ÿWPC ÿM'íE&àä-'yuJHwùóâ eF»a€á¢C>•Wmv…r÷Gi[×ì³ZQe<¬8#טÓSí—©RY bŠ ÷„\PÜ:É|£›€o"IÔït⟢…j’å°Idø»^¢0ѹ, úš.¾˜ƒÐ1`˜_˜ ßÆNU×{…”©î`\Nr›JaÓ+(ÞóJÄÔz7³1¢í ‘§på4ÛÈÿõ«¿Ò2ð¾¥ÊE38Uê‰ëY˜êQէý\³g;Æ7êô£GÖ?ÐZ‹À!,4žw§õ®1o¢ÆÈ K‘²­¹7…4œg±þlñB\eÒúzu'¿þ5—‹Ì ÑS©Ö&÷Jƒäê¥î„9­ér.ÜÊ¥œûÕL‡†¤=˜G-o¶§šï抜{…&&Që§YR<½•„ä_=XV…ûö­¾}°&Äw‚”œXÑÀ~ï ²¸åÿ \ªåÀÍ~-E#Z–ê=k¹Næ¾Sºëýª¸Í`1oÍ•[¥Ë6tN»!XûC|6_œC9uI¸û U>ÀÌþ 0µÊ 0< 0Y» 0_ 0is 0PÜÆ, 0áò 0(Ó D+û AM& & s s s y 0N‰ 0Æ× #Á UN^ %¬M²(¶NÞ^ àwì4ð mô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Carlos Varela Nunez v. Uruguay, Communication No. 108/1981 (27 October 1981), U.N. Doc. Su4r 1981), U.N. Doc. Su"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ÇÓ$££Ý ƒ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xª–XXXÔÔ€Xª–XXXª–ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ**#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(ž$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X§ªXXXÔÔ€X§ªXXX§ªÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXù…û* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xª–XXXÔÔ€Xª–XXXª–ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòNunez€v.€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€108/1981*Ð H˜ ÐÌ22€July€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€Carlos€Varela€Nunez€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóUruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó27€October€1981€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó27€October€1982€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€22€July€1983,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€108/1981€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Carlos€Varela€Nunez€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ ¾ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓåÓÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication,€dated€27€October€1981,€is€Carlos€Varela€Nunez,€aÐ †)Ö$) ÐUruguayan€journalist,€living€at€present€in€New€York€City,€United€States€of€America.€(TheÐ l*¼%* Ðcommunication€is€submitted€by€the€author€with€the€assistance€of€the€International€LeagueÐ R+¢&+ Ðfor€Human€Rights.)€Mr.€Varela€Nunez€alleges€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€breach€by€Uruguay€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðarticles€12€(2)€and€19€of€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð -n(- Ї1.2€The€author€claims€that€his€Uruguayan€passport€has€been€revoked€by€the€UruguayanÐ ° Ðauthorities,€without€official€notice€or€explanation,€to€punish€him€for€the€opinions€which€heÐ –æ Ðholds€and€which€he€has€expressed€and€still€expresses€in€press€articles€critical€of€the€policiesÐ |Ì Ðof€the€Uruguayan€Government€and€to€prevent€him€from€continuing€to€exercise€fully€hisÐ b² Ðfreedom€of€expression€as€a€journalist.€He€claims€that€for€the€purpose€of€his€complaint€heÐ H˜ Ðcomes€within€the€jurisdiction€of€Uruguay.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€is€a€Uruguayan€citizen€born€in€Montevideo,€Uruguay,€on€25Ð ú J ÐMay€1942.€In€the€early€Ô_Ô1960sÔ_Ô,€he€was€an€active€member€of€the€Uruguayan€Socialist€Party,Ð à 0 Ðwhich€then€was€a€legally€functioning€party.€At€the€came€time,€he€was€also€working€as€aÐ Æ   Ðjournalist€for€the€Uruguayan€newspapers€"òòÔ_ÔEpocaÔ_Ôóó"€and€"òòÔ_ÔMarchaÔ_Ôóó".€(Both€newspapers€and€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐSocialist€Party€were€proscribed€after€the€author€left€Uruguay.)€The€author€affirms€thatÐ ’â  Ðthroughout€his€career€as€a€journalist€in€Uruguay€and€abroad,€he€has€written€press€articlesÐ xÈ  Ðwhich€have€critically€discussed€Uruguay's€human€rights€policies€and€practices.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.2€On€11€March€1966,€the€author€left€Uruguay€legally,€in€possession€of€a€valid€UruguayanÐ *z  Ðpassport.€In€July€1970,€Mr.€Varela€started€to€work€for€the€Italian€news€agency,€Ô_ÔANSAÔ_Ô,€andÐ ` Ðhas€been€Ô_ÔANSAÔ_Ô's€correspondent€at€United€Nations€Headquarters€in€New€York€since€1973.Ð öF ÐWhen€his€passport€expired€in€1971,€the€Uruguayan€consulate€in€Rome,€Italy,€issued€to€himÐ Ü, Ða€new€passport€(No.€151„922),€with€the€expiration€date€of€November€1981,€provided€thatÐ Â Ðrenewal€of€the€passport€be€obtained€in€November€1976.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.3€The€author€states€that€when€he€applied€for€the€renewal€of€his€passport€at€the€UruguayanÐ tÄ Ðconsulate€in€New€York€in€1976,€he€was€informed€by€the€consular€officer€that€there€wouldÐ Zª Ðprobably€be€a€long€delay€in€the€processing€of€his€application.€The€author€claims€that€afterÐ @ Ð1973€it€had€become€the€practice€of€the€Uruguayan€authorities,€under€the€pretext€of€longÐ &v Ðdelays,€to€deny€the€renewal€of€passports€to€certain€persons.€The€author€submits€that,€basedÐ  \ Ðupon€personal€knowledge€of€several€such€cases€where€Uruguayans€had€been€waiting€for€theÐ òB Ðrenewal€of€their€passport€for€many€years,€without€positive€result,€he€informed€the€UruguayanÐ Ø( ÐAmbassador€to€the€United€Nations€that€he€intended€to€publicize€his€case.€Subsequently,€heÐ ¾ Ðobtained€the€renewal€of€his€passport,€valid€then€till€November€1981.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ2.4€The€author€states€that,€since€the€time€of€the€"passport€renewal€incident",,he€has€beenÐ p!À  Ðafraid€to€return€to€Uruguay,€for€fear€of€reprisals€because€of€his€opinions€and€writings€whichÐ V"¦! Ðhave€been€critical€of€the€Uruguayan€Government's€human€rights€record€and€other€matters.Ð <#Œ" ÐThe€author€adds€that€he€is€convinced€that€returning€to€Uruguay€would€place€him€in€graveÐ "$r# Ðphysical€danger.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ2.5€Mr.€Varela€claims€that,€in€July€1980,€he€learned€through€foreign€diplomats€that€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐUruguayan€Government€had€notified€foreign€Governments€in€June€of€1980€that€his€passportÐ º' #' Ðhad€been€revoked.€He€himself,€however,€did€not€receive€any€written€notice€of€the€revocation,Ð  (ð#( Ðnor€any€statement€of€the€reasons€for€that€decision€from€the€Uruguayan€Government.€HisÐ †)Ö$) Ðwritten€inquiry€regarding€his€passport,€sent€by€registered€mail€to€the€Uruguayan€consulateÐ l*¼%* Ðin€New€York€on€5€May€1981,€remained'€unanswered.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ2.6€In€March€1981,€he€was€issued€with€a€travel€document€by€the€Italian€Government,€basedÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôon€humanitarian€grounds,€which€enables€him€for€the€time€being€to€continue€his€work€asÐ ° ÐANSA€correspondent€at€the€United€Nations€in€New€York.€The€author€states,€however,€thatÐ –æ Ðthis€travel€document€cannot€be€regarded€as€an€adequate€substitute€for€a€Uruguayan€passport,Ð |Ì Ðas€it€is€issued€to€him€at€the€discretion€of€the€Italian€Government,€on€an€òòad€hoc€óóbasis,€subjectÐ b² Ðto€revocation€at€any€time€and€valid€for€travel€only€in€a€limited€number€of€countries.€HeÐ H˜ Ðmaintains,€therefore,€that€his€rights€under€article€12€(2),€which€allegedly€have€been€and€stillÐ . ~ Ðare€violated€by€the€Uruguayan€Government€by€revoking€his€passport,€are€not€fully€andÐ  d Ðpermanently€restored€by€the€Italian€travel€document€and€continue€to€be€severely€curtailed.€Ð ú J ÐÌ2.7€The€author€also€maintains€that€he€continues€to€be€a€victim€of€a€breach€by€Uruguay€ofÐ Æ   Ðarticle€19€of€the€Covenant,€on€the€following€grounds:€his€passport€was€revoked€by€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐUruguayan€authorities€allegedly€in€retaliation€for€his€public€criticism€of€the€Government.Ð ’â  ÐThe€revocation€of€his€passport€by€Uruguay€entails€serious€consequences€for€his€future€workÐ xÈ  Ðas€a€journalist,€restricting€his€ability€to€cross€frontiers€freely€in€order€to€seek,€receive€andÐ ^®  Ðimpart€information.€Ð D”  ÐÌ2.8€The€author€indicates€that€no€further€domestic€remedies€are€available€in€his€case.€He€alsoÐ ` Ðstates€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€submitted€to€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ öF Ðinvestigation€and€settlement.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ2.9€The€author€points€out€that€no€derogation€from€the€obligations€under€articles€12€and€19Ð ¨ø Ðcan€possibly€be€claimed€by€Uruguay€in€the€circumstances€of€his€case,€because€the€specificÐ ŽÞ Ðconditions€for€derogation€set€out€in€article€4€(1)€and€(3)€of€the€Covenant€do€not€apply.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€16€March€1982,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ @ Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ &v ÐState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ  \ Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€Ð òB ÐÌ4.1€By€a€note€dated€14€July€1982,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€competence€of€the€HumanÐ ¾ ÐRights€Committee€on€the€ground€that€the€communication€did€not€meet€the€requirements€forÐ ¤ô Ðadmissibility€laid€down€in€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€"...€in€other€words,€Mr.€Varela,Ð Š Ú Ðon€the€date€of€submission€of€his€petition,€is€outside€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Uruguayan€StateÐ p!À  Ð...".€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€concludes€that€"it€is€therefore€inappropriate€for€the€Committee€to€dealÐ "$r# Ðwith€communications€of€this€type,€which€detract€it€from€its€tasks€and€breach€provisions€ofÐ %X $ Ðinternational€norms".€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ4.3€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€it€has€replied€to€the€communication€"simply€out€of€itsÐ º' #' Ðdesire€to€carry€on€its€unfailing€co„operation€with€the€Committee€in€promoting€and€protectingÐ  (ð#( Ðhuman€rights".€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ4.4€As€regards€the€contents€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€in€its€submission€dismissesÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€allegations€of€violations€of€articles€12€(2)€and€19€of€the€Covenant€by€Uruguay€asÐ 8,ˆ', Ðunfounded.€Ð -n(- Ї4.5€In€substantiation€of€its€rebuttal,€the€State€party€draws€the€Committee's€attention€to€Mr.Ð ° ÐVarela's€activities€abroad,€as€journalist€for€the€Italian€news€agency,€ANSA,€and€to€his€actualÐ –æ Ðenjoyment€of€the€right€to€move€demonstrated€by€his€"free"€departure€from€Uruguay€and€hisÐ |Ì Ðvisits€to€Czechoslovakia€and€Cuba€in€1967„1968.€The€State€party€further€points€out€that€Mr.Ð b² ÐVarela,€like€all€Uruguayan€citizens,€has€the€constitutional€right€to€return€to€his€country€at€anyÐ H˜ Ðtime,€even€if€his€passport€has€expired.€The€State€party€further€asserts€that€it€never€preventedÐ . ~ Ðor€tired€to€prevent€the€author€of€the€communication€from€freely€expressing€his€opinions,Ð  d Ðciting€Mr.€Varela's€activities€in€Uruguay€as€a€member€of€and€a€spokesman€for€theÐ ú J ÐòòMovimiento€Popular€Unitario.óó€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.1€On€21€September€1982,€the€author€of€the€communication€forwarded€his€comments€inÐ ¬ ü  Ðreply€to€the€State€party's€submission€of€14€July€1982.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ5.2€He€rejects€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€theÐ ^®  Ðprovisions€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€because€he€does€not€come€within€itsÐ D”  Ðjurisdiction€in€the€matter€concerned.€Mr.€Varela€maintains€that€he€is€a€Uruguayan€citizenÐ *z  Ðwho€is€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State€party€with€respect€to€the€granting€of€a€passport.Ð ` ÐShould€Uruguay's€statement€that€it€has€no€jurisdiction€in€the€casse€imply€that€his€citizenshipÐ öF Ðhas€been€revoked,€Mr.€Varela€contends€that€he€has€never€received€a€notice€of€withdrawal€ofÐ Ü, Ðcitizenship,€an€act€which€would€be€arbitrary€and€in€violation€of€international€norms.€Ð  ÐÌ5.3€The€author€refers,€in€this€connection,€to€the€case€of€Guillermo€Waksman€(R.7/31)Ô4‚1!ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿÝóóòòÔÿÿÔÝ  Ý**Ý‚ÿÿÿ0ÝóóÔÿÿÔÝ  ÝÔ6¹/ÔÝ‚Í/ƒÝÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7ù!û/ÔÐ ŽÞ Ðwhich,€similar€to€his€own,€concerned€the€denial€of€a€passport,€in€violation€of€articles€12€(2)Ð tÄ Ðand€19€of€the€Covenant,€by€Uruguay€to€a€Uruguayan€citizen€living€abroad€and€which€afterÐ Zª Ðbeing€declared€admissible€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€led€to€the€issuance€of€a€newÐ @ Ðpassport€to€Mr.€Waksman€by€the€appropriate€Uruguayan€consular€authorities.€Ð &v ÐÌ5.4€The€author€also€rejects€the€State€party's€contention€that€his€rights€under€article€12€haveÐ òB Ðnot€been€violated.€Mr.€Varela€points€out€that€article€12€does€not€merely€protect€the€right€toÐ Ø( Ðleave€one's€country€and€to€return€to€it€for€the€purpose€of€a€single€journey,€but€that€it€protectsÐ ¾ Ða€more€far„reaching€right€to€travel,€namely€to€be€free€to€leave€any€country,€including€one'sÐ ¤ô Ðown.€As€to€the€State€party's€further€contention€that€he€travelled€to€Czechoslovakia€and€CubaÐ Š Ú Ðin€1967„1968,€the€author€stresses€the€fact€that€at€that€time€he€was€still€in€possession€of€a€validÐ p!À  ÐUruguayan€passport.€He€further€maintains€that€the€Italian€travel€document€which€he€has€beenÐ V"¦! Ðable€to€acquire€permits€only€limited€travel€and€is€valid€only€till€July€1983.€The€authorÐ <#Œ" Ðreaffirms€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€breach€by€Uruguay€of€article€19,€firstly€because€he€mustÐ "$r# Ðassume,€in€the€absence€of€clarifications€to€this€point€from€the€State€party,€that€reportingÐ %X $ Ðcritically€o~€human€rights€developments€in€Uruguay,€as€part€of€his€work€as€a€United€NationsÐ î%>!% Ðjournalist,€led€to€the€difficulties€concerning€his€passport,€and€secondly€because,€by€the€lackÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€a€passport,€he€is€restricted€in€his€work€as€a€journalist€which€would€require€him€to€crossÐ º' #' Ðfrontiers€freely€to€seek€information.€'€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.5€He€finally€dismisses€as€inaccurate€the€State€party's€reference€to€his€political€activities€inÐ l*¼%* ÐUruguay€as€member€and€spokesman€of€the€òòMovimiento€Popular€Unitario,€óódeclaring€that€heÐ R+¢&+ Ðnever€was€a€member€or€spokesman€for€that€political€group€or€any€other€group€or€politicalÐ 8,ˆ', Ðparty€affiliated€to€the€òòFrente€Izquierdo€de€Liberacion.óó€Ð -n(- Ї6.1€When€considering€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ ° Ðdid€not€accept€the€State€party's€contention€that€it€was€not€competent€to€deal€with€theÐ –æ Ðcommunication€because€the€author€did€not€fulfil€the€requirements€of€article€1€of€the€OptionalÐ |Ì ÐProtocol.€In€that€connection,€the€Committee€made€the€following€observations:€article€1Ð b² Ðapplies€to€individuals€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State€concerned€who€claim€to€beÐ H˜ Ðvictims€of€a€violation€by€that€State€of€any€of€the€Covenant€rights.€The€issue€of€a€passport€toÐ . ~ Ða€Uruguayan€citizen€is€clearly€a€matter€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Uruguayan€authoritiesÐ  d Ðand€he€is€"subject€to€the€jurisdiction"€of€Uruguay€for€that€purpose.€Moreover,€a€passport€isÐ ú J Ða€means€of€enabling€him€"to€leave€any€country,€including€his€own",€as€required€by€article€12Ð à 0 Ð(2)€of€the€Covenant.€Consequently,€the€Committee€found€that€it€followed€from€the€veryÐ Æ   Ðnature€of€that€right€that,€in€the€case€of€a€citizen€resident€abroad,€article€12€(2)€imposedÐ ¬ ü  Ðobligations€both€on€the€State€of€residence€and€on€the€State€of€nationality,€and€that€thereforeÐ ’â  Ðarticle€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€could€not€be€interpreted€as€limiting€the€obligations€of€UruguayÐ xÈ  Ðunder€article€12€(2)€to€citizens€within€its€own€territory.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€found,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€it€was€not€precludedÐ *z  Ðby€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication.€TheÐ ` ÐCommittee€was€also€unable€to€conclude€that,€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€there€wereÐ öF Ðeffective€domestic€remedies€available€to€the€alleged€victim€which€he€had€failed€to€exhaust.Ð Ü, ÐAccordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€the€communication€was€not€inadmissable€underÐ Â Ðarticle€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ6.3€On€27€October€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð @ ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€be€requestedÐ  \ Ðto€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€it€of€thisÐ òB Ðdecision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€thatÐ Ø( Ðmay€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð ¾ ÐÌ(c)€That€the€State€party€should€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ Š Ú Ðsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Protocol€must€primarily€relate€to€the€substance€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe€matter€under€consideration€and,€in€particular,€the€specific€violations€of€the€CovenantÐ V"¦! Ðalleged€to€have€occurred.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ7.€By€a€note€dated€20€April€1983,€the€State€party€reiterated€the€opinion€put€forward€in€itsÐ %X $ Ðearlier€submission€of€14€July€1982€on€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€theÐ î%>!% Ðcommunication,€namely€"that€the€Committee€has€no€competence€to€deal€with€this€case'.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ8.€On€30€May€1983,€in€reply€to€the€State€party's€submission€of€20€April€1983,€the€authorÐ  (ð#( Ðinformed€the€Committee€that€his€passport€continued€to€be€withheld€by€the€Government€ofÐ †)Ö$) ÐUruguay,€in€violation€of€his€rights€under€articles€12€and€19€of€the€Covenant.€Referring€to€theÐ l*¼%* ÐState€party's€failure€to€respond€to€the€merits€of€his€case,€the€author€concluded€that€the€StateÐ R+¢&+ Ðparty€thereby€'appears€to€acknowledge€the€indefensibility€of€its€actions€against€Mr.€Varela".€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð9.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€ofÐ ° Ðall€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ –æ ÐProtocol.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ9.2€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€appear€to€beÐ H˜ Ðuncontested:€Carlos€Varela€Nunez€is€a€Uruguayan€citizen€living€in€New€York€City€sinceÐ . ~ Ð1973€where€he€is€working€as€a€correspondent€for€the€Italian€news€agency€"ANSA".€In€1980Ð  d Ðhis€passport€(valid€then€till€November€1981)€was€revoked€by€the€Uruguayan€GovernmentÐ ú J Ðwhich€so€notified€foreign€Governments€in€June€1980.€Mr.€Varela€himself€never€received€anyÐ à 0 Ðwritten€notice€of€the€revocation,€nor€any€statement€of€the€reason€for€that€decision,€from€theÐ Æ   ÐUruguayan€Government.€His€written€inquiry,€regarding€his€passport,€sent€by€registered€mailÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€Uruguayan€consulate€in€New€York,€remained€unanswered.€In€March€1981,€he€wasÐ ’â  Ðissued€with€a€travel€document€by€the€Italian€Government€which,€however,€could€not€beÐ xÈ  Ðregarded€as€an€adequate€substitute€for€a€Uruguayan€passport€(see€para.€2.6€above).€Ð ^®  ÐÌ9.3€As€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€12€(2)€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€reiterates€thatÐ *z  Ðarticle€2€(1)€of€the€Covenant€cannot€be€interpreted€as€limiting€the€obligations€of€UruguayÐ ` Ðunder€article€12€(2)€to€citizens€within€its€own€territory.€On€the€other€hand,€article€12€does€notÐ öF Ðguarantee€an€unrestricted€right€to€travel€from€one€country€to€another.€In€particular,€it€confersÐ Ü, Ðno€right€for€a€person€to€enter€a€country€other€than€his€own.€Moreover,€the€right€recognizedÐ Â Ðby€article€12€(2)€may,€in€accordance€with€article€12€(3),€be€subject€to€such€restrictions€as€areÐ ¨ø Ð'provided€by€law,€are€necessary€to€protect€national€security,€public€order€òò(orate€public),Ð ŽÞ Ðóópublic€health€or€morals€or€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others,€and€are€consistent€with€the€otherÐ tÄ Ðrights€recognized€in€the€Covenant".€There€are,€therefore,€circumstances€in€which€a€State,€ifÐ Zª Ðits€law€so€provides,€my€refuse€passport€facilities€to€one€of€its€citizens.€However,€in€theÐ @ Ðpresent€case,€the€State€party€has€not€put€forward€any€such€justification€for€revoking€Mr.Ð &v ÐVarela's€passport.€The€facilities€afforded€by€Italy€do€not,€in€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,Ð  \ Ðrelieve€Uruguay€of€its€obligations€in€this€regard.€Ð òB ÐÌ9..4€As€to€the€allegations€made€by€the€author€with€regard€to€a€breach€of€article€19€of€theÐ ¾ ÐCovenant,€which€were€refuted€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€observes€that€theseÐ ¤ô Ðallegations€are€in€such€general€terms€that€it€makes€no€findings€in€regard€to€them.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ V"¦! ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€found€byÐ <#Œ" Ðit€disclose€a€violation€of€article€12€of€the€Covenant,€because€the€passport€of€Carlos€VarelaÐ "$r# ÐNunez€was€revoked€without€any€justification,€thus€preventing€him€from€fully€enjoying€theÐ %X $ Ðrights€under€article€12€of€the€Covenant.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ11.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ º' #' Ðprovide€Carlos€Varela€Nunez€with€effective€remedies€pursuant€to€article€2€(3)€of€theÐ  (ð#( ÐCovenant.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ_____________Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ*/€€€Mr.€Walter€Surma€Tarnopolsky€did€not€participate€in€the€adoption€of€the€views€of€theÐ -n(- ÐCommittee€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€in€this€matter.Ð ° ÐÌ**/€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€discontinue€case€No.€R.7/31€(31/1978)€on€28Ð |Ì ÐMarch€1980.€