ÿWPCû £W*-÷³ÔËÄVÏim%„¹Åª!Ò‚j}šëʘßqe‡eÈGkAgœ–èv°á[Ôñ‡Oceg}1b–z @.‹§ˆ¯-€YX·•ŒY£ĞS¦t@Û8ğšF4h7Ê&„ä$åËÉYé@úCç@ <5´L v´Šl1óôƒCÁXĞ«ökŸøq:+*Ù9ÜÂ0°(4©9^«BrMºäÍ£!šåçörQ—{IC•$|pj™zk^u«ÿ¿…ãÈÇWğ¤eäߤ¸„“Ftmn µ¥ãpÍ—.¯u”R¶0È:† q<ÕŠ•§â]0Œ$™7TÈÄdäÁOqYÎ0j¬mJšœ`-ğ½/÷’s/•ÕºÌeÑèvwº]TüCe¦Ğ““À¼ æiÚ¢åyoŠîf·í]RÑÊÕEk*•Ôfª„{,¢·ò vo¦¬²U‹o?©ı`(›­e ÷OißIËÂgĞ×DºĞ9ߨ¢0ıå¾íKÇÕÿœæ`#;:J켧˜(UúŲ[iÚ¸>:u±Î½±ã ‰, :2¶Å“Ë áı]q¥X4áº`–ó‘ `rEÖkyÀ0^ølx{3!'sØÍdôëqdüÀæ+GÓ xÎ7ÌÓK¯èU>¤Ìâ 0µ® 0<c 0YŸ 0_ø 0iW 0PÀÆ 0áÖ 0(· D+ß AM W 0Ng 0Ƶ #Á{ UN< %ŠM(”N¼^ ¾wÊ4Îâ mäô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Adolfo Drescher Caldas v. Uruguay, Communication No. 43/1979 (11 January 1979), U.N. Doc. 4ary 1979), U.N. Doc. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ÚË$££İ ƒÒ!İÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X;.XXXÔÔ€X;.XXX;.ÔÔÔİ  İ(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(Ò$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X9&XXXÔÔ€X9&XXX9&ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX…û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀİ ƒÒ!İÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X;.XXXÔÔ€X;.XXX;.ÔÔÔİ  İÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEĞ ° ĞÌòòCaldas€v.€UruguayóóĞ |Ì ĞÌCommunication€No.€43/1979€*Ğ H˜ ĞÌ21€July€1983Ğ  d ĞÌÌVIEWSó óĞ Æ   ĞÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóÔ_ÔIvonneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔIbarburuÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô,€on€behalf€of€her€husband,€Adolfo€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_ÔĞ xÈ  ĞCaldas€Ğ ^®  ĞÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóAdolfo€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô€Caldas€Ğ *z  ĞÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóUruguay€Ğ öF ĞÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó11€January€1979€Ğ  ĞÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó24€October€1979óó€Ğ Ş ĞÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantĞ @ Ğon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ğ &v ĞÌòòMeetingóó€on€21€July€1983,€Ğ òB ĞÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€43/1979€submitted€to€theĞ ¾ ĞCommittee€by€Ô_ÔIvonneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔIbarburuÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalĞ ¤ô ĞCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ğ Š Ú ĞÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theĞ V"¦! Ğcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ğ <#Œ" ĞÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ğ %X $ ĞÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóĞ º' #' ĞÓ.Ó€ÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€11€January€1979€and€furtherĞ l*¼%* Ğsubmissions€dated€19€September€1979€and€3€May€1983)€is€a€Uruguayan€national,€residingĞ R+¢&+ Ğat€present€in€Mexico.€She€submitted€the€communication€on€behalf€of€her€husband,€AdolfoĞ 8,ˆ', ĞÔ_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô€Caldas,€a€44„year„old€Uruguayan€national€at€present€imprisoned€in€Uruguay.Ğ -n(- Ї2.1€The€author€states€that€her€husband,€who€has€been€an€official€of€the€trade€unionĞ ° Ğcorresponding€to€his€occupation€(the€Bank€Employees'€Association€of€Uruguay),€wasĞ –æ Ğarrested€in€Ô_ÔMantevideoÔ_Ô,€Uruguay,€on€3€October€1978€by€officials€who€did€not€identifyĞ |Ì Ğthemselves€or€produce€any€judicial€warrant€and€who€apparently€belonged€to€the€Navy.€SheĞ b² Ğadds€that€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€were€not€stated€and€are€still€unknown€to€his€family.€TheĞ H˜ Ğauthor€believes€that€her€husband€was€arrested€because€of€his€trade„union€activities.€SheĞ . ~ Ğalleges€that€he€was€held€for€two€months€incommunicado€and€his€whereabouts€were€notĞ  d Ğrevealed€to€his€relatives.€In€the€beginning€of€December€1978,€he€was€transferred€to€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_ÔĞ ú J Ğprison,€where€his€father€was€allowed€to€visit€him.€In€the€beginning€of€January€1979,Ğ à 0 Ğhowever,€he€was€removed€from€that€prison€and€the€family€was€again€unable€to€find€out€hisĞ Æ   Ğwhereabouts.€Ğ ¬ ü  ĞÌ2.2€The€author€claims€that€there€were€no€local€remedies€to€be€exhausted,€òòhabeas€corpus€óóbeingĞ xÈ  Ğinoperative€under€the€Ô_ÔregimeÔ_Ô€of€prompt€security€measures.€Ğ ^®  ĞÌ2.3€By€her€initial€communication€of€11€January€1979,€the€author€requests€that€a€medicalĞ *z  Ğexamination€should€be€permitted€by€doctors€indicated€by€her€husband's€family.€Ğ ` ĞÌ2.4€In€her€initial€communication€of€11€January€1979,€the€author€claims€that€her€husband€isĞ Ü, Ğa€victim€of€violations€of€articles€2€(3)€(a)€and€(b);€3;€9€(1),€(2),€(3)€and€(4);€10€(3);€12€(1),€(2)Ğ Â Ğand€(3);€15€(1);€17;€18€(1);€19€(1)€and€(2);€22;€25;€26€Ô_Ôand.possiblyÔ_Ô€of€articles€6,€7€and€14€ofĞ ¨ø Ğthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ğ Ş ĞÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€23€April€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€held€that€the€author€of€theĞ Zª Ğcommunication€was€justified€by€reason€of€close€family€connection€in€acting€on€behalf€of€theĞ @ Ğalleged€victim.€By€that€same€decision€the€Human€Rights€Committee€Ô_ÔtranmittedÔ_Ô€theĞ &v Ğcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyĞ  \ Ğconcerned€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityĞ òB Ğof€the€communication.€The€Committee€further€drew€the€State€party's€attention€to€the€concernĞ Ø( Ğexpressed€by€the€author€with€regard€to€the€state€of€health€and€whereabouts€of€her€husband;Ğ ¾ Ğand€it€requested€the€State€party€to€furnish€information€to€the€Committee€thereon.€Ğ ¤ô ĞÌ4.€In€its€submission€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€dated€13€July€1979,Ğ p!À  Ğthe€State€party€states€that€Adolfo€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô€Caldas€was€arrested€on€28€September€1978€inĞ V"¦! Ğconformity€with€the€prompt€security€measures€for€his€alleged€involvement€in€subversiveĞ <#Œ" Ğactivities.€He€was€charged€on€7€November€1978€before€a€Military€Examining€Judge€withĞ "$r# Ğviolations€of€article€60€(V)€of€the€Military€Criminal€Code€and€articles€340€(theft),€237Ğ %X $ Ğ(forgery€or€alteration€of€an€official€document€by€a€private€individual)€and€54€(accumulationĞ î%>!% Ğof€offences)€of€the€Ordinary€Criminal€Code.€He€had€a€defending€counsel€appointed€by€theĞ Ô&$"& Ğcourt,€a€colonel€of€the€army.€The€State€party€argues€that€domestic€remedies€have€not€beenĞ º' #' Ğexhausted€as€no€complaint€or€petition€whatsoever€was€submitted€to€any€UruguayanĞ  (ğ#( Ğauthorities.€The€State€party€further€Ğ †)Ö$) ĞÌ(a)€rejects€the€contention€that€Adolfo€Ô_ÔDrescherÔ_Ô€Caldas€was€illegally€held€incommunicado,Ğ R+¢&+ Ğsince€the€state€of€incommunicado€was€terminated€by€the€Military€Examining€Judge€in€theĞ 8,ˆ', Ğwarrant€for€commitment;€Ğ -n(- ĞÔ_Ô‡(b)€denies€that€his€whereabouts€were€not€revealed€to€his€relatives;€Ğ ° ĞÌ(c)€asserts€that€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€he€was€informed€that€he€was€being€arrested€inĞ |Ì Ğconformity€with€the€prompt€security€measures.€Ğ b² ĞÌThe€State€party€informs€the€Committee€that€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas€is€being€held€in€MilitaryĞ . ~ ĞDetention€Establishment€No.€1€which€has€its€own€permanent€and€emergency€medical€serviceĞ  d Ğand€that€medical€inspections€are€carried€out€daily.€Ğ ú J ĞÌ5.€In€a€further€letter€of€19€September€1979,€the€author€conu~ented€on€the€State€party'sĞ Æ   Ğsubmission€under€rule€91€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure.Ğ ¬ ü  ĞÌ5.1€With€respect€to€the€State€party's€argument€that€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhaustedĞ xÈ  Ğin€the€case€of€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas,€the€author€argues€that€the€State€party€completelyĞ ^®  Ğignored€the€Committee's€request€for€information€as€to€any€specific€remedy€that€might€haveĞ D”  Ğbeen€available€in€this€particular€case.€Ğ *z  ĞÌ5.2€The€author€further€contests€the€State€party's€submission€as€to€the€substance€of€herĞ öF Ğallegations.€She€maintains€her€allegation€that€her€husband€was€held€incommunicado€at€theĞ Ü, Ğbeginning€of€his€detention€and€that€his€relatives€did€not€know€his€whereabouts.€She€arguesĞ Â Ğthat€the€State€party€admitted€this€fact€when€it€declared€that€the€state€of€incommunicado€wasĞ ¨ø Ğlifted€by€the€Military€Examining€Judge€in€the€warrant€of€commitment€after€it€had€stated€thatĞ Ş Ğhe€was€charged€on€7€November€1978€before€the€Military€Examining€Judge.€The€authorĞ tÄ Ğconcludes€that€the€State€party€admits€that€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas€was€held€incommunicadoĞ Zª Ğfrom€his€arrest€until€7€November€1978,€i.e.,€for€about€six€weeks.€The€author€further€contestsĞ @ Ğthe€State€party's€affirmation€that€her€husband€was€informed€of€the€reason€for€his€arrest€at€theĞ &v Ğtime€of€his€arrest,€because€he€was€told€that€he€had€been€arrested€under€the€prompt€securityĞ  \ Ğmeasures.€The€author€argues€that€this€explanation€amounted€exactly€to€the€same€thing€asĞ òB Ğgiving€no€reason€at€all,€for€the€power€of€arrest€was€said€to€be€entirely€discretionary€under€thisĞ Ø( Ğ'regime'.€The€author€also€claims€that€her€husband€had€no€counsel€of€his€own€choosingĞ ¾ Ğbecause€he€only€could€choose€between€two€court„appointed€defending€counsels.€She€allegesĞ ¤ô Ğthat€he€was€'tried€by€a€Colonel€and€defended€by€a€Colonel€and€charged€with€theft€and€forgeryĞ Š Ú Ğin€a€clumsy€attempt€to€disguise€political€persecution'.€Ğ p!À  ĞÌ6.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€after€having€considered€the€State€party's€as€well€as€theĞ <#Œ" Ğauthor's€submissions€with€regard€to€the€question€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€and€onĞ "$r# Ğthe€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€by€article€5€(2)€(b)€ofĞ %X $ Ğthe€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication.€The€Committee€was€also€unableĞ î%>!% Ğto€conclude€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€the€communication€was€inadmissibleĞ Ô&$"& Ğunder€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ğ º' #' ĞÌ7.€On€24€October€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€òòdecided:óó€Ğ †)Ö$) ĞÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible,€Ğ R+¢&+ ĞÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beĞ -n(- Ğrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itĞ ° Ğof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifĞ –æ Ğany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€itl€Ğ |Ì ĞÌ(c)€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statements€submittedĞ H˜ Ğby€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relate€primarily€to€the€substance€of€theĞ . ~ Ğmatter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressed€that,€in€order€to€perform€itsĞ  d Ğresponsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€the€allegations€which€had€been€made€by€theĞ ú J Ğauthor€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actions€taken€by€it.Ğ à 0 ĞThe€State€party€was€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€orders€orĞ Æ   Ğdecisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Ğ ¬ ü  ĞÌ8.€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€dated€16€June€1980,€the€StateĞ xÈ  Ğparty€stated€that€the€case€of€Mr.€Drescher€Caldas€had€been€before€the€Inter„AmericanĞ ^®  ĞCommission€on€Human€Rights€(case€No.€3439)€since€5€October€1978,€i.e.,€before€Mrs.€deĞ D”  ĞDrescher€made€her€submission€to€the€Committee.€Ğ *z  ĞÌ9.€By€a€letter€of€18€August€1981,€the€secretariat€of€the€Muman€Rights€Cormittee€wasĞ öF Ğinformed€by€the€secratariat€of€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€that€caseĞ Ü, ĞNo.€3439€was€submitted€by€a€letter€of€25€October€1978€by€a€close€family€member€of€AdolfoĞ Â ĞDrescher€Caldas,€but€that€the€complaint€had€been€withdrawn€from€IACHR€by€a€letter€sentĞ ¨ø Ğto€the€Commission€in€September€1979.€Ğ Ş ĞÌ10.€In€her€submission€of€3May€1983,€under€rule€93€(3)€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,Ğ Zª Ğthe€author€confirms€that€she€withdrew€the€case€of€her€husband€from€IACHR.€She€alleges€thatĞ @ Ğhe€continues€to€be€imprisoned€under€the€same€conditions€as€previously€denounced.€Ğ &v ĞÌ11.€The€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€all€informationĞ òB Ğmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ğ Ø( ĞÌ12.€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€either€beenĞ ¤ô Ğessentially€confirmed€by€the€State€party€or€are€uncontested€except€for€denials€of€a€generalĞ Š Ú Ğcharacter€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanation.€Ğ p!À  ĞÌ12.1€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas,€a€former€trade„union€official,€was€arrested€in€Montevideo,Ğ <#Œ" ĞUruguay,€on€28€September€1978,€by€officials€who€did€not€identify€themselves€or€produceĞ "$r# Ğany€judicial€warrant€and€who€apparently€belonged€to€the€Navy.€He€was€informed€that€he€wasĞ %X $ Ğarrested€under€the€prompt€security€measures,€but€not,€it€appears,€more€specifically€of€theĞ î%>!% Ğreasons€for€his€arrest.€During€the€first€six€weeks€of€his€detention€he€was€kept€incommunicadoĞ Ô&$"& Ğand€his€relatives€did€not€know€his€whereabouts.€Recourse€to€òòhaeas€corpusóó€was€not€availableĞ º' #' Ğto€him.€On€7€November€1978,€he€was€charged€before€the€Military€Examining€Judge€withĞ  (ğ#( Ğviolations€of€article€60€(V)€of€the€Military€Criminal€Code€and€article€340€(theft),€237Ğ †)Ö$) Ğ(forgery€or€alteration€of€an€official€document€by€a€private€individual)€and€54€(accumulationĞ l*¼%* Ğof€offences)€of€the€Ordinary€Criminal€Code.€Me€had€a€defending€counsel€appointed€by€theĞ R+¢&+ Ğcourt,€Colonel€Alfredo€Ramirez,€and€in€July€1979€his€case€was€before€the€Military€Court€ofĞ 8,ˆ', Ğthe€fourth€sitting.€In€December€1978,€he€was€brought€to€Libertad€prison,€the€MilitaryĞ -n(- ĞDetention€Establishment€No.€1,€where€he€continues€to€be€detained.€Ğ ° ĞÌ13.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theĞ |Ì Ğfollowing€considerations.€Ğ b² ĞÌ13.2€With€regard€to€the€author's€contention€that€her€husband€was€not€duly€informed€of€theĞ . ~ Ğreasons€for€his€arrest,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€article€9€(2)€of€the€CovenantĞ  d Ğrequires€that€anyone€who€is€arrested€shall€be€informed€sufficiently€of€the€reasons€for€hisĞ ú J Ğarrest€to€enable€him€to€take€immediate€steps€to€secure€his€release€if€he€believes€that€theĞ à 0 Ğreasons€given€are€invalid€or€unfounded.€It€is€the€view€of€the€Committee€that€it€was€notĞ Æ   Ğsufficient€simply€to€inform€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas€that€he€was€being€arrested€under€theĞ ¬ ü  Ğprompt€security€measures€without€any€indication€of€the€substance€of€the€complaint€againstĞ ’â  Ğhim.€Ğ xÈ  ĞÌ13.3€The€Committee€observes€that€the€holding€of€a€detaincoo€incommunicado€for€six€weeksĞ D”  Ğafter€his€arrest€is€not€only€incompatible€with€the€standard€of€humane€treatment€required€byĞ *z  Ğarticle€10€(1)€of€the€Covenant,€but€it€also€deprives€him,€at€a€critical€stage,€of€the€possibilityĞ ` Ğof€communicating€with€counsel€of€his€own€choosing€as€required€by€article€14€(3)€(b)€and,Ğ öF Ğtherefore,€of€one€of€the€most€important€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence.€Ğ Ü, ĞÌ13.4€In€operative€paragraph€3€of€its€decision€of€24€October€1979,€the€Committee€requestedĞ ¨ø Ğthe€State€party€to€submit€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matterĞ Ş Ğunder€consideration.€The€Corumittee€notes€with€regret€that€it€has€not€been€furnished€with€anyĞ tÄ Ğof€the€relevant€documents€or€with€any€information€about€the€outcoma€of€the€criminalĞ Zª Ğproceedings€commenced€against€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas€in€1978.€It€must€be€concluded€thatĞ @ Ğhe€has€not€been€tried€without€undue€delay€as€required€by€article€14€(3)€(c)€of€the€Covenant.€Ğ &v ĞÌ14.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theĞ òB ĞInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,'€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€foundĞ Ø( Ğby€the€Committee€disclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalĞ ¾ ĞRights,€particularlya€Ğ ¤ô ĞÌof€article€9€(2),€because,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€Adolfo€Drescher€Caldas€was€notĞ p!À  Ğsufficiently€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest;€Ğ V"¦! ĞÌof€article€9€(4),€because€recourse€to€òòhabeas€corpus€óówas€not€available€to€him;€Ğ "$r# ĞÌof€article€10€(1),€because€he€was€kept€incommunicado€for€six€weeks€after€his€arrest;€Ğ î%>!% ĞÌof€article€14€(3)€(b),€because€he€was€unable,€particularly€while€kept€incommunicado,€toĞ º' #' Ğcommunicate€with€counsel€of€his€own€choosing;€Ğ  (ğ#( ĞÌof€article€14€(3)€(c),€because€he€was€not€tried€without€undue€delay.€Ğ l*¼%* ĞÌ15.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toĞ 8,ˆ', Ğtake€immediate€steps€(a}€to€ensure€strict€observance€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€andĞ -n(- Ğprovide€effective€remedies€to€the€victim:€(b)€to€transmit€a€copy€of€these€views€to€AdolfoĞ ° ĞDrescher€Caldasl€(c)€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ğ –æ ĞÌ_____________Ğ b² ĞÌ*/€€€Mr.€Walter€Surma€Tarnopolsky€did€not€participate€in€the€adoption€of€the€views€of€theĞ . ~ ĞCommittee€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€in€this€matter.€