€the€transmittal€to€the€State€party€of€the€decision€onÐ H˜ Ðadmissibility,€the€State€party€submitted€a€note€which€appears€to€be€a€late€submission€underÐ . ~ Ðrule€91,€asserting,€òòinter€alia,€óóthat€the€communication€contains€serious€errors:€Ð  d ÐÌ"First,€it€is€stated€that€Mr.€Larrosa€was€tried€in€September€1979,€i.e.,€seven€years€after€hisÐ à 0 Ðarrest.€This€is€completely€untrue.€The€actual€date€of€the€proceedings€against€Mr.€Larrosa€wasÐ Æ   Ð4€September€1972.€The€date€mentioned€by€the€complainant€is€the€one€on€which€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðjudgement€of€second€instance€was€rendered.€At€that€time€the€sentence€was€increased€fromÐ ’â  Ð9€to€10€years€as€a€result€of€the€appearance€of€fresh€evidence€of€the€offences€provided€for€inÐ xÈ  Ðarticles€150€and€132€(6)€of€the€Ordinary€Penal€Code:€criminal€conspiracy€and€action€to€upsetÐ ^®  Ðthe€Constitution.€In€other€words,€the€increased€sentence€was€not€arbitrary€but€was€based€onÐ D”  Ðnew€and€duly€substantiated€facts€....€With€regard€to€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment,€theÐ *z  ÐGovernment€of€Uruguay€rejects€the€assertions€made€in€this€communication."€Ð ` ÐÌ7.2€By€a€note€of€24€June€1982,€the€State€party€supplemented€its€earlier€submission€without,Ð Ü, Ðhowever,€referring€to€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility.€It€stated,€òòinter€alia,€óóthat:€Ð  ÐÌ"as€a€member€of€the€subversive€organization€Movimiento€de€Liberacion€Nacional,€(NationalÐ ŽÞ ÐLiberation€Movement)€enrolled€in€Column€15,€services€sector,€this€person€set€up€aÐ tÄ Ðmechanic's€workshop€for€the€purpose€of€concealing€certain€of€that€organization's€activities.Ð Zª ÐWhat€is€known€in€subversive€jargon€as€a€òò"berretin"€óówas€constructed€on€the€premises,€i.e.€anÐ @ Ðunderground€hiding€place€for€weapons€or€persons.€A€photographer€from€Police€HeadquartersÐ &v Ðin€Montevideo€was€abducted€and€held€prisoner€there€by€the€subversives."€Ð  \ ÐÌ7.3€By€a€note€of€23€August€1982,€the€State€party€referred€to€its€previous€submission€of€24Ð Ø( ÐJune€1982€as€a€response€to€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ8.1€In€his€submission€under€rule€93€(3),€dated€16€November€1982,€the€author€states€that€hisÐ Š Ú Ðbrother€was€retired€on€2€June€1982€without,€however,€appearing€before€a€judge;€that€theÐ p!À  Ðtribunal€was€neither€competent€nor€independent€and€that€he€had€no€opportunity€to€prepareÐ V"¦! Ðhis€defence€properly,€to€communicate€with€counsel€of€his€own€choosing,€or€to€presentÐ <#Œ" Ðwitnesses€on€his€behalf.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ8.2€With€respect€to€his€brother's€state€of€health,€the€author€deplores€that€the€State€party€hasÐ î%>!% Ðnot€complied€with€the€Committee's€specific€request€for€information.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ8.3€With€respect€to€the€current€treatment€of€his€brother€at€Libertad€Prison,€the€authorÐ  (ð#( Ðindicates€that€the€State€party€has€not€commented€on€his€initial€allegation,€in€particular,€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€Uruguayan€Government€has€not€explained€why€Gustavo€Larrosa€has€been€subjected€toÐ l*¼%* Ðfrequent€punishment,€nor€indicated€when€his€visiting€rights€were€suspended€and€the€reasonÐ R+¢&+ Ðfor€taking€that€step.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð8.4€The€author€also€deplores€that,€according€to€the€information€available€to€him,€the€StateÐ ° Ðparty€has€not€complied€with€the€Committee's€request€that€copies€of€the€material€pertainingÐ –æ Ðto€this€case€should€be€transmitted€to€Gustavo€Larrosa€and€that€he€should€be€granted€theÐ |Ì Ðopportunity€to€communicate€directly€with€the€Committee.€Ð b² ÐÌ9.€The€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€all€informationÐ . ~ Ðmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð  d ÐÌ10.1€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€either€beenÐ à 0 Ðessentially€confirmed€by€the€State€party€or€are€uncontested€except€for€denials€of€a€generalÐ Æ   Ðcharacter€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanation.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ10.2€òòEvents€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant:óó€Gustavo€Raul€Larrosa€Bequio€wasÐ xÈ  Ðarrested€on€30€May€1972€as€a€suspected€member€of€the€Movimiento€de€Liberacion€NacionalÐ ^®  Ðòò(Tupamaros).€óóCriminal€proceedings€were€instituted€against€him€on€4€September€1972.€Ð D”  ÐÌ10.3€òòEvents€subsequent€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant:€óóOn€11€September€1979,€theÐ ` ÐSupreme€Court€of€Military€Justice€upheld€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€First€Instance,€butÐ öF Ðincreased€the€prison€term€to€10€years€and€imposed€security€measures€from€one€to€five€years.Ð Ü, ÐGustavo€Larrosa€has€been€frequently€punished€at€prison,€and€from€October€1980€to€MarchÐ Â Ð1981€he€was€allowed€to€receive€only€one€visit.€He€has€also€been€held€in€what€is€called€"LaÐ ¨ø ÐIsla",€a€prison€wing€of€small€cells€without€windows,€where€the€artificial€light€is€left€on€24Ð ŽÞ Ðhours€a€day€and€the€prisoner€was€kept€in€solitary€confinement€for€over€a€month.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ11.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theÐ @ Ðfollowing€considerations,€which€reflect€a€failure€by€the€State€party€to€furnish€the€informationÐ &v Ðand€clarifications€necessary€for€the€Committee€to€formulate€final€views€on€a€number€ofÐ  \ Ðimportant€issues.€Ð òB ÐÌ11.2€In€operative€paragraphs€3,€4€and€5€of€its€decision€on€admissibility€of€2€April€1982,€theÐ ¾ ÐState€party€was€requested€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€relating€to€thisÐ ¤ô Ðcase,€to€furnish€information€on€the€present€state€of€health€of€Gustavo€Larrosa,€to€transmitÐ Š Ú Ðcopies€of€the€Committee's€case€file€to€Gustavo€Larrosa€and€to€grant€him€the€opportunity€toÐ p!À  Ðcommunicate€directly€with€the€Committee.€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€that€it€has€notÐ V"¦! Ðreceived€the€information€requested€nor€any€confirmation€that€Gustavo€Larrosa€has€beenÐ <#Œ" Ðinformed€of€the€proceedings€before€the€Committee€and€given€the€possibility€ofÐ "$r# Ðcommunicating€directly€with€the€Committee.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ11.3€With€respect€to€the€state€of€health€of€the€alleged€victim,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðauthor's€allegations€as€to€his€brother's€loss€of€hearing€in€one€ear,€loss€of€weight€and€impairedÐ º' #' Ðvision€called€for€more€precise€information€from€the€State€party.€Similarly,€with€respect€toÐ  (ð#( Ðgeneral€prison€conditions€and€the€allegations€of€ill„treatment€made€by€the€author,€the€StateÐ †)Ö$) Ðparty€has€adduced€no€evidence€that€these€allegations€have€been€adequately€investigated.€AÐ l*¼%* Ðrefutation€of€these€allegations€in€general€terms,€as€contained€in€the€State€party's€submissions,Ð R+¢&+ Ðis€not€sufficient.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.4€With€respect€to€the€author's€allegations€that€his€brother€has€been€retried,€the€CommitteeÐ ° Ðdoes€not€have€sufficient€information€from€the€author€or€from€the€State€party€to€make€aÐ –æ Ðfinding€on€this€point.€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€if€Gustavo€Larrosa€was€retried€onÐ |Ì Ð2€June€1982,€this€fact€should€have€been€mentioned€in€the€State€party's€subsequentÐ b² Ðsubmissions.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ11.5€With€regard€to€the€burden€of€proof,€the€Committee€has€already€established€in€its€viewsÐ  d Ðin€other€cases€(e.g.,€R.€7/30)€that€said€burden€cannot€rest€alone€on€the€author€of€theÐ ú J Ðcommunication,€especially€considering€that€the€author€and€the€State€party€do€not€always€haveÐ à 0 Ðequal€access€to€the€evidence€and€that€frequently€the€State€party€alone€has€access€to€relevantÐ Æ   Ðinformation.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€State€party€has€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðduty€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€Covenant€made€against€itÐ ’â  Ðand€its€authorities.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ D”  ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€foundÐ *z  Ðby€the€committee,€in€so€far€as€they€continued€or€occurred€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€onÐ ` Ðwhich€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay),€discloseÐ öF Ðviolations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€particularly:€Ð Ü, ÐÌof€articles€7€and€10€(1),€because€Gustavo€Rau1€Larrosa€Bequio€has€not€been€treated€in€prisonÐ ¨ø Ðwith€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ13.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ Zª Ðtake€immediate€steps€(a)€to€ensure€strict€observance€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€andÐ @ Ðprovide€effective€remedies€to€the€victim,€in€particular,€to€extend€to€Gustavo€LarrosaÐ &v Ðtreatment€as€laid€down€for€detained€persons€in€article€10€of€the€Covenant;€(b)€to€ensure€thatÐ  \ Ðhe€receives€all€necessary€medical€care;€(c)€to€transmit€a€copy€of€these€views€to€him;€and€(d)Ð òB Ðto€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€