ÿWPCl PO³Î4ÁàoæÖkŸB"2,×× ×µóáñ[W‹Ôƒ0±`ïùÜ©%Tæ”ðßc.tÒY©e/Ì¡®ö”¢6¢¹å7ë¾x9xó[¿ØÀ>vjŠoØŽDãý±Ð>Ö’+Ú.³©BùñÒŠRìú_ç¯%ònƒ].! ¶ŠÏ·;}›©žñè‹£‡<2»»z2Kùk¯æùزƒf„uk¶d»'ðÉX:V8Få)Ä–x#§_ZëQNócª Ñ™5€j4‘ÜÇ–±(Õ**øŒÏx–PÈ’àê]Íã‚!éû ÇÝ#ÒX¨Cκî¹8Ĉi¤ò$©˜6® ÖŸo$]I˲½,U¤R3«"ÃlýR¼òÝRçÕüÈq˜ŽÞÒö‚ç.=$²åJûÙænZö I }¨²]H3&ÈW‘Þ#uGOcâé?cëÅ|‘ÛíXÉäµ”"¦æe^ìk;‹‚ÛÛû_?Èák¤iåßì¡ŒQ³ »T@Û#{Y·QXGv§à€¥¢z3V÷oL!¿ƒñ¯¡©ðäIªyq¼É„£Â\®Õs0ÕªÈ5Ë"ñ‹38K#MÖ‹,\ßÉ¡·h\ûŸË>º§2ð èá'•¥ U>À¼þ 0µº 0µo 0<$ 0Y` 0_¹ 0i  Æ 0áG 0(( D+P AM{ %È È È Î 0NÞ 0Æ, #Áò UN³³M(N-^ /w;4?S mUô\  `‹&Times New Roman' G.T. v. Canada, Communication No. 420/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/46/D/420/1990 (1992).$/1990 (1992)."Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ6F , ÿÿ4Heading 5Ô S ÔÓ €SÓÔ€ôôôÔò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ €SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ÒÔ$££Ý ƒf—!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¡^XXXÔÔ€X¡^XXX¡^ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žf—$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¤XXXÔÔ€X¤XXX¤ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regularö‰R) È­F)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒf—!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¡^XXXÔÔ€X¡^XXX¡^ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEE€Ð ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€420/1990*/Ð H˜ ÐÌ23€October€1992Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/46/D/420/1990Ð à 0 ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô€(name€deleted)Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€authorÐ ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€CanadaÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€22€March€1990€(initial€submission)óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ @ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð &v ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€23€October€1992,Ð òB ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð ¾ ÐÓ.ÓÌÌò òòòÓ  ÓDecision€on€admissibilityóóó óÐ p!À  ÐÓ[ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Ô_ÔG.T.Ô_Ô,€a€Canadian€citizen€residing€in€Toronto,€Canada.Ð "$r# ÐHe€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€a€violation€of€his€human€rights€by€Canada.€No€reference€isÐ %X $ Ðmade€to€the€Covenant.Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€backgroundóó:Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€was€employed€for€eleven€years€as€a€physical€education€teacherÐ †)Ö$) Ðby€the€Board€of€Education€for€the€City€of€North€York€(hereinafter€North€York€Board).€EarlyÐ l*¼%* Ðin€1986,€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€a€collective€agreement€between€the€North€York€BoardÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€the€Ontario€Secondary€School€Teachers'€Federation€District€13€(hereinafter€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐFederation),€the€author€was€identified€as€being€surplus€to€the€Board's€requirements.Ð -n(- ÐAccordingly,€on€20€August€1986,€the€North€York€Board€decided€to€transfer€him€to€theÐ ° ÐMetropolitan€Separate€School€Board,€the€Roman€Catholic€board€with€jurisdiction€over€theÐ –æ Ðsame€geographical€area€as€the€North€York€Board,€pursuant€to€Section€1361€of€the€EducationÐ |Ì ÐAmendment€Act€of€1986,€commonly€referred€to€as€"Bill€30".Ð b² ÐÌ2.2€Section€1361(10)€of€the€Act€provides€that:Ð . ~ ÐÌ"If€a€designated€person€objects€to€the€transfer€of€employment€to€the€Roman€Catholic€schoolÐ ú J Ðboard€for€reasons€of€conscience,€he€or€she€may€so€advise€the€public€board€and,€unless€it€isÐ à 0 Ðof€the€opinion€that€the€objection€is€not€made€in€good€faith,€the€public€board€shall€designateÐ Æ   Ðanother€person€in€place€of€the€person€making€the€objection."Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.3€Some€teachers,€who€were€designated€in€July€and€August€1986€by€the€North€York€BoardÐ xÈ  Ðpursuant€to€Section€1361(1),€objected€to€their€transfers€on€grounds€of€conscience€and€otherÐ ^®  Ðteachers€were€nominated€in€their€place;€those€who€did€not€object€on€grounds€of€conscienceÐ D”  Ðwere€transferred€to€the€Metropolitan€Separate€School€Board€with€effect€from€1€SeptemberÐ *z  Ð1986.€The€author€was€initially€advised€by€the€North€York€Board€that€he€could€object€onÐ ` Ðgrounds€of€conscience€until€5€September€1986.€Subsequently,€this€deadline€was€extendedÐ öF Ðuntil€12€September€1986.Ð Ü, ÐÌ2.4€The€Roman€Catholic€school€board€requested€the€author€not€to€report€to€work€before€12Ð ¨ø ÐSeptember€1986,€since€no€vacant€post€of€physical€education€was€said€to€be€available.€TheÐ ŽÞ Ðauthor€therefore€submits€that€he€had€no€experience€with€the€Roman€Catholic€school€systemÐ tÄ Ðprior€to€the€deadline€set€by€the€North€York€Board€for€objections€on€the€grounds€ofÐ Zª Ðconscience.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.5€On€12€September€1986€the€author€was€assigned€to€the€Senator€O'Connor€SecondaryÐ  \ ÐSchool.€However,€he€was€not€given€a€position€in€accordance€with€his€qualifications€andÐ òB Ðexperience.€In€December€1986€he€was€rejected€as€a€possible€candidate€for€the€position€ofÐ Ø( Ð"head€of€physical€education"€at€a€secondary€school€under€the€Metropolitan€Separate€SchoolÐ ¾ ÐBoard,€on€the€ground€that€he€had€no€experience€in€the€Catholic€education€system.€InÐ ¤ô ÐSeptember€1987,€the€author€was€reassigned€to€the€Father€Ô_ÔBrebeufÔ_Ô€Secondary€School,€to€actÐ Š Ú Ðas€assistant€to€a€physical€education€teacher.Ð p!À  ÐÌ2.6€During€the€first€two€weeks€of€his€teaching€at€the€Father€Ô_ÔBrebeufÔ_Ô€School,€the€authorÐ <#Œ" Ðrealized€that€it€was€no€longer€possible€for€him€to€teach€in€an€environment€functioning€on€theÐ "$r# Ðbasis€of€rules€and€beliefs€incompatible€with€his€own€personal€Ô_Ôconvictions.MoreoverÔ_Ô,€he€hadÐ %X $ Ðby€then€learned€that€two€other€teachers,€who€had€also€objected€to€their€transfers€on€groundsÐ î%>!% Ðof€conscience€after€the€transfer€had€become€effective,€had€been€allowed€to€return€to€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðpublic€school€system.€He€therefore€ceased€to€report€to€work.€On€14€September€1987,€he€filedÐ º' #' Ðan€objection€with€the€North€York€Board€pursuant€to€Section€1361(10)€of€Bill€30.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ2.7€On€2€November€1987,€the€Director€of€the€North€York€Board€informed€the€author€that€hisÐ l*¼%* ÐÔ_Ôobjection€had€been€rejected.€This€prompted€the€Teachers'€Federation€to€file€a€complaintÐ R+¢&+ Ðagainst€the€Board's€decision€on€behalf€of€the€author.€The€dispute€was€then€submitted€to€anÐ 8,ˆ', ÐArbitration€Board€set€up€pursuant€to€Section€136m(1)€of€Bill€30.€On€17€August€1988,€theÐ -n(- ÐArbitration€Board€dismissed€the€complaint€on€the€ground€that€the€author,€under€Bill€30,€hadÐ ° Ðno€statutory€rights€to€return€to€the€public€system,€since€Section€1361(10)€of€the€Act€could€notÐ –æ Ðbe€interpreted€as€guaranteeing€such€a€right.€It€rejected€the€author's€argument€that€his€rightsÐ |Ì Ðunder€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€in€particular€his€right€to€non„Ð b² Ðdiscrimination€and€freedom€of€conscience,€thought,€belief€and€religion,€had€been€violated.Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.8€Subsequently,€the€Federation,€on€the€author's€behalf,€applied€for€review€of€the€ArbitrationÐ  d ÐBoard's€decision€to€the€Divisional€Court€of€Ontario,€which€dismissed€the€application€on€21Ð ú J ÐAugust€1989.Ð à 0 ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó:Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€he€did€not€enjoy€equal€opportunity€with€respect€to€the€RomanÐ xÈ  ÐCatholic€teachers,€and€refers€in€this€connection€to€the€fact€that€he€was€not€offered€a€positionÐ ^®  Ðsuitable€to€his€qualifications€and€experience.€He€also€alleges€that€he€was€not€allowed€toÐ D”  Ðdiscuss€certain€health€issues,€such€as€contraception,€abortion€and€AIDS,€with€the€students,Ð *z  Ðas€he€did€not€share€the€Roman€Catholic€beliefs.Ð ` ÐÌ3.2€The€author€submits€that€he€only€started€to€have€conscientious€objections€after€he€hadÐ Ü, Ðexperienced€working€in€the€Roman€Catholic€school€system€for€a€while.€He€stresses€that€heÐ Â Ðentered€the€Roman€Catholic€education€with€an€open€mind€and€without€prejudices.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ3.3€The€author€further€contends€that€he€was€discriminated€against€by€the€North€York€Board,Ð tÄ Ðas€two€teachers€who€had€been€transferred€to€the€Metropolitan€Separate€School€Board€wereÐ Zª Ðsubsequently€permitted€to€return€to€the€public€school€system.€He€indicates€that€one€of€thoseÐ @ Ðteachers€notified€the€North€York€Board€of€her€objection€on€11€September€1986,€while€theÐ &v Ðother€did€so€on€4€November€1986.€In€support€of€his€argument,€the€author€quotes€from€aÐ  \ Ðdissenting€opinion€submitted€by€one€of€the€arbitrators€on€the€Board€of€Arbitration,€accordingÐ òB Ðto€which€Section€1361(10)€of€Bill€30€does€not€envisage€time€limits€for€filing€objections€onÐ Ø( Ðgrounds€of€conscience;€nor€can,€according€to€this€opinion,€a€limit€be€inferred€from€otherÐ ¾ Ðsections€of€the€Act.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ3.4€Although€the€author€does€not€invoke€any€article€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ p!À  Ðand€Political€Rights,€it€appears€from€his€submission€that€he€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€aÐ V"¦! Ðviolation€of€articles€18€and€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóó:Ð %X $ ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party,€by€submission€dated€5€November€1991,€argues€that€the€communicationÐ Ô&$"& Ðis€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€It€contends€that,€byÐ º' #' Ðfailing€to€seek€leave€to€appeal€from€the€Divisional€Court's€decision€to€the€Ontario€Court€ofÐ  (ð#( ÐAppeal,€the€author€precluded€a€definitive€judicial€assessment€of€his€claim€by€the€courts€inÐ †)Ö$) ÐCanada.€The€State€party€also€states€that€legal€aid€would€have€been€available€to€enable€theÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor€to€seek€leave€to€appeal.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.2€The€State€Party€further€argues€that€the€author€could€have€pursued€remedies€availableÐ -n(- Ðunder€the€Ontario€Human€Rights€Code,€which€in€section€4€expressly€prohibits€discriminationÐ ° Ðin€employment.€It€submits€that€both€Ontario€case€law€and€the€Code€clearly€indicate€thatÐ –æ Ðlegislation€that€provides€for€arbitration€of€disputes€does€not€eliminate€the€jurisdiction€of€theÐ |Ì ÐOntario€Human€Rights€Commission,€or€subsequently€the€Board€of€Inquiry.€It€states€that€theÐ b² Ðprocedure€is€free€of€charge€for€the€complainant€and€that,€in€the€past,€orders€requiringÐ H˜ Ðreinstatement€in€employment€have€been€issued.€It€indicates€that€decisions€by€the€Board€ofÐ . ~ ÐInquiry€may€be€appealed€to€the€Divisional€Court€of€Ontario.Ð  d ÐÌ4.3€The€State€party€further€argues€that€the€author€has€failed€to€establish€a€ò òprima€facieó ó€caseÐ à 0 Ðof€a€violation€of€his€rights€under€the€Covenant.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€observes€thatÐ Æ   Ðthe€author€has€not€invoked€any€of€the€articles€of€the€Covenant.€It€argues€that,€if€the€authorÐ ¬ ü  Ðmeans€to€allege€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€he€has€not€provided€any€evidenceÐ ’â  Ðof€an€unreasonable€distinction€which€could€amount€to€discrimination.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.4€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€submits€that€Section€136„1(21)€of€the€Education€ActÐ D”  Ðprotects€designated€teachers€in€a€position€comparable€to€the€author's€against€discriminationÐ *z  Ðin€employment€on€the€basis€of€religion.€It€contends€that€the€author€did€not€exercise€his€rightsÐ ` Ðto€object€to€his€transfer€on€grounds€of€conscience€at€the€relevant€time€provided€by€law.€TheÐ öF ÐState€party€submits€that€nothing€in€the€Optional€Protocol€shields€a€person€from€theÐ Ü, Ðconsequences€of€a€failure€to€use€processes€designed€to€protect€freedom€of€religion€andÐ Â Ðconscience€in€a€reorganization€of€employment€among€different€school€systems.€It€finallyÐ ¨ø Ðargues€that€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€author€was€in€any€way€required€to€adopt€or€expressÐ ŽÞ ÐRoman€Catholic€beliefs€or€opinions.Ð tÄ ÐÌ5.1€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€observations,€dated€3€September€1991,€the€authorÐ @ Ðstresses€that€he€could€not€in€good€faith€have€filed€conscientious€objections€against€hisÐ &v Ðtransfer€before€12€September€1986,€the€time€limit€set€by€the€North€York€School€Board,€asÐ  \ Ðhe€had€never€experienced€working€in€a€Roman€Catholic€school€system.€Only€in€SeptemberÐ òB Ð1987€he€became€aware€of€the€fact€that€two€other€designated€teachers€had€been€allowed€toÐ Ø( Ðreturn€to€the€public€school€system€after€12€September€1986;€he€therefore€argues€that€he€couldÐ ¾ Ðnot€have€submitted€his€request€at€an€earlier€date.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ5.2€As€regards€the€State€party's€claim€that€he€has€not€presented€a€ò òprima€facieó ó€case€ofÐ p!À  Ðdiscrimination,€the€author€refers€to€the€refusal€of€the€Metropolitan€Separate€School€BoardÐ V"¦! Ðto€include€him€on€the€list€of€potential€candidates€for€the€position€of€"head€of€physicalÐ <#Œ" Ðeducation"€at€a€secondary€school€under€its€jurisdiction€(see€paragraph€2.5€of€the€presentÐ "$r# Ðdecision).Ð %X $ ÐÌ5.3€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€he€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,Ð Ô&$"& Ðthe€author€states€that,€following€the€Divisional€Court's€decision,€the€Ontario€SecondaryÐ º' #' ÐSchool€Teachers'€Federation,€who€had€been€providing€him€with€a€lawyer,€decided€toÐ  (ð#( Ðwithdraw€its€support.€The€author€claims€that,€since€he€could€not€afford€to€hire€a€lawyer,€heÐ †)Ö$) Ðtherefore€could€not€pursue€the€appeal.€He€further€submits€that,€because€of€lapse€of€time,€anyÐ l*¼%* Ðother€remedy€available€would€no€longer€be€effective.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó:Ð -n(- Ї6.1€Before€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ ° ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€notÐ –æ Ðit€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð |Ì ÐÌ6.2€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€objection€that€the€author€has€not€identified€the€articlesÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Covenant€he€claims€have€been€violated,€the€Committee€affirms€its€jurisprudence€thatÐ . ~ Ðit€is€not€necessary€for€authors€to€specifically€invoke€articles€of€the€Covenant;òò€1óó€under€theÐ  d ÐOptional€Protocol€procedure€authors€are,€however,€required€to€submit€the€relevant€facts€andÐ ú J Ðto€substantiate€their€allegations.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€observes€that€the€author€has€not€sought€judicial€review€of€the€decisionÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€the€Divisional€Court€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Ontario,€and€that€he€appears€to€have€madeÐ ’â  Ðno€effort€to€apply€for€legal€aid€under€the€Ontario€Legal€Aid€Act.€Moreover,€the€author€hasÐ xÈ  Ðnot€availed€himself€of€procedures€under€the€Ontario€Human€Rights€Code,€which€he€couldÐ ^®  Ðhave€done€without€incurring€expenses.€The€State€party€has€argued€and€the€author€has€notÐ D”  Ðcontested€that€a€petition€before€the€Ontario€Human€Rights€Commission,€or€subsequently€theÐ *z  ÐBoard€of€Inquiry,€could€have€resulted€in€his€reinstatement€in€the€public€school€system.Ð ` ÐÌ6.4€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author€has€not€met€theÐ Ü, Ðrequirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€set€forth€in€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€theÐ Â ÐOptional€Protocol.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð tÄ ÐÌ(a)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€OptionalÐ @ ÐProtocol;Ð &v ÐÌ(b)€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author.Ð òB ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ¾ ÐÌÌ____________Ð p!À  ÐÌ*€€€All€persons€handling€this€document€are€requested€to€respect€and€observe€its€confidentialÐ <#Œ" Ðnature.Ð "$r# ÐÌ*/€€€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð î%>!% ÐÓ­ÓÌ1/€€Committee's€decision€in€communication€No.€273/1988€(€D.B.€v.€the€Netherlands€),Ð º' #' Ðparagraph€6.3.