ÿWPC æS!3·×@ zÿ¾©~ýÍQ½"1HItñ[¡/èqåp+ êÞB(ÐcÕ~4NÄ«Ù>~%¼\>ïW…DÙ¡">ØåÖcñÍrWÐ~…&lcº¨Ö7˜/€¦0QGb(©´’–ÜÒ›f¥$ŒÁ>ýë Ë•eN¿(ìØ5à‰ ¹Ü­Vº ‰ ÈNÐ]óÓ Œc´Ã ÚGTyÝ33l|Gûèîöµ÷*Øq«ðFûsœ»Ÿ`Å2?»›f:Lñ4÷Wf5|=­?Z ³: ðÊÜÂ96˜p »C¾¾@±ý(õ:¦H[ ‚d^‘µ?N]Mr‘…»ùö—îËÁú@c×µ®“¹jç_îCꤢ|±‡æŒ"{d?S·ê¸4‘jL~ÿ³§¨¤ Só"L8ºlÓ¬¸‹¥aê»ô¹2>L&lýxeÌ­hÑEñ“Ô„#t¤œГ*Ø£Žd1^ ½"n03l»¶Ûm(TfÕš–\ZÉ莧iÌ?uÿ±ž•G\~¾Qß&ç|k ”Ï]‹éü"$c’˜gå4?Å;†jÆñŠ»M辶šxc!3ì8žÍÝÀ~Ìü²^€ðÚ´³ÃÓÎû?’ò[jvL·A!U>ÎÆ  0µÒ 0ƒ‡ 0µ  0<¿ 0Yû 0_T 0i³ ³ Æ 0áâ 0(à D+ë AM    c 0Ns 0ÆÁ #Á‡ UNH %–Mœ( NÈ^ ÊwÖ4Úî mðô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Marshall v. Canada, Communication No. 205/l986, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/43/D/205/l986 (1991). ./205/l986 (1991). "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ6-  ÿÿ4Heading 4Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓò òÔ  ÔÔ  Ôó óÓ =jSÓ6F , ÿÿ4Heading 5Ô S ÔÓ €SÓÔ€ôôôÔò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ €SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2¦Ü$££Ý ƒça!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xí®XXXÔÔ€Xí®XXXí®ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žça$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xà’XXXÔÔ€Xà’XXXà’ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXHoô* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒça!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xí®XXXÔÔ€Xí®XXXí®ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòMarshall€et€al.€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€205/l986Ð H˜ ÐÌ4€November€1991Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/43/D/205/Ô_Ôl986Ô_Ô*Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Grand€Chief€Donald€Marshall,€Grand€Captain€Alexander€Denny€andÐ D”  ÐAdviser€Simon€Marshall,€as€officers€of€the€Grand€Council€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€societyÐ *z  Ð(assisted€by€counsel)Ð ` ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€The€authors€and€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€societyÐ Ü, ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€CanadaÐ ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€Ó?+4 44Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°œX?Ó30€January€1986€(initial€submission)€Ð tÄ ÐÌòòDate€of€the€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€25€July€1990óóÐ @ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ òB Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€ò òÐ Ø( ÐÌòòó óMeetingóó€on€4€November€1991,Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€consideredóó€communication€No.€205/1986,€submitted€to€the€Committee€by€the€lateÐ p!À  ÐGrand€Chief€Donald€Marshall,€Grand€Captain€Alexander€Denny€and€Adviser€SimonÐ V"¦! ÐMarshall,€as€officers€of€the€Grand€Council€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€(assisted€by€counsel)Ð <#Œ" Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð "$r# ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theÐ î%>!% Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party,Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÌÓÊÓò òòòViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó ó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÓÓÌòòThe€authorsóó:Ð -n(- Ї1.€The€authors€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€of€30€January€1986€and€subsequentÐ ° Ðcorrespondence)€are€Grand€Chief€Donald€Marshall,€Grand€Captain€Alexander€Denny€andÐ –æ ÐAdviser€Simon€Marshall,€the€officers€of€the€Grand€Council€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€inÐ |Ì ÐCanada.€They€submit€the€communication€both€as€individually€affected€alleged€victims€andÐ b² Ðas€trustees€for€the€welfare€and€the€rights€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€people€as€a€whole.€Grand€ChiefÐ H˜ ÐDonald€Marshall€passed€away€in€August€1991.€The€communication€is,€however,€maintainedÐ . ~ Ðby€the€other€authors,€who€continue€to€be€responsible€for€the€conduct€of€the€affairs€of€theÐ  d ÐÔ_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€Grand€Council.€They€are€represented€by€counsel.Ð ú J ÐÌòòThe€backgroundóó:Ð Æ   ÐÌ2.1€The€authors€state€that€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqsÔ_Ô€are€a€people€who€have€lived€in€Ô_ÔMikmakikÔ_Ô,€theirÐ ’â  Ðtraditional€territories€in€North€America,€since€time€immemorial€and€that€they,€as€a€free€andÐ xÈ  Ðindependent€nation,€concluded€treaties€with€the€French€and€British€colonial€authorities,Ð ^®  Ðwhich€guaranteed€their€separate€national€identity€and€rights€of€hunting,€fishing€and€tradingÐ D”  Ðthroughout€Nova€Scotia.€It€is€further€stated€that€for€more€than€100€years€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€territorialÐ *z  Ðand€political€rights€have€been€in€dispute€with€the€Government€of€Canada,€which€claimedÐ ` Ðabsolute€sovereignty€over€Ô_ÔMikmakikÔ_Ô€by€virtue€of€its€independence€from€the€United€KingdomÐ öF Ðin€1867.€It€is€claimed,€however,€that€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqsÔ_Ô'€right€of€self„determination€has€never€beenÐ Ü, Ðsurrendered€and€that€their€land,€Ô_ÔMikmakikÔ_Ô,€must€be€considered€as€a€non„self„governingÐ Â Ðterritory€within€the€meaning€of€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.2€By€Constitution€Act,€1982,€the€Government€of€Canada€"recognized€and€affirmed"€theÐ tÄ Ð"existing€aboriginal€and€treaty€rights€of€the€aboriginal€peoples€of€Canada"€(art.€35(1)),Ð Zª Ðcomprising€the€Indian,€Ô_ÔInuitÔ_Ô€and€Mtis€peoples€of€Canada€(art.€35(2)).€With€a€view€to€furtherÐ @ Ðidentifying€and€clarifying€these€rights,€the€Constitution€Act€envisaged€a€process€which€wouldÐ &v Ðinclude€a€constitutional€conference€to€be€convened€by€the€Prime€Minister€of€Canada€andÐ  \ Ðattended€by€the€first€ministers€of€the€provinces€and€invited€"representatives€of€the€aboriginalÐ òB Ðpeoples€of€Canada".€The€Government€of€Canada€and€the€provincial€governments€committedÐ Ø( Ðthemselves€to€the€principle€that€discussions€would€take€place€at€such€a€conference€before€anyÐ ¾ Ðconstitutional€amendments€would€be€made€and€included€in€the€Constitution€of€Canada€inÐ ¤ô Ðrespect€of€matters€that€directly€affect€the€aboriginal€peoples,€Ô_ÔincludingtheÔ_Ô€identification€andÐ Š Ú Ðthe€definition€of€the€rights€of€those€peoples€(articles€35(1)€and€37(1)€and€(2)).€In€fact,€severalÐ p!À  Ðsuch€conferences€were€convened€by€the€Prime€Minister€of€Canada€in€the€following€years,Ð V"¦! Ðto€which€he€invited€representatives€of€four€national€associations€to€represent€the€interest€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðapproximately€600€aboriginal€groups.€These€national€associations€were:€the€Assembly€ofÐ "$r# ÐFirst€Nations€(invited€to€represent€primarily€non„status€Indians),€the€Mtis€National€CouncilÐ %X $ Ð(invited€to€represent€the€Mtis)€and€the€Ô_ÔInuitÔ_Ô€Committee€on€National€Issues€(invited€toÐ î%>!% Ðrepresent€the€Ô_ÔInuitÔ_Ô).€As€a€general€rule,€constitutional€conferences€in€Canada€are€attended€onlyÐ Ô&$"& Ðby€elected€leaders€of€the€federal€and€provincial€governments.€The€conferences€on€aboriginalÐ º' #' Ðmatters€constituted€an€exception€to€that€rule.€They€focused€on€the€matter€of€aboriginal€self„Ð  (ð#( Ðgovernment€and€whether€and€in€what€form,€a€general€aboriginal€right€to€self„governmentÐ †)Ö$) Ðshould€be€entrenched€in€the€Constitution€of€Canada.€The€conferences€were€inconclusive.€NoÐ l*¼%* Ðconsensus€was€reached€on€any€proposal€and€no€constitutional€amendments€have€as€a€resultÐ R+¢&+ Ðbeen€placed€before€the€federal€and€provincial€legislatures€for€debate€and€vote.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð2.3€While€the€State€party€indicated€(on€20€February€1991)€that€no€further€constitutionalÐ ° Ðconferences€on€aboriginal€matters€were€scheduled,€the€authors€point€out€(in€comments€datedÐ –æ Ð1€June€1991)€that€the€State€party's€Minister€of€Constitutional€Affairs€announced,€during€theÐ |Ì Ðlast€week€of€May€1991,€that€a€fresh€round€of€constitutional€deliberations,€to€which€a€"panel"Ð b² Ðof€up€to€10€aboriginal€leaders€would€be€invited,€would€take€place€later€that€year€(1991).Ð H˜ ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó:Ð  d ÐÌ3.1€The€authors€sought,€unsuccessfully,€to€be€invited€to€attend€the€constitutional€conferencesÐ à 0 Ðas€representatives€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€people.€The€refusal€of€the€State€party€to€permit€specificÐ Æ   Ðrepresentation€for€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqsÔ_Ô€at€the€constitutional€conferences€is€the€basis€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcomplaint.Ð ’â  ÐÌ3.2€Initially,€the€authors€claimed€that€the€refusal€to€grant€a€seat€at€the€constitutionalÐ ^®  Ðconferences€to€representatives€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€denied€them€the€right€of€self„Ð D”  Ðdetermination,€in€violation€of€article€1€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ *z  ÐRights.€They€subsequently€revised€that€claim€and€argued€that€the€refusal€also€infringed€theirÐ ` Ðright€to€take€part€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs,€in€violation€of€article€25(a)€of€theÐ öF ÐCovenant.Ð Ü, ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€authors'€commentsóó:Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party€argues€that€the€restrictions€on€participation€in€the€constitutionalÐ tÄ Ðconferences€were€not€unreasonable,€and€that€the€conferences€were€not€conducted€in€a€wayÐ Zª Ðthat€was€contrary€to€the€right€to€participate€in€"the€conduct€of€public€affairs".€In€particular,Ð @ Ðthe€State€party€argues€that€"the€right€of€citizens€to€participate€in€'the€conduct€of€public€affairs'Ð &v Ðdoes€not€...€require€direct€input€into€the€duties€and€responsibilities€of€a€government€properlyÐ  \ Ðelected.€Rather,€this€right€is€fulfilled€...€when€'freely€chosen€representatives'€conduct€andÐ òB Ðmake€decisions€on€the€affairs€with€which€they€are€entrusted€by€the€constitution."€The€StateÐ Ø( Ðparty€submits€that€the€circumstances€of€the€instant€case€"do€not€fall€within€the€scope€ofÐ ¾ Ðactivities€which€individuals€are€entitled€to€undertake€by€virtue€of€article€25€of€the€Covenant.Ð ¤ô ÐThis€article€could€not€possibly€required€that€all€citizens€of€a€country€be€invited€to€aÐ Š Ú Ðconstitutional€conference."Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.2€The€authors€contend,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€restrictions€were€unreasonable€and€that€theirÐ <#Œ" Ðinterests€were€not€properly€represented€at€the€constitutional€conferences.€First,€they€stressÐ "$r# Ðthat€they€could€not€choose€which€of€the€"national€associations"€would€represent€them,€and,Ð %X $ Ðfurthermore,€that€they€did€not€confer€on€the€Assembly€of€First€Nations€(Ô_ÔAFNÔ_Ô)€any€right€toÐ î%>!% Ðrepresent€them.€Secondly,€when€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqsÔ_Ô€were€not€allowed€direct€representation,€theyÐ Ô&$"& Ðattempted,€without€success,€to€influence€the€Ô_ÔAFNÔ_Ô.€In€particular,€they€refer€to€a€1987€hearingÐ º' #' Ðconducted€jointly€by€the€Ô_ÔAFNÔ_Ô€and€several€Canadian€Government€departments,€at€whichÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€leaders€submitted€a€package€of€constitutional€proposals€and€protested€"in€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðstrongest€terms€any€discussion€of€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€treaties€at€the€constitutional€conferences€in€theÐ l*¼%* Ðabsence€of€direct€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€representation".€The€AFN,€however,€did€not€submit€any€of€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€position€papers€to€the€constitutional€conferences€nor€incorporated€them€in€its€ownÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpositions.Ð -n(- ЇòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó:Ð ° ÐÌ5.1€The€communication€was€declared€admissible€on€25€July€1990,€in€so€far€as€it€may€raiseÐ |Ì Ðissues€under€article€25(a)€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€had€earlier€determined,€in€respectÐ b² Ðof€another€communication,€that€a€claim€of€an€alleged€violation€of€article€1€of€the€CovenantÐ H˜ Ðcannot€be€brought€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€1/€Ð . ~ ÐÌ5.2€Article€25€of€the€Covenant€stipulates€that:Ð ú J ÐÌ"every€citizen€shall€have€the€right€and€the€opportunity,€without€any€of€the€distinctionsÐ Æ   Ðmentioned€in€article€2€and€without€unreasonable€restrictions:€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ(a)to€take€part€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs,€directly€or€through€freely€chosenÐ xÈ  Ðrepresentatives;Ð ^®  ÐÌ(b)to€vote€and€to€be€elected€in€genuine€periodic€elections...;Ð *z  ÐÌ(c)to€have€access,€on€general€terms€of€equality,€to€public€service...."Ð öF ÐÌAt€issue€in€the€present€case€is€whether€the€constitutional€conferences€constituted€a€"conductÐ Â Ðof€public€affairs"€and€if€so,€whether€the€authors,€or€any€other€representatives€chosen€for€thatÐ ¨ø Ðpurpose€by€the€Mikmaq€tribal€society,€had€the€right,€by€virtue€of€article€25(a),€to€attend€theÐ ŽÞ Ðconferences.Ð tÄ ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party€has€informed€the€Committee€that,€as€a€general€rule,€constitutionalÐ @ Ðconferences€in€Canada€are€attended€only€by€the€elected€leaders€of€the€federal€and€10Ð &v Ðprovincial€governments.€In€the€light€of€the€composition,€nature€and€scope€of€activities€ofÐ  \ Ðconstitutional€conferences€in€Canada,€as€explained€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€cannotÐ òB Ðbut€conclude€that€they€do€indeed€constitute€a€conduct€of€public€affairs.€The€fact€that€anÐ Ø( Ðexception€was€made,€by€inviting€representatives€of€aboriginal€peoples€in€addition€to€electedÐ ¾ Ðrepresentatives€to€take€part€in€the€deliberations€of€the€constitutional€conferences€onÐ ¤ô Ðaboriginal€matters,€cannot€change€this€conclusion.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ5.4€It€remains€to€be€determined€what€is€the€scope€of€the€right€of€every€citizen,€withoutÐ V"¦! Ðunreasonable€restrictions,€to€take€part€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs,€directly€or€throughÐ <#Œ" Ðfreely€chosen€representatives.€Surely,€it€cannot€be€the€meaning€of€article€25(a)€of€theÐ "$r# ÐCovenant€that€every€citizen€may€determine€either€to€take€part€directly€in€the€conduct€ofÐ %X $ Ðpublic€affairs€or€to€leave€it€to€freely€chosen€representatives.€It€is€for€the€legal€andÐ î%>!% Ðconstitutional€system€of€the€State€party€to€provide€for€the€modalities€of€such€participation.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.5€It€must€be€beyond€dispute€that€the€conduct€of€public€affairs€in€a€democratic€State€is€theÐ  (ð#( Ðtask€of€representatives€of€the€people,€elected€for€that€purpose,€and€public€officials€appointedÐ †)Ö$) Ðin€accordance€with€the€law.€Invariably,€the€conduct€of€public€affairs€affects€the€interest€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðlarge€segments€of€the€population€or€even€the€population€as€a€whole,€while€in€other€instancesÐ R+¢&+ Ðit€affects€Ô_ÔmoredirectlyÔ_Ô€the€interest€of€more€specific€groups€of€society.€Although€priorÐ 8,ˆ', Ðconsultations,€such€as€public€hearings€or€consultations€with€the€most€interested€groups€mayÐ -n(- Ðoften€be€envisaged€by€law€or€have€evolved€as€public€policy€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs,Ð ° Ðarticle€25(a)€of€the€Covenant€cannot€be€understood€as€meaning€that€any€directly€affectedÐ –æ Ðgroup,€large€or€small,€has€the€unconditional€right€to€choose€the€modalities€of€participationÐ |Ì Ðin€the€conduct€of€public€affairs.€That,€in€fact,€would€be€an€extrapolation€of€the€right€to€directÐ b² Ðparticipation€by€the€citizens,€far€beyond€the€scope€of€article€25(a).Ð H˜ ÐÌ6.€Notwithstanding€the€right€of€every€citizen€to€take€part€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairsÐ  d Ðwithout€discrimination€and€without€unreasonable€restrictions,€the€Committee€concludes€that,Ð ú J Ðin€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€failure€of€the€State€party€to€inviteÐ à 0 Ðrepresentatives€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society€to€the€constitutional€conferences€on€aboriginalÐ Æ   Ðmatters,€which€constituted€conduct€of€public€affairs,€did€not€infringe€that€right€of€the€authorsÐ ¬ ü  Ðor€other€members€of€the€Ô_ÔMikmaqÔ_Ô€tribal€society.€Moreover,€in€the€view€of€the€Committee,€theÐ ’â  Ðparticipation€and€representation€at€these€conferences€have€not€been€subjected€toÐ xÈ  Ðunreasonable€restrictions.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€communicationÐ ^®  Ðdoes€not€disclose€a€violation€of€article€25€or€any€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð D”  ÐÌòòÌFootnotesóóÐ öF ÐÌò ò*ó ó/€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€Ð  ÐÌ1.€See€Views€of€the€Committee€in€communication€No.€167/1984€(€Ô_ÔLubiconÔ_Ô€Lake€Band€v.Ð ŽÞ ÐCanada€),€adopted€on€26€March€1990,€paragraph€32.1.]€Ð tÄ ÐÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Ð &v ÐÓØÓ