ÿWPC3 ‘uÄ¥¤éÏŒ¬/ ÕÊ–ÃpÊßbsBÐOÖÎДåÓ+ô½wåò¨K__‘ßГq\Ä«Ù@¤Œ… …~;9ÒÉÌnÿ4o‰÷ó…ýÁÕnv¼Ê /ª5NR1`÷ÂLjÔšdk¡[F(î®àà³Ú…§ô´pò[̬òAøé:6<Ûg7o%¹°ÙÃxGõ¶±Ñ)gª°~&MÒÌÌ„á©uá9”+ŠLÀ ÝéÌÅ©A­ä"“d–F¸?–zÁ€²Q! ³ë¿‹`QAD¶´k‡P1^ÕmÍÈaÕü¨Xqhxd Ÿ,ž„ä©_ñ?Ÿ1愃ªj1ã²Ó°t)XVÜÌ 0µæ 0<› 0Y× 0_0 0i 0PøÆH 0á 0(ï D+ AMB B B B B B B  0NŸ 0Æí #Á³ UNt %ÂMÈ(ÌNô^ öw4 mô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Juan Almirati Nieto v. Uruguay, Communication No. 92/1981, 5 June 1981, U.N. Doc. Supp. No41, U.N. Doc. Supp. No"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ÞV$££Ý ƒÖ£!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X0ÕXXXÔÔ€X0ÕXXX0ÕÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žÖ£$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X'ÁXXXÔÔ€X'ÁXXX'ÁÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX†û* Äpì*c(„³Corel ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒÖ£!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X0ÕXXXÔÔ€X0ÕXXX0ÕÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔNietoÔ_Ô€v.€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€92/1981*Ð H˜ ÐÌ25€July€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóLaura€Ô_ÔAlmiratiÔ_Ô€Garcia€on€behalf€of€her€father,€Juan€Ô_ÔAlmiratiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNietoÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóJuan€Ô_ÔAlmiratiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNietoÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóUruguay€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó5€June€1981€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó25€March€1982€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil.€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€25€July€1983,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€92/1981€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Laura€Ô_ÔAlmiratiÔ_Ô€Garcia€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ ¾ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€followings€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓßÓÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€5€June€1981€and€furtherÐ †)Ö$) Ðsubmissions€dated€22€October€1981€and€11€May€1982)€is€a€Uruguayan€national,€residing€atÐ l*¼%* Ðpresent€in€Belgium.€She€submitted€the€communication€on€behalf€of€her€father,€Juan€Ô_ÔAlmiratiÔ_ÔÐ R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔNietoÔ_Ô.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð1.2€The€author€states€that€her€father,€a€Uruguayan€Civil€Engineer€(born€on€23€June€1932),Ð ° Ðwas€arrested€in€1970€because€he€was€alleged€to€be€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔMovimientoÔ_Ô€deÐ –æ ÐÔ_ÔLiberacionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô.€Criminal€proceedings€were€then€initiated€against€him€for€the€followingÐ |Ì Ðoffences:€association€to€break€the€law,€conspiracy€to€overthrow€the€Constitution,€use€of€falseÐ b² Ðidentity€papers,€robbery€and€other€lesser€offences€such€as€resistance€to€authority.€In€MayÐ H˜ Ð1971,€he€escaped€from€prison€but€on€14€April€1972€he€was€rearrested,€kept€incommunicadoÐ . ~ Ðand€allegedly€subjected€to€severe€torture.€He€was€then€brought€before€the€same€judge€whoÐ  d Ðhad€been€conducting€his€trial}€after€examining€the€situation€this€judge€added€to€the€list€ofÐ ú J Ðoffences€already€mentioned€that€of€collaborating€in€a€mass€escape€of€political€prisonersÐ à 0 Ð(women)€which€had€occurred€a€few€months€before.€The€author€adds€that€her€father€was€heldÐ Æ   Ðfor€short€periods€of€time€at€several€detention€places€and€then€transferred€to€the€Penal€deÐ ¬ ü  ÐÔ_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô,€where€he€is€detained€at€present.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ1.3€The€author€mentions€that,€on€the€night€of€14€April€1972,€the€same€day€that€her€father€wasÐ ^®  Ðrearrested,€the€Executive€authorities€declared€the€"internal€state€of€war"€and,€as€aÐ D”  Ðconsequence€thereof,€martial€law€became€applicable€to€all€political€offences.€The€authorÐ *z  Ðdescribes€the€general€situation€as€follows,€Ð ` ÐÌ"In€July€1972,€the€Parliament,€subjected€to€strong€pressures€and€faced€with€open€threats€ofÐ Ü, Ðdissolution€by€force,€agreed€to€approve€law€No.€14,068€concerning€'Security€of€the€State€andÐ Â Ðthe€Internal€Order'€which€increased€the€authority€of€the€military€judges€by€converting€theÐ ¨ø Ðpolitical€offences€referred€to€in€the€Ordinary€Penal€Code€into€military€offences€andÐ ŽÞ Ðincorporating€them€in€the€Military€Penal€Code,€regardless€of€whether€those€committing€suchÐ tÄ Ðoffences€were€military€personnel€or€civilians,€thereby€violating€the€Constitution€which€didÐ Zª Ðnot€allow€civilians€to€be€judged€by€military€judges€....€On€29€December€1975,€the€CouncilÐ @ Ðof€State€(appointed€by€the€Executive€and€claiming€to€take€the€place€of€the€Parliament€electedÐ &v Ðby€the€people,€which€was€dissolved€at€the€time€of€the€coup€d'etat€of€June€1973)€approved€lawÐ  \ ÐNo.€14,493.€That€law€broadened€the€sphere€of€action€of€the€military€judges,€granting€themÐ òB Ðretroactive€competence€to€deal€with€political€offences€committed€even€before€14€April€1972Ð Ø( Ðand€entrusting€to€them€the€responsibility€for€dealing€with€all€cases€in€progress€before€theÐ ¾ Ðordinary€courts€in€which€a€definite€and€final€decision€had€not€yet€been€reached€....€..€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"When€martial€law€was€applied€throughout€the€country,€all€kinds€of€defects€and€irregularitiesÐ p!À  Ðbecame€evident€in€the€procedures€of€the€military€courts,€which€made€a€mockery€of€the€rightÐ V"¦! Ðto€a€fair€and€equitable€trial€and'€the€right€of€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€in€criminal€proceedings."€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌThe€author€claims€that€all€these€developments€adversely€affected€her€father's€situation.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ1.4€She€states€that€her€father€continued€to€be€under€the€authority€of€the€civil€judges€for€a€longÐ Ô&$"& Ðtime,€because€he€had€been€arrested€one€day€before€the€military€„judges€were€empowered€toÐ º' #' Ðtry€those€suspected€of€political€offences.€She€further€submits€that€her€father€was€sentencedÐ  (ð#( Ðby€the€civil€judiciary,€after€an€irregular€trial€marked€by€the€restriction€of€procedural€rightsÐ †)Ö$) Ðand€guarantees,€to€a€10„year€term€of€imprisonment.€She€informs€the€Committee€that€althoughÐ l*¼%* Ðher€father€finished€serving€his€sentence€in€March€1981€(in€a€further€submission€of€11€MayÐ R+¢&+ Ð1982€she€mentions€14€April€1982€as€the€date€for€this)**€he€is€still€in€prison.€The€author€thenÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrelates€the€events€leading€to€her€father's€continuing€imprisonment,€"Suddenly,€in€DecemberÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ô1980,€new€criminal€proceedings€were€started€against€Almirati,€this€time€by€the€militaryÐ ° Ðjudiciary€and€based€on€the€same€facts€as€those€for€which€he€had€already€been€tried€andÐ –æ Ðsentenced.€There€were€no€new€elements€or€new€offences€other€than€those€which€had€alreadyÐ |Ì Ðbeen€investigated;€some€of€the€new€accusations€had€already€been€made€in€the€past€by€theÐ b² Ðpolice€and€the€security€services€of€the€armed€forces€and€had€been€rejected€by€the€civilÐ H˜ Ðjudiciary.€Thus€the€sacred€principles€of€òòres€judicata€óóand€òònon€his€in€idem€óóhave€been€violated,Ð . ~ Ðfor€my€father€is€being€tried€a€second€time€for€the€same€acts,€and€all€this€started€10€years€later,Ð  d Ðwhen€the€prisoner€had€three€months€to€go€to€finish€serving€his€entire€sentence.€The€militaryÐ ú J Ðprosecutor€is€now€asking€that€Juan€Almirati€should€be€sentenced€to€22€years'€imprisonment.Ð à 0 ÐI€must€inform€the€Committee€that,€given€the€situation€prevailing€in€Uruguay,€I€have€not€beenÐ Æ   Ðable€to€obtain€more€information,€nor,€of€course,€a€copy€of€the€military€prosecutor'sÐ ¬ ü  Ðindictment,€and€I€would€therefore€suggest€that€the€Committee€should€ask€the€UruguayanÐ ’â  ÐGovernment€to€provide€it€and€to€inform€it€exactly€what€Almirati's€legal€situation€is,€whatÐ xÈ  Ðstage€this€second€trial€has€reached€and€by€virtue€of€what€legal€rules€it€is€being€conducted."€Ð ^®  ÐÌ1.5€The€author€maintains€that€the€military€judiciary€lacks€certain€essential€attributes,€that€itÐ *z  Ðis€not€independent€since€it€depends€on€the€Executive,€that€it€is€not..impartial€since€the€judgesÐ ` Ðare€military€officials€who€are€acting€temporarily€in€this€capacity,€and€that€it€is€not€competentÐ öF Ðsince€the€judges€and€prosecutors€are€not€required€to€be€lawyers€or€practitioners€of€the€lawÐ Ü, Ðbut€merely€military€officers€of€a€certain€rank,€according€to€the€importance€of€the€court.€SheÐ Â Ðfurther€maintains€that€the€domestic€remedies€which€are€provided€for€the€UruguayanÐ ¨ø Ðlegislation€cannot€protect€her€father,€because€none€of€them€is€allegedly€applicable€in€practiceÐ ŽÞ Ðif€the€human€rights€violation€has€been€committed€by€military€personnel€or€by€members€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€police€in€connection€with€State€security€as€interpreted€by€the€military€forces.€Ð Zª ÐÌ1.6€The€author€alleges€that€her€father€has€been€arrested,€tortured,€ill„treated,€tried,€sentencedÐ &v Ðand€kept€in€detention€only€because€of€his€political€ideas€and€'that,€under€the€conditions€inÐ  \ Ðwhich€political€prisoners€like€her€father€are€detained,€he€has€no€possibility€of€recourse€eitherÐ òB Ðto€domestic€remedies€or€to€an€international€body€to€seek€redress€for€the€violation€of€hisÐ Ø( Ðrights.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ1.7€The€author€alleges€that€at€the€Penal€de€Libertad€her€father€is€subjected€to€inhuman€prisonÐ Š Ú Ðconditions.€She€stresses€in€this€connection,€the€following€points:€"My€father€shares€a€cellÐ p!À  Ðmeasuring€2€by€3.50€m€with€another€detainee,€and€they€are€kept€in€it€continuously€for€23Ð V"¦! Ðhours€a€day}€if€the€weather€is€good€and€they€are€not€being€punished,€they€are€taken€out€forÐ <#Œ" Ðone€hour€in€the€open€air.€Since€he€is€being€held€in€the€part€of€the€prison€set€aside€for€thoseÐ "$r# Ðthe€military€have€classified€as€'dangerous',€my€father€is€never€taken€out€of€his€cell€to€work,Ð %X $ Ðto€eat€or€for€anything€other€than€exercise€and€visits.€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðqualification€'dangerous',€is€the€result€of€an€evaluation,€not€by€the€judge€but€by€the€prisonÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommandant.€The€conditions€applied€in€this€sector€(the€second€floor€of€the€prison)€are€muchÐ º' #' Ðharsher€even€than€those€applied€to€other€detainees€located€in€other€sectors€(the€prisonÐ  (ð#( Ðpopulation€amounts€at€present€to€some€1,100€political€prisoners),€which€are€already€harshÐ †)Ö$) Ðenough.€My€father€can€study€or€read€books€only€if€the€commandant€on€duty€feels€likeÐ l*¼%* Ðallowing€it,€and€books€are€frequently€confiscated€without€any€explanation.€In€any€case€he€canÐ R+¢&+ Ðread€only€those€books€which€pass€the€military€censorship€....€My€father€is€not€allowed€to€readÐ 8,ˆ', Ðnewspapers€because€they€are€all€prohibited,€whether€national€or€foreign}€he€cannot€listen€toÐ -n(- Ðthe€radio,€because€it,€too,€is€prohibited}€all€of€which€naturally€means€that€heis€cut€off€fromÐ ° Ðthe€world€at€large,€thus€aggravating€the€tensions€which€are€natural€in€a€prison€and€forcingÐ –æ Ðhim€to€live€disconnected€from€the€outside€world."€The€author€further€alleges€that€detaineesÐ |Ì Ðlive€under€constant€fear€and€are€subject€to€harrassment€by€the€guards€who€are€at€liberty€toÐ b² Ðimpose€sanctions€on€prisoners€for€petty€contraventions€(such€as€speaking€with€other€inmatesÐ H˜ Ðat€certain€times);€that€from€time€to€time€a€prisoner€is€taken€out€of€prison€and€brought€toÐ . ~ Ðmilitary€quarters€in€order€to€be€interrogated€and€tortured€again,€either€in€connection€with€hisÐ  d Ðprior€conviction€or€with€alleged€political€activities€in€prison,€and€that€because€of€thisÐ ú J Ðsituation€the€physical€and€mental€health€of€detainees€is€seriously€endangered.€The€author€alsoÐ à 0 Ðalleges€that,€because€of€insufficient€food,€her€father€has€lost€more€than€15€kilos€during€hisÐ Æ   Ðimprisonment.€She€claims€that€the€treatment€inflicted€upon€her€father€amounts€to€mentalÐ ¬ ü  Ðtorture.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ1.8€The€author€states€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€submitted€to€another€procedure€ofÐ ^®  Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€Ð D”  ÐÌ1.9€The€author€claims€that€her€father€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€2€{1)€and€(3),€7,€10Ð ` Ð(1)€and€(3),€14€(1),€(2),€(3)€and€(7)€and€26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ öF ÐPolitical€Rights.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ2.€By€its€decision€of€23€July€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€decided€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðauthor€of€the€communication€was€justified€in€acting€on€behalf€of€the€alleged€victim,Ð ŽÞ Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ tÄ ÐState€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ Zª Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€also€requested€the€authorÐ @ Ðof€the€communication€to€explain€in€detail€which€of€the€alleged€events€had€taken€place€afterÐ &v Ð23€March€1976€(the€date€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€Protocol€for€Uruguay),Ð  \ Ðincluding€the€treatment€and€conditions€of€imprisonment€of€her€father€after€that€date€and€hisÐ òB Ðaccess€to€legal€counsel€in€connection€with€the€charges€brought€against€him€in€the€newÐ Ø( Ðproceedings€initiated€in€December€1980.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ3.€In€a€further€letter,€dated€22€October€1981,€submitted€by€the€author€in€reply€to€theÐ Š Ú ÐCommittee's€request€for€additional€information,€she€repeated€that€the€conditions€in€which€herÐ p!À  Ðfather€was€serving€his€term€of€imprisonment€constituted€a.€deliberate€form€of€cruel,€inhumanÐ V"¦! Ðand€degrading€treatment€and€that€although€this€treatment€began€before,€it€had€continued€afterÐ <#Œ" ÐMarch€1976€and€was€still€continuing.€She€also€repeated€that€the€new€criminal€proceedingsÐ "$r# Ðconducted€against€him€violate€the€principles€of€òòres€judicata€óóand€òònon€his€in€idem.€óóThe€authorÐ %X $ Ðfurther€stated€that,€when€the€second€proceedings€were€begun€in€December€1980,€her€father'sÐ î%>!% Ðdefence€lawyer€was€not€informed,€that€he€was€later€presented€with€fairs€accomplis€and€that,Ð Ô&$"& Ðin€August€1981,€when€her€father€was€taken€before€the€First€Military€Court€to€be€interrogatedÐ º' #' Ðfor€the€purposes€of€the€second€trial,€everything€was€done€without€the€knowledge€of€hisÐ  (ð#( Ðdefence€lawyer€and€consequently€without€any€possibility€of€his€participating€and€defendingÐ †)Ö$) Ðher€father's€interest.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ4.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€taking€note€that€no€submission€has€been€received€from€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐState€party€concerning€the€question€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€on€the€basisÐ -n(- Ðof€the€information€before€it,€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€by€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€theÐ ° ÐOptional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication.€The€Committee€was€also€unable€toÐ –æ Ðconclude€that€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case€there€were€effective€remedies€available€to€theÐ |Ì Ðalleged€victim€which€he€had€failed€to€exhaust.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€theÐ b² Ðcommunication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.€On€25€March€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€òòdecided:óó€Ð  d ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€events€said€to€haveÐ à 0 Ðoccurred€on€or€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€the€OptionalÐ Æ   ÐProtocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay)€or€which,€although€occurring€before€that€date,Ð ¬ ü  Ðcontinued€or€had€effects€alleged€to€constitute€a€violation€after€that€date;€Ð ’â  ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beÐ ^®  Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ D”  Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifÐ *z  Ðany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð ` ÐÌ(c)€That€the€State€party€should€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ Ü, Ðsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relate€primarily€to€theÐ Â Ðsubstance€of€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressed€that,€in€order€toÐ ¨ø Ðperform€its€responsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€the€allegations€which€have€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðmade€by€the€author€of€the€communication€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actionsÐ tÄ Ðtaken€by€it.€The€State€party€was€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€any€courtÐ Zª Ðorders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Ð @ ÐÌ6.€In€a€further€letter,€dated€11€May€1982,€the€author€stressed€that,€as€a€result€of€the€treatmentÐ  \ Ðinflicted€upon€her€father€at€Libertad,€his€health€had€been€declining€continuously€and€that€heÐ òB Ðwas€in€a€state€of€chronic€malnutrition€and€had€serious€eye€problems.€She€further€stated€that:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"After€ten€years€of€imprisonment,€fresh€inquiry€proceedings€have€been€initiated€against€him}Ð ¤ô Ðthis€is€the€third€time€that€his€trial€has€been€started€anew.€They€want€to€accuse€him€of€newÐ Š Ú Ðoffences€and€for€this€the€military€need€witnesses€to€accuse€him.€We€all€know€that€the€passageÐ p!À  Ðof€time€is€not€sufficient€to€protect€prisoners€from€new€offences;€when€a€prisoner€is€of€interestÐ V"¦! Ðto€the€military€intelligence€services,€particularly€when€they€have€not€managed€to€cow€him,Ð <#Œ" Ðas€is€the€case€with€my€father,€completion€of€sentence€does€not€lead€to€release,€because€underÐ "$r# Ðthis€infernal€machine,€in€which€the€prisoner€is€at€the€mercy€of€his€tormentors,€he€may€beÐ %X $ Ðtaken€out€of€the€prison€to€torture€and€interrogation€centres€and€then€returned€to€MilitaryÐ î%>!% ÐDetention€Establishment€No.€1€with€offences€on€his€file€that€equal€the€number€of€years€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðregime€wishes€to€keep€him€in€prison."€Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€13€August€1982,€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐState€party€referred€to€the€contents€of€an€earlier€note,€dated€1€July€1982,€which€appeared€toÐ l*¼%* Ðbe€a€late€submission€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€The€text€of€this€noteÐ R+¢&+ Ðreads€as€follows:€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"...€the€Government€of€Uruguay€wishes€to€stress€that€this€communication€is€based€on€anÐ ° Ðunacceptable€premise€in€describing€the€person€with€whose€situation€it€is€concerned€as€aÐ –æ Ð'political€prisoner'.€Mr.€Almirati€was€a€member€of€the€MLN€subversive€group€andÐ |Ì Ðparticipated€actively€in€it,€serving€as€co„ordinator€of€one€of€the€sections€into€which€thisÐ b² Ðorganization€was€divided,€known€as€the€'North€column'.€He€directed€the€construction€ofÐ H˜ Ðòò'berretines'€óó„€hiding„places€for€the€concealment€of€weapons€or€persons€and€premises€for€theÐ . ~ Ðmovement.€He€was€responsible€for€the€operation€in€which€Paysandu€airport€was€attacked€andÐ  d Ðsurrounded.€He€took€part€in€the€raid€on€an€important€local€enterprise,€subduing€the€caretakersÐ ú J Ðunder€threat€of€firearms.€He€took€part€in€the€operation€for€the€escape€of€prisoners€from€theÐ à 0 Ðwomen's€prison.€On€that€occasion,€he€assaulted€and€forcibly€subdued€one€of€the€policeÐ Æ   Ðofficers€on€guard.€It€is€obvious€that€acts€of€this€kind€cannot€be€considered€to€constituteÐ ¬ ü  Ð'political€activities',€nor€can€their€perpetrator€be€regarded€as€a€victim€of€persecution.€FurtherÐ ’â  Ðproceedings€were€taker€against€Mr.€Almirati€on€8€October€1981€for€the€offences€of€'robbery'Ð xÈ  Ðand€'assault€on€the€safety€of€transport'.€In€this€communication,€it€is€asserted€that€theÐ ^®  Ðprinciples€of€òòres€judicata€óóand€of€òònon€his€in€idem€óóhave€been€violated.€This€is€untrue,€since€theÐ D”  Ðproceedings€concerned€were€brought€because€of€the€emergence€of€fresh€evidence€regardingÐ *z  Ðthe€commission€of€the€above€offences.€The€fact€that€these€offences€had€been€investigated€byÐ ` Ðthe€police€authorities€in€no€way€signifies€that€there€was€any€repetition€of€proceedings;€noÐ öF Ðproceedings€had€been€instituted€on€that€account,€since€the€authorities€did€not€possess€theÐ Ü, Ðevidence€now€available.€The€Government€of€Uruguay€also€wishes€to€stress€that€thisÐ Â Ðcommunication€contains€completely€unfounded€and€meaningless€statements;€for€example,Ð ¨ø Ðthe€assertion€that€martial€law€was€introduced€in€Uruguay€or€that€the€Uruguayan€ParliamentÐ ŽÞ Ðacted€under€threats.€Despite€the€information€supplied,€this€Government€maintains€that€withÐ tÄ Ðreference€to€the€second€proceedings,€use€has€not€been€made€of€the€domestic€remediesÐ Zª Ðavailable€to€the€accused€such€as€appeal€and€review."€Ð @ ÐÌ8.€In€a€further€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€11€OctoberÐ  \ Ð1982,€the€State€party€...€"categorically€rejects€the€term€'concentration€camp'€used€to€describeÐ òB ÐDetention€Establishment€No.€1.€In€fact,€far€from€having€such€an€evil€status,€the€standard€inÐ Ø( Ðthis€establishment€is€above€the€international€average€for€detention€establishments.€TheÐ ¾ Ðsystem€is€the€normal€one,€and€every€prisoner,€without€exception,€is€given€the€necessary€foodÐ ¤ô Ðand€attention€to€keep€him€in€good€physical€and€mental€condition.€Secondly,€it€is€emphasizedÐ Š Ú Ðthat€the€terms€'terrible€harrassment'€and€'taken€away€and€tortured',€used€to€describe€allegedÐ p!À  Ðtreatment€to€which€Mr.€Almirati€had€been€or€was€about€to€be€subjected,€are€untrue€andÐ V"¦! Ðmalicious.€It€must€be€stated€categorically€that€no€type€of€physical€or€mental€coercion€is€usedÐ <#Œ" Ðin€Uruguay€on€persons€under€detention€and€that€Mr.€Almirati€is"in€prison€and€is€unable€toÐ "$r# Ðenjoy€normal€relations€with€his€family,€not€because€the€Government€of€Uruguay€so€wishes,Ð %X $ Ðbut€because,€as€a€member€of€the€subversive€òòTupamaros€óóNLM,€he€committed€numerousÐ î%>!% Ðoffences€classified€by€the€Uruguayan€legal,€system€and€he€was€duly€tried€and€sentenced€forÐ Ô&$"& Ðthem.€It€should€be€emphasized,€however,€that€the€relatives€of€every€prisoner€are€permittedÐ º' #' Ðto€make€fortnightly€visits,€and€the€visiting€hours€are€even€adjusted€for€those€who,€forÐ  (ð#( Ðemployment€reasons,€are€unable€to€attend€on€working€days.€With€respect€to€Mr.€Almirati'sÐ †)Ö$) Ðpresent€state€of€'chronic€malnutrition',€we€wish€to€state€that€the€diets€in€Uruguayan€detentionÐ l*¼%* Ðestablishments€are€prepared€by€professional€dietitians€on€the€staff€of€such€establishments.Ð R+¢&+ ÐIt€is€further€pointed€out€that€the€prisoners€„themselves€participate€in€the€tasks€of€preparingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðtheir€food,€on€a€group€rota€system.€Mr.€Almirati€is€in€good€health€and€he€has€recently€had€aÐ -n(- Ðnumber€of€clinical€examinations€and€blood€pressure€tests."€Ð ° ÐÌ9.1€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€been€eitherÐ |Ì Ðessentially€confirmed€by€the€State€party€or€are€uncontested€except€for€denials€of€a€generalÐ b² Ðcharacter€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanation.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ9.2€òòEvents€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenantóó€Ð  d ÐÌJuan€Almirati€Nieto€was€arrested€in€Uruguay€in€1970.€Criminal€proceedings€were€thenÐ à 0 Ðinitiated€against€him€for€the€following€offences:€association€to€break€the€law,€conspiracy€toÐ Æ   Ðoverthrow€the€Constitution,€use€of€false€identity€papers,€robbery€and€other€lessor€offencesÐ ¬ ü  Ðsuch€as€resistance€to€authority.€In€May€1971,€he€escaped€from€prison.€On€14€April€1972,€heÐ ’â  Ðwas€rearrested.€The€judge€added€to€the€list€of€offences€already€mentioned€that€ofÐ xÈ  Ðcollaborating€in€a€mass€escape€of€w~men€detainees.€He€was€bold€for€short€periods€of€timeÐ ^®  Ðat€several€detention€places€and€he€was€then€transferred€to€Libertad.€He€was€sentenced€by€theÐ D”  Ðcivil€judiciary€to€10€years€of€imprisonment.€Ð *z  ÐÌ9.3€òòEvents€subsequent€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenantóó€Ð öF ÐÌTowards€the€end€of€1980,€shortly€before€he€was€due€for€release€upon€the€completion€of€hisÐ Â Ðterm€of€imprisonment,€new€criminal€proceedings€were€started€against€Juan€Almirati€NietoÐ ¨ø Ðby€the€military€judiciary€without€the€knowledge€of€his€defence€lawyer€for€offences€allegedÐ ŽÞ Ðto€have€been€committed€prior€to€his€imprisonment€and€in€respect€of€which€new€evidence€wasÐ tÄ Ðalleged€to€have€emerged.€The€military€prosecutor€has€asked€that€Juan€Almirati€Nieto€shouldÐ Zª Ðbe€sentenced€to€22€years'€imprisonment.€The€Committee€has€received€no€information€as€toÐ @ Ðthe€outcome€of€these€proceedings€or€that€they€have€been€concluded.€Ð &v ÐÌ10.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theÐ òB Ðfollowing€considerations.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ10.2€In€its€decision€of€25€March€1982,€the€Committee€requested€the€State€party€to€submitÐ ¤ô Ðcopies€of€any€relevant€court€orders€or€decisions.€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€the€failureÐ Š Ú Ðof€the€State€party€to€respond€to€this€request.Ð p!À  ÐÌ10.3€The€Committee€notes€that€it€has€been€informed€by€the€State€party,€in€submissions€of€1Ð <#Œ" ÐJuly€and€13€August€1982,€that€with€reference€to€"the€second€proceedings,€use€has€not€beenÐ "$r# Ðmade€of€the€domestic€remedies€available€to€the€accused€such€as€appeal€and€review".€TheÐ %X $ ÐCommittee€is€unable€to€conclude,€however,€that€these€remedies€are€available€in€respect€ofÐ î%>!% Ðthe€particular€violations€of€the€Covenant€which€it€finds€in€the€present€case.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ10.4.€The€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party,€in€its€submission€of€......€11€October€1982,Ð  (ð#( Ðrefuted€only€in€general€terms€the€author's€detailed€allegations€that€her€father€is€held€underÐ †)Ö$) Ðinhuman€prison€conditions€at€Libertad€(see€para.€1.7€above).€The€submissions€of€the€StateÐ l*¼%* Ðparty€in€this€respect€are€an€insufficient€answer€to€the€allegations€made.€The€CommitteeÐ R+¢&+ Ðrecalls€its€findings€in€other€cases€a/€that€a€practice€of€inhuman€treatment€existed€at€LibertadÐ 8,ˆ', Ðprison€during€the€period€to€which€the€present€communication€relates€and€that€it€has€come€toÐ -n(- Ðthis€conclusion€on€the€basis€of€specific€accounts€by€former€detainees€themselves.€TheÐ ° ÐCommittee€concludes€that€in€the€present€case€also€Juan€Almirati€Nieto€has€not€been€treatedÐ –æ Ðwith€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person€as€required€byÐ |Ì Ðarticle€10€(1)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð b² ÐÌ10.5€Concerning€the€allegation€of€the€authors€that€article€14€(7)€of€the€Covenant€has€beenÐ . ~ Ðviolated€by€the€State€party€because€the€new€criminal€proceedings,€started€by€the€militaryÐ  d Ðjudiciary€against€her€father€in€December€1980,€were€based€on€the€same€facts€as€those€forÐ ú J Ðwhich€he€had€been€tried€and€sentenced€to€10€years€of€imprisonment€by€the€civil€judiciary,Ð à 0 Ðthe€State€party€in€its€submissions€dated€1€July€and€13€August€1982€refuted€this€allegation€onÐ Æ   Ðthe€ground€that€"the€proceedings€concerned€were€brought€because€of€the€emergence€of€freshÐ ¬ ü  Ðevidence€regarding€the€commission€of€the€offences€of€"robbery"€and€"assault€on€the€safetyÐ ’â  Ðof€transport".€The€Committee€observes,€in€this€connection,€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ xÈ  Ðspecified€what€the€new€evidence€was€which€prompted€the€Uruguayan€authorities€to€initiateÐ ^®  Ðnew€proceedings.€In€the€absence€of€information,€as€to€the€outcome€of€those€proceedings,€theÐ D”  ÐCommittee€makes€no€finding€on€the€question€of€a€violation€of€article€14€(7),€but€it€is€of€theÐ *z  Ðview€that€the€facts€indicate€a€failure€to€comply€with€the€requirement€of€article€14€(3)€(c)€ofÐ ` Ðthe€Covenant€that€an€accused€person€should€be€tried€'without€undue€delay'.€Ð öF ÐÌ10.6€As€to€the€allegations€made€by€the€author€with€regard€to€breaches€of€articles€2€(1)€andÐ Â Ð26€of€the€Covenant,€they€are€in€such€general€terms€that€the€Committee€makes€no€finding€withÐ ¨ø Ðregard€to€them.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ Zª ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€foundÐ @ Ðby€the€Committee,€in€so€far€as€they€continued€or€occurred€after€26€March€1976€(the€date€onÐ &v Ðwhich€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay),€discloseÐ  \ Ðviolations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€particularly:€Ð òB ÐÌof€article€10€(1),€because€Juan€Almirati€Nieto€has€not€been€treated€in€prison€with€humanityÐ ¾ Ðand€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person;€Ð ¤ô ÐÌof€article€14€(3)€(b)€and€(d),€because€he€has€not€had€adequate€facilities€for€the€preparation€ofÐ p!À  Ðhis€defence€and€he€has€been€unable€to€defend€himself€through€legal€assistance;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌof€article€14€(3)€(c),€because€he€was€not€tried€without€undue€delay.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ12.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ î%>!% Ðtake€immediate€steps€to€ensure€strict€observance€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€inÐ Ô&$"& Ðparticular€(a)€that€Juan€Almirati€Nieto€is€treated€with€humanity€as€required€by€article€10€ofÐ º' #' Ðthe€Covenant,€and€(b)€that€the€guarantees€prescribed€by€article€14€are€fully€respected€and,€inÐ  (ð#( Ðso€far€as€this€has€not€been€done€in„any€proceedings€already€taken,€an€effective€remedy€willÐ †)Ö$) Ðbe€applied.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÌòòNotesóó€Ð -n(- Їa/€€€For€the€review€of€the€Committee,€see€annex€VIII€to€the€present€report€concerningÐ ° Ðcommunication€No.€66/1980€(Campora€Schweizer€V.€Uruguay),€adopted€on€12€OctoberÐ –æ Ð1982,€and€annex€XII€to€the€present€report,€concerning€communication€74/1980€(MiguelÐ |Ì ÐAngel€Estrella€V.€Uruguay),€adopted€on€29€March€1983.€Ð b² ÐÌ*/€€€Mr.€Walter€Surma€Tarnopolsky€did€not€participate€in€the€adoption€of€the€views€of€theÐ . ~ ÐCommittee€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€in€this€matter.€Ð  d ÐÌ**/€€€The€discrepancy€in€the€dates€appears€to€be€due€to€the€fact€that€the€author€either€countedÐ à 0 Ðfrom€her€father's€first€arrest€in€1970€or€from€his€rearrest€on€14€April€1972.€