ÿWPC¹ Í»3;ÿ)NrxE.ñ¹³§,D[] ›·ðÀ†z(¶òKl_ŽD®{ݵ'$¥ª+9ô–5t‡È׋‘gý5Eþ|1…¸vc¶ ÿÊÆÖ“ÃVžvð*TÂD qM‘ÀÁKif^Šºžf2K¥äjdd¹l‰ 4Ži”ªÑ•„Ö 5€£žâ##"½;… Æ2Õž…j²_k K°¼ÃjB Qu©S÷sêãç€æv·:•…Öj½~ÓÔù¶FØAz£²5bÇd=Ý K¯ˆÇÄ*ºi… ~‹ÚCæ¾Ë5†2j¹\…ìL‘o)¯–a¸À«'+ò=8 „ˆOäù9Uðæa"hZmЫïUûBï-Fo_‹Ðž#C^2u–¾…à;Õâ‘yÙÒ\@}' Ô—HƒûU ·tLhçöFwsÀL³VŠª&ˆö€~ý­§­1ú¾¡©ÀG!Ù ý§«¾Ä¹Ô²U»‰ÝoŸÐn«kRܲëâ¤'˜Gˆ£¦3å”p±a‹Þí¿³®a Þ˜qõs [K´…¬ì•dÈóìkK΃†‹™/k8mJo¡Íª6W ü¢ ”즚¬'Y¦üâó§f>êáÂN²êŽ% ©TU>²Ìð 0µ¼ 0<q 0Y­ 0_ 0ieeÆÎ 0á” 0(u D+ AMÈ È È È  0N% 0Æs #Á9 UNú %HMN(RNz^ |wˆ4Œ  m¢ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Ballantyne, Davidson, McIntyre v. Canada, Communications Nos. 359/1989 and 385/1989, U.N. 49 and 385/1989, U.N. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2àÒ$££Ý ƒF”!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XiÆXXXÔÔ€XiÆXXXiÆÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žF”$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xq¢XXXÔÔ€Xq¢XXXq¢ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXKpô* Äpì*385.wpÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒF”!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XiÆXXXÔÔ€XiÆXXXiÆÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô,€Davidson€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€McIntyre€v.€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunications€Nos.€359/1989€and€385/1989*/Ð H˜ ÐÌ31€March€1993Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/47/D/359/1989€and€385/1989/Rev.1Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€John€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€Elizabeth€Davidson,€and€Gordon€McIntyreÐ D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€The€authorsÐ ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€CanadaÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationsóó:€10€April€and€21€November€1989€(initial€submissions)óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€31€March€1993,Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€359/1989€submitted€to€the€HumanÐ Ø( ÐRights€Committee€by€J.€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€E.€Davidson,€and€of€communication€No.€385/1989Ð ¾ Ðsubmitted€by€G.€McIntyre€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ¤ô Ðand€Political€Rights,Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theÐ V"¦! Ðcommunications,€and€the€State€party,Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð %X $ ÐÌÌÓ½Óò òòòÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló ó.óóÐ º' #' ÐÓ%ÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€authors€of€the€communications€(initial€submissions€dated€10€April€1989€and€21Ð l*¼%* ÐNovember€1989€and€subsequent€correspondence)€are€John€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô,€Elizabeth€DavidsonÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€Gordon€McIntyre,€Canadian€citizens€residing€in€the€Province€of€Quebec.€The€authors,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðone€a€painter,€the€second€a€designer€and€the€third€an€undertaker€by€profession,€have€theirÐ -n(- Ðbusinesses€in€Sutton€and€Huntingdon,€Quebec.€Their€mother€tongue€is€English,€as€is€that€ofÐ ° Ðmany€of€their€clients.€They€allege€to€be€victims€of€violations€of€articles€2,€19,€26€and€27€ofÐ –æ Ðthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€by€the€Federal€Government€ofÐ |Ì ÐCanada€and€by€the€Province€of€Quebec,€because€they€are€forbidden€to€use€English€forÐ b² Ðpurposes€of€advertising,€e.g.,€on€commercial€signs€outside€the€business€premises,€or€in€theÐ H˜ Ðname€of€the€firm.Ð . ~ ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóó:Ð ú J ÐÌ2.1€The€authors€of€the€first€communication€(No.€359/1989),€Mr.€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€Ms.Ð Æ   ÐDavidson,€sell€clothes€and€paintings€to€a€predominantly€Ô_ÔEnglishspeakingÔ_Ô€clientele,€and€haveÐ ¬ ü  Ðalways€used€English€signs€to€attract€customers.Ð ’â  ÐÌ2.2€The€author€of€the€second€communication€(No.€385/1989),€Mr.€McIntyre,€states€that€inÐ ^®  ÐJuly€1988,€he€received€notice€from€the€CommissionerEnquirer€of€the€"Commission€deÐ D”  Ðprotection€de€la€langue€fran aise"€that€following€a€"checkup"€it€had€been€ascertained€that€heÐ *z  Ðhad€installed€a€sign€carrying€the€firm€name€"Kelly€Funeral€Home"€on€the€grounds€of€hisÐ ` Ðestablishment,€which€constituted€an€infraction€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language.€HeÐ öF Ðwas€requested€to€inform€the€Commissioner€within€15€days€in€writing€of€measures€taken€toÐ Ü, Ðcorrect€the€situation€and€to€prevent€the€recurrence€of€a€similar€incident.€The€author€has€sinceÐ Â Ðremoved€his€company€sign.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.3€Mr.€McIntyre's€business€was€established€over€100€years€ago€and€in€the€25€years€underÐ tÄ Ðhis€management€has€always€operated€without€language€constraints.€Now€he€is€allegedlyÐ Zª Ðdisadvantaged€òòvisvisóó€French€speaking€competitors€who€are€allowed€to€use€their€motherÐ @ Ðtongue€without€restriction.€Of€the€seven€funeral€homes€in€the€area,€his€is€the€only€oneÐ &v Ðoperated€by€an€Englishspeaking€Canadian€serving€the€Englishspeaking€community.€Out€ofÐ  \ Ða€total€population€of€15,600€in€the€town€in€question,€some€5,600€inhabitants€speak€English.Ð òB ÐBill€No.€178,€however,€prevents€him€from€indicating€in€his€commercial€sign€in€English€theÐ Ø( Ðservice€he€provides.€The€author€alleges€a€loss€of€business€and€a€reduced€impact€on€passersby,Ð ¾ Ðwho€no€longer€identify€his€services€by€an€external€sign.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ2.4€Mr.€McIntyre€also€claims€that€since€he€has€"taken€on€the€Government"€a€certain€"fearÐ p!À  Ðfactor"€discourages€potential€clients.€It€leads€to€hate€calls,€threats€and€ridicule€in€the€pressÐ V"¦! Ðby€suggestions€that€he€is€a€"racist".Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó:Ð %X $ ÐÌ3.1€The€authors€challenge€sections€1,€6€and€10€of€Bill€No.€178€enacted€by€the€ProvincialÐ Ô&$"& ÐGovernment€of€Quebec€on€22€December€1988,€with€the€purpose€of€modifying€Bill€No.€101,Ð º' #' Ðknown€as€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language€(Charte€de€la€langue€fran aise).€The€òòratio€legisóóÐ  (ð#( Ðof€Bill€No.€178,€as€stated€explicitly€by€the€Quebec€legislature,€was€to€override€two€judgmentsÐ †)Ö$) Ðrendered€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€on€15€December€1988,€declaring€several€sectionsÐ l*¼%* Ðof€the€Charter€unconstitutional.€The€official€explanatory€note€preceding€the€text€of€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐCharter€states€that€only€French€may€be€used€in€public€Ô_ÔbillpostingÔ_Ô€and€in€commercialÐ 8,ˆ', Ðadvertising€outdoors.€It€stipulates€that€this€rule€shall€also€apply€inside€means€of€publicÐ -n(- Ðtransport€and€certain€establishments,€including€shopping€Ô_ÔcentresÔ_Ô.€The€authors€claim€to€beÐ ° Ðpersonally€affected€by€the€application€of€Bill€No.€178.Ð –æ ÐÌ3.2€The€authors€furthermore€claim€that€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€contained€in€section€10Ð b² Ðof€Bill€No.€178€overrides€the€safeguards€contained€in€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Human€RightsÐ H˜ Ðand€Freedoms€(Canadian€Charter)€and€the€Quebec€Charter€of€Human€Rights€and€FreedomsÐ . ~ Ð(Quebec€Charter).€They€point€out€that€section€33€of€the€Canadian€Charter,€and€its€counterpartÐ  d Ðsection€52€of€the€Quebec€Charter,€allow€for€the€suspension€of€protection€against€humanÐ ú J Ðrights€violations.Ð à 0 ÐÌ3.3€The€authors€claim€that€these€provisions,€whenever€applied,€violate€Canada's€obligationsÐ ¬ ü  Ðunder€the€Covenant,€in€particular€article€2.€Exempting€legislation€from€compliance€with€theÐ ’â  Ðprovisions€of€the€Canadian€or€Quebec€Charters€of€Human€Rights€and€Freedoms€effectivelyÐ xÈ  Ðdenies€a€remedy€to€citizens€whose€rights€have€been€or€are€being€violated€by€the€legislationÐ ^®  Ðthus€exempted.Ð D”  ÐÌòòLegislative€Ô_Ôprovisionsóó:Ô_ÔÐ ` ÐÌ4.1€The€relevant€original€provisions€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€language€(Bill€No.€101,Ð Ü, ÐÔ_ÔS.Q.Ô_Ô€1977,€C5)€have€been€modified€several€times.€In€essence,€however,€they€have€remainedÐ Â Ðsubstantially€the€same.€In€1977,€section€58€read€as€follows:Ð ¨ø ÐÌ"Except€as€may€be€provided€in€this€Act€or€the€regulations€of€the€Office€de€la€Ô_ÔlangueÔ_ÔÐ tÄ ÐÔ_Ôfran aiseÔ_Ô,€signs€and€posters€and€commercial€advertising€shall€be€solely€in€the€officialÐ Zª Ðlanguage."Ð @ ÐÌ4.2€The€original€wording€of€section€58€was€replaced€in€1983€by€section€1€of€the€Act€toÐ  \ Ðamend€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language€(Ô_ÔS.Q.Ô_Ô€1983,€C56)€which€read:Ð òB ÐÌ"58.€Public€signs€and€posters€and€commercial€advertising€shall€be€solely€in€the€officialÐ ¾ Ðlanguage.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"Notwithstanding€the€foregoing,€in€the€cases€and€under€the€conditions€or€circumstancesÐ p!À  Ðprescribed€by€regulation€of€the€Office€de€la€Ô_ÔlangueÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôfran aiseÔ_Ô,€public€signs€and€posters€andÐ V"¦! Ðcommercial€advertising€may€be€both€in€French€and€another€language€or€solely€in€anotherÐ <#Œ" Ðlanguage€..."Ð "$r# ÐÌ4.3€The€initial€language€legislation€was€struck€down€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòLa€Ô_ÔChaussureÔ_ÔÐ î%>!% ÐBrown's€Inc.€et€al.€v.€the€Attorney€General€of€Quebec€(1989)€90€Ô_ÔN.R.Ô_Ô€84óó.€Following€this,Ð Ô&$"& Ðsection€58€of€the€Charter€was€amended€by€section€1€of€Bill€No.€178.€While€certainÐ º' #' Ðmodifications€were€made€relating€to€signs€and€posters€inside€business€premises,€theÐ  (ð#( Ðcompulsory€use€of€French€in€signs€and€posters€outside€remained.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ4.4€Section€58€of€the€Charter,€as€modified€in€1989€by€section€1€of€Bill€No.€178,€now€reads:Ð R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔÌ"58.€Public€signs€and€posters€and€commercial€advertising,€outside€or€intended€for€the€publicÐ -n(- Ðoutside,€shall€be€solely€in€French.€Similarly,€public€signs€and€posters€and€commercialÐ ° Ðadvertising€shall€be€solely€in€French,Ð –æ ÐÌ"1.Inside€commercial€centres€and€their€access€ways,€except€inside€the€establishments€locatedÐ b² Ðthere;Ð H˜ ÐÌ"2.Inside€any€public€means€of€transport€and€its€access€ways;Ð  d ÐÌ"3.Inside€the€establishments€of€business€firms€contemplated€in€section€136;Ð à 0 ÐÌ"4.Inside€the€establishments€of€business€firms€employing€fewer€than€fifty€but€more€than€fiveÐ ¬ ü  Ðpersons,€where€such€firms€share,€with€two€or€more€other€business€firms,€the€use€of€aÐ ’â  Ðtrademark,€a€firm€name€or€an€appellation€by€which€they€are€known€to€the€public.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"The€Government€may,€however,€by€regulation,€prescribe€the€terms€and€conditions€accordingÐ D”  Ðto€which€public€signs€and€posters€and€public€advertising€may€be€both€in€French€and€inÐ *z  Ðanother€language,€under€the€conditions€set€forth€in€the€second€paragraph€of€section€58.1,Ð ` Ðinside€the€establishments€of€business€firms€contemplated€in€subparagraphs€3€and€4€of€theÐ öF Ðsecond€paragraph".Ð Ü, ÐÌ"The€Government€may,€in€such€regulation,€establish€categories€of€business€firms,€prescribeÐ ¨ø Ðterms€and€conditions€which€vary€according€to€the€category€and€reinforce€the€conditions€setÐ ŽÞ Ðforth€in€the€second€paragraph€of€section€58.1."Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.5€Section€6€of€Bill€No.€178€modified€section€68€of€the€Charter,€which€now€reads:Ð @ ÐÌ"68.€Except€as€otherwise€provided€in€this€section,€only€the€French€version€of€a€firm€nameÐ  \ Ðmay€be€used€in€Quebec.€A€firm€name€may€be€accompanied€with€a€version€in€anotherÐ òB Ðlanguage€for€use€outside€Quebec.€That€version€may€be€used€together€with€the€French€versionÐ Ø( Ðof€the€firm€name€in€the€inscriptions€referred€to€in€section€51,€if€the€products€in€question€areÐ ¾ Ðoffered€both€in€and€outside€Quebec".Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"In€printed€documents,€and€in€the€documents€contemplated€in€section€57€if€they€are€both€inÐ p!À  ÐFrench€and€in€another€language,€a€version€of€the€French€firm€name€in€another€language€mayÐ V"¦! Ðbe€used€in€conjunction€with€the€French€firm€name".Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"When€texts€or€documents€are€drawn€up€in€a€language€other€than€French,€the€firm€name€mayÐ %X $ Ðappear€in€the€other€language€without€its€French€version.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"On€public€signs€and€posters€and€in€commercial€advertising,Ð º' #' ÐÌ"1.A€firm€name€may€be€accompanied€with€a€version€in€another€language,€if€they€are€both€inÐ †)Ö$) ÐFrench€and€in€another€language;Ð l*¼%* ÐÔ_ÔÌ"2.A€firm€name€may€appear€solely€in€its€version€in€another€language,€if€they€are€solely€in€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðlanguage€other€than€French."Ð -n(- Ї4.6€Section€10€of€Bill€No.€178€contains€a€Ô_ÔsocalledÔ_Ô€"notwithstanding"€clause,€which€providesÐ ° Ðthat:Ð –æ ÐÌ"The€provisions€of€section€58€and€of€the€first€paragraph€of€section€68,€brought€into€effectÐ b² Ðunder€sections€1€and€6€respectively€of€the€present€Bill,€shall€operate€irrespective€of€theÐ H˜ Ðprovisions€of€section€2,€paragraph€(b),€and€section€15€of€the€Constitutional€Act€of€1982€...Ð . ~ Ðand€shall€apply€notwithstanding€articles€3€and€10€of€the€Charter€of€Human€Rights€andÐ  d ÐFreedoms."Ð ú J ÐÌ4.7€Another€"notwithstanding"€provision€is€incorporated€into€section€33€of€the€CanadianÐ Æ   ÐCharter€of€Human€Rights€and€Freedoms,€which€reads:Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ"1.€Parliament€or€the€legislature€of€a€province€may€expressly€declare€in€an€act€of€ParliamentÐ xÈ  Ðor€of€the€legislature,€as€the€case€may€be,€that€the€Act€or€a€provision€thereof€shall€operateÐ ^®  Ðnotwithstanding€a€provision€included€in€section€2€or€sections€7€to€15€of€this€Charter."2.€AnÐ D”  ÐAct€or€a€provision€of€an€Act€in€respect€of€which€a€declaration€made€under€this€section€is€inÐ *z  Ðeffect€shall€have€such€operation€as€it€would€have€but€for€the€provision€of€this€Charter€referredÐ ` Ðto€in€the€declaration.Ð öF ÐÌ"3.€A€declaration€made€under€subsection€(1)€shall€cease€to€have€effect€five€years€after€itÐ Â Ðcomes€into€force€or€on€such€earlier€date€as€may€be€specified€in€the€declaration.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ"4.€Parliament€or€the€legislature€of€a€province€may€reenact€a€declaration€made€underÐ tÄ Ðsubsection€(1).Ð Zª ÐÌ"5.€Subsection€(3)€applies€in€respect€of€a€Ô_ÔreenactmentÔ_Ô€made€under€subsection€(4)."Ð &v ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€Ô_Ôobservationsóó:Ô_ÔÐ òB ÐÌ5.1€The€communications€were€transmitted€to€the€State€party€under€rule€91€of€the€rules€ofÐ ¾ Ðprocedure€on€26€May€1989€and€29€January€1990.€The€deadlines€for€observations€was€set€forÐ ¤ô Ð26€July€1989€and€29€March€1990,€respectively.€On€several€occasions,€the€State€partyÐ Š Ú Ðrequested€an€extension€of€time€to€make€its€submission,€explaining€that€it€needed€more€timeÐ p!À  Ðas€the€issues€involved€were€factually€and€legally€complex€and€concerned€both€federal€andÐ V"¦! Ðprovincial€areas€of€legislative€competence.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ5.2€In€its€submission€of€28€December€1990,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€ofÐ %X $ Ðthe€communications€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ î%>!% ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€It€argued€that€domestic€remedies€hadÐ Ô&$"& Ðnot€been€exhausted,€since€the€authors€had€made€no€attempt€to€challenge€Bill€No.€178€and€toÐ º' #' Ð"seek€redress€from€the€Canadian€courts€or€other€bodies€that€may€be€competent€to€resolve€theÐ  (ð#( Ðissue€pursuant€to€Canadian€law".Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party€also€stated€that€in€at€least€two€legal€proceedings€before€the€courts€ofÐ R+¢&+ ÐQuebec,€litigants€were€challenging€this€legislation.€Ô_ÔK.N.Ô_Ô,€charged€on€30€January€1990€on€twoÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcounts€of€contravening€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€was€scheduled€to€appear€beforeÐ -n(- Ðthe€Court€of€Quebec€on€19€December€1990,€when€the€trial€date€was€to€have€been€set.€InÐ ° Ðanother€case€pending€before€the€Court€of€Quebec,€H.S.€was€charged€in€June€1990€on€twoÐ –æ Ðcounts€of€contravening€the€Charter€by€displaying€a€welcome€sign€outside€his€bakery€in€35Ð |Ì Ðlanguages.€The€respondent€was€scheduled€to€appear€in€court€on€28€February€1991.Ð b² ÐÌ5.4€The€State€party€further€submitted€that€Quebec€law€provides€the€possibility€for€the€authorsÐ . ~ Ðto€test€the€constitutional€validity€or€application€of€Bill€No.€178€through€the€use€of€anÐ  d Ðapplication€for€a€declaratory€judgment€and€referred€to€national€jurisprudence€in€which€certainÐ ú J Ðprovisions€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language€were€declared€to€be€of€no€force€or€effect.Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.5€The€State€party€also€pointed€to€the€availability€of€the€Federal€Court€ChallengesÐ ¬ ü  ÐÔ_ÔProgrammeÔ_Ô,€which€alleviates€the€financial€hardship€associated€with€the€conduct€of€suchÐ ’â  Ðlitigation€and€states€that€the€legal€issues€raised€would€be€within€the€scope€of€the€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_ÔÐ xÈ  Ðand€the€authors€could,€therefore,€seek€funding€from€the€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€for€the€purpose€ofÐ ^®  Ðcontesting€the€restrictions€imposed€by€the€provincial€law.Ð D”  ÐÌòòExhaustion€of€domestic€Ô_Ôremedies:Ô_ÔóóÐ ` ÐÌ6.1€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authors€maintainÐ Ü, Ðthat€following€the€enactment€of€Bill€No.€178€there€are€no€effective€remedies€which€theyÐ Â Ðcould€pursue.€They€refer€to€the€relevant€judgments€of€the€Superior€Court€to€the€District€ofÐ ¨ø ÐMontreal,€the€Appeal€Court€and€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ6.2€In€particular,€the€authors€of€the€first€communication€claim€that€because€Bill€178€appliesÐ Zª Ðin€spite€of€Canadian€human€rights€laws€and€because€the€notwithstanding€clauses€of€theÐ @ ÐCanadian€and€Quebec€Charters,€when€invoked,€suspend€human€rights€as€guaranteed,€òòinterÐ &v Ðaliaóó,€by€international€human€rights€norms,€they€are€denied€an€effective€remedy€within€theÐ  \ Ðmeaning€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.Ð òB ÐÌ6.3€With€regard€to€steps€taken€to€assert€their€rights,€the€authors€refer€to€numerous€lettersÐ ¾ Ðaddressed€to€various€provincial€and€federal€authorities€by€individuals€and€lobby€groups€withÐ ¤ô Ðno€effect.€As€to€judicial€remedies,€the€authors€explain€that€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€inÐ Š Ú ÐòòLa€Ô_ÔChaussureÔ_Ô€Brown's€et€al.óó,€which€supports€their€plea,€has€no€effect€in€view€of€theÐ p!À  Ðsubsequent€Quebec€legislation€which€makes€any€further€challenge€of€section€1€of€Bill€No.Ð V"¦! Ð178€futile.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ6.4€As€to€the€possibility€of€initiating€proceedings€for€a€declaratory€judgment,€the€authorsÐ %X $ Ðcontend€that€the€very€existence€of€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€renders€Bill€No.€178€immuneÐ î%>!% Ðto€challenge.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ6.5€Mr.€McIntyre€states€that€he€has€written€to€the€Prime€Minister€of€Canada,€the€leaders€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€Opposition,€members€of€the€Senate€of€Canada€and€the€premiers€of€all€provinces,€only€toÐ †)Ö$) Ðreceive€a€number€of€replies€that€express€various€forms€of€support€and€indicate€that€Bill€No.Ð l*¼%* Ð178€indeed€violates€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€Ô_ÔandrunsÔ_Ô€contrary€to€both€the€CanadianÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€Quebec€Charters€of€Human€Rights.€As€a€member€of€the€Chateauguay€Valley€EnglishÐ 8,ˆ', ÐSpeaking€People's€Association,€he€helped€to€organize€a€demonstration€in€Ottawa€and€toÐ -n(- Ðcirculate€a€petition,€which€gathered€some€10,000€signatures€and€was€subsequently€sent€to€theÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔSecretaryGeneralÔ_Ô€of€the€United€Nations.Ð –æ ÐÌ6.6€In€a€case€submitted€by€other€complainants,€the€Superior€Court€held,€on€28€DecemberÐ b² Ð1984,€that€section€58€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€in€so€far€as€it€prescribed€thatÐ H˜ Ðpublic€signs€and€posters€and€commercial€advertising€shall€be€solely€in€French,€wasÐ . ~ Ðinoperative€from€1€February€1984.Ð  d ÐÌ6.7€The€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€judgment€and€allowed€an€appeal€declaring€Section€68Ð à 0 Ðof€the€Charter,€in€so€far€as€it€prescribed€that€only€the€French€version€of€a€firm€name€is€to€beÐ Æ   Ðused,€to€be€inoperative€from€1€January€1986€by€reason€of€the€Quebec€Charter€of€HumanÐ ¬ ü  ÐRights€and€Freedoms€and€from€17€April€1982€by€reason€of€the€Canadian€Charter€of€RightsÐ ’â  Ðand€Freedoms.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.8€The€authors€argue€that€both€the€Quebec€and€federal€courts€have€thoroughly€consideredÐ D”  Ðthe€implications€of€the€challenged€provisions€and€that€they€have€found€them€in€violation€ofÐ *z  Ðrelevant€constitutional€provisions.€The€authors€stress€that€while€recognizing€that€there€areÐ ` Ðreasonable€limits€to€the€exercise€of€human€rights,€the€courts€have€held€that€the€prohibitionÐ öF Ðof€the€use€of€any€other€language€than€French€in€commercial€signs€was€neither€an€appropriateÐ Ü, Ðnor€a€justifiable€remedy€against€threats€to€the€French€culture.€In€particular,€they€found€thatÐ Â Ðthe€obligation€to€use€only€French€on€commercial€signs€and€in€advertising€violated€the€rightÐ ¨ø Ðof€freedom€of€expression€and€constituted€discrimination€based€on€language.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ6.9€The€authors€argue€that€the€Supreme€Court's€judgment€in€the€òòLa€Ô_ÔChaussureÔ_Ô€Brown's€et€al.óóÐ Zª Ðcase€directly€applies€to€their€situation.€Bill€No.€178,€however,€overrides€the€Court's€judgmentÐ @ Ðand€operates€notwithstanding€section€2(b)€(freedom€of€expression)€and€section€15€(equality)Ð &v Ðof€the€Canadian€Charter.€The€authors€contend€that€it€would€be€futile€to€go€to€the€courts€inÐ  \ Ðview€of€the€certain€application€of€the€"notwithstanding"€clauses€of€the€Canadian€or€QuebecÐ òB ÐCharters.Ð Ø( ÐÌ6.10€In€addition,€the€authors€complain€that€the€Federal€Government€of€Canada€has€not€usedÐ ¤ô Ðits€constitutional€authority€under€section€90€of€the€Constitution€Act,€1867,€to€disallow€or€setÐ Š Ú Ðaside€a€Bill€of€a€provincial€government€allowing€fundamental€human€rights€to€beÐ p!À  Ðdisregarded.Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€decision€to€join€consideration€of€the€communications€and€to€declare€themÐ "$r# ÐÔ_Ôadmissibleóó:Ô_ÔÐ %X $ ÐÌ7.1€Pursuant€to€rule€88,€paragraph€2,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€joinedÐ Ô&$"& Ðconsideration€of€the€two€communications€at€its€fortieth€session€in€October€1990.Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.2€During€its€forty„first€session€in€April€1991,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€the€communications.€It€disagreed€with€the€State€party's€contention€that€there€were€stillÐ l*¼%* Ðeffective€remedies€available€to€the€authors€in€the€circumstances€of€their€cases.€In€thisÐ R+¢&+ Ðcontext,€it€noted€that€in€spite€of€repeated€legislative€changes€protecting€the€òòvisageÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔlinguistiqueÔ_Ôóó€of€Quebec,€and€despite€the€fact€that€some€of€the€relevant€statutory€provisionsÐ -n(- Ðhad€been€declared€unconstitutional€successively€by€the€Superior,€Appeal€and€SupremeÐ ° ÐCourts,€the€only€effect€of€this€had€been€the€replacement€of€these€provisions€by€ones€that€areÐ –æ Ðthe€same€in€substance€as€those€they€replaced,€but€reinforced€by€the€"notwithstanding"€clauseÐ |Ì Ðof€Section€10€of€Bill€178.Ð b² ÐÌ7.3€As€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€Bill€178€can€be€and€is€being€challenged€before€theÐ . ~ ÐQuebec€courts,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€issues€raised€in€the€cases€before€the€local€courtsÐ  d Ðwere€not€the€same€as€those€before€the€Committee€and€thus€could€not€bear€upon€whether€theÐ ú J Ðauthors€of€the€communications€still€had€remedies€to€pursue.€The€Committee€further€notedÐ à 0 Ðthat€the€"notwithstanding"€clause,€which€is€not€applicable€to€the€provision(s)€at€issue€in€theÐ Æ   Ðproceedings€referred€to€by€the€State€party,€remained€applicable€to€Section€58€of€Bill€178,€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðprovision€at€issue€in€the€communications€before€the€Committee.€It€therefore€concluded€thatÐ ’â  Ðno€effective€remedy€was€available€to€the€authors€in€respect€of€their€claim.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ7.4€On€11€April€1991,€therefore,€the€Committee€declared€the€communications€admissible.Ð D”  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€request€for€a€review€of€admissibility€and€submission€on€the€merits;€authors'Ð ` Ðcomments€thereonóó:Ð öF ÐÌ8.1€In€a€submission€dated€6€March€1992,€the€Federal€Government€requests€the€CommitteeÐ Â Ðto€review€its€decision€on€admissibility.€It€notes€that€the€number€of€litigants€who€contest€theÐ ¨ø Ðvalidity€of€Bill€178€has€grown,€and€that€hearings€before€the€Court€of€Quebec€on€the€issueÐ ŽÞ Ðwere€held€on€14€January€1992.€The€proceedings€continue,€and€lawyers€for€the€provincialÐ tÄ Ðgovernment€were€scheduled€to€present€Quebec's€point€of€view€on€23€and€24€March€1992.Ð Zª ÐÌ8.2€The€State€party€contends€that€Quebec's€Code€of€Civil€Procedure€entitles€the€authors€ofÐ &v Ðthe€communications€to€apply€for€a€declaratory€judgment€that€Bill€178€is€invalid€and€adds€thatÐ  \ Ðthis€option€would€be€open€to€them€regardless€of€whether€criminal€charges€had€been€institutedÐ òB Ðagainst€them€or€not.€It€argues€that€consistent€with€the€well„established€principle€that€effectiveÐ Ø( Ðdomestic€remedies€must€be€exhausted€before€the€jurisdiction€of€an€international€body€isÐ ¾ Ðengaged,€Canadian€courts€should€have€an€opportunity€to€rule€on€the€validity€of€Bill€178,Ð ¤ô Ðbefore€the€issue€is€considered€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ8.3€The€State€party€further€argues€that€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€in€Section€33€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€is€compatible€with€Canada's€obligations€under€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCovenant,€in€particular€with€article€4€and€with€the€obligation,€under€article€2,€to€provide€itsÐ "$r# Ðcitizens€with€judicial€remedies.€It€explains€that,€firstly,€extraordinary€conditions€limit€the€useÐ %X $ Ðof€Section€33.€Secondly,€Section€33€is€said€to€reflect€a€balance€between€the€roles€of€electedÐ î%>!% Ðrepresentatives€and€courts€in€interpreting€rights:€"A€system€in€which€the€judiciary€is€givenÐ Ô&$"& Ðfull€and€final€say€on€all€issues€of€rights€adversely€impacts€on€a€key€tenet€of€democracy€„€thatÐ º' #' Ðis,€participation€of€citizens€in€a€forum€of€elected€and€publicly€accountable€legislatures€onÐ  (ð#( Ðquestions€of€social€and€political€justice€...€The€'notwithstanding'€clause€provides€a€limitedÐ †)Ö$) Ðlegislative€counterweight€in€a€system€which€otherwise€gives€judges€final€say€over€rightsÐ l*¼%* Ðissues".Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ8.4€Lastly,€the€Government€affirms€that€the€existence€of€Section€33€òòper€seóó€is€not€contrary€toÐ -n(- Ðarticle€4€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€the€invocation€of€Section€33€does€not€necessarily€amountÐ ° Ðto€an€impermissible€derogation€under€the€Covenant:€"Canada's€obligation€is€to€ensure€thatÐ –æ ÐSection€33€is€never€invoked€in€circumstances€which€are€contrary€to€international€law.€TheÐ |Ì ÐSupreme€Court€of€Canada€has€itself€stated€that€'Canada's€international€human€rightsÐ b² Ðobligations€should€[govern]€...€the€interpretation€of€the€content€of€the€rights€guaranteed€byÐ H˜ Ðthe€Charter'."€Thus,€a€legislative€override€could€never€be€invoked€to€permit€acts€clearlyÐ . ~ Ðprohibited€by€international€law.€Accordingly,€the€legislative€override€in€Section€33€is€saidÐ  d Ðto€be€compatible€with€the€Covenant.Ð ú J ÐÌ8.5€In€another€submission,€made€through€the€Federal€Government€of€Canada,€the€provincialÐ Æ   Ðgovernment€of€Quebec€contends€that€the€communications€under€review€do€not€reveal€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðbreach€of€articles€2,€19,€26€or€27€by€Quebec.€As€regards€article€27,€Quebec€asserts€thatÐ ’â  Ðhistorical€developments€since€1763€amply€bear€out€the€need€for€French€speakers€to€seekÐ xÈ  Ðprotection€of€their€language€and€culture.€Even€if€it€were€concluded€that€the€dominant€positionÐ ^®  Ðof€English€speakers€in€Canada€did€not€prevent€the€authors€from€invoking€article€27€of€theÐ D”  ÐCovenants,€its€òòÔ_ÔtravauxÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔprparatoiresÔ_Ôóó€indicate€that€its€aim€was€rather€to€protect€specificÐ *z  Ðlinguistic€rights,€in€particular€in€the€spheres€of€education,€justice,€public€administration€andÐ ` Ðcultural€and€religious€institutions:Ð öF ÐÌ"Accordingly,€this€article€may€not€be€invoked€in€support€of€the€complainants'€claimsÐ Â Ðbecause,€even€if€it€applied€to€them,€the€right€to€commercial€advertising€and€the€right€to€useÐ ¨ø Ðthe€business€names€they€wish€to€include€in€the€advertising€do€not€come€within€its€scope,Ð ŽÞ ÐòòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ôóó.€Consequently,€the€claims€...€are€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ tÄ ÐCovenant".Ð Zª ÐÌ8.6€In€respect€of€the€authors'€claims€under€article€26,€the€Government€of€Quebec€points€outÐ &v Ðthat€Sections€58€and€68€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Sections€1Ð  \ Ðand€6€of€Bill€178,€are€general€measures€applicable€to€commercial€advertising€which€layÐ òB Ðdown€the€same€requirements€and€obligations€for€all€tradesmen,€regardless€of€their€language.Ð Ø( ÐThey€treat€equally€all€people€who€seek€to€advertise€in€Quebec.€The€authors€of€theÐ ¾ Ðcommunications€have€provided€no€evidence€to€show€that€they€were€treated€differently€fromÐ ¤ô Ðother€tradesmen,€or€that€the€turnover€of€their€businesses€declined€as€a€result€of€the€adoptionÐ Š Ú Ðand€application€of€Bill€178.Ð p!À  ÐÌ8.7€The€Government€of€Quebec€points€out€that€in€the€linguistic€sphere,€the€notion€of€òòde€factoóóÐ <#Œ" Ðequality€precludes€purely€formal€equality€and€makes€it€necessary€to€accord€differentÐ "$r# Ðtreatment€in€order€to€arrive€at€a€result€that€restores€the€balance€between€different€situations.Ð %X $ ÐIt€contends€that€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€"is€a€measuredÐ î%>!% Ðlegislative€response€to€the€particular€circumstances€of€Quebec's€society,€for€which,€in€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐNorth€American€context€and€in€the€face€of€the€domination€of€the€English€language€and€theÐ º' #' Ðensuing€cultural,€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€and€political€pressures,€'Ô_ÔfrancificationÔ_Ô'€('Ô_ÔFrenchificationÔ_Ô')Ð  (ð#( Ðis€still€in€an€exposed€position".Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ8.8€The€requirements€of€Sections€58€and€68€of€Bill€178€are€said€to€be€deliberately€limited€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€sphere€of€external€public€and€commercial€advertising,€because€it€is€there€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsymbolic€value€of€the€language€as€a€means€of€collective€identification€is€strongest€andÐ -n(- Ðcontributes€most€to€preserving€the€cultural€identity€of€French€speakers:€"the€linguistic€imageÐ ° Ðcommunicated€by€advertising€is€an€important€factor€that€contributes€to€shaping€habits€andÐ –æ ÐÔ_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€which€perpetuate€or€influence€the€use€of€a€language".€Quebec€concludes€on€thisÐ |Ì Ðpoint€that€Bill€178€strikes€a€delicate€balance€between€two€linguistic€communities,€one€ofÐ b² Ðwhich€is€in€a€dominant€demographic€position€both€nationally€and€on€the€continent€as€aÐ H˜ Ðwhole.€This€aim€is€said€to€be€reasonable€and€compatible€with€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð . ~ ÐÌ8.9€In€respect€of€the€authors'€claim€under€article€19,€the€Government€of€Quebec€submits€thatÐ ú J Ðthe€alleged€violation€does€not€come,€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmateriaeÔ_Ôóó,€within€the€scope€of€application€ofÐ à 0 Ðarticle€19.€In€its€opinion,€"freedom€of€expression€as€referred€to€by€the€Covenant€primarilyÐ Æ   Ðconcerns€Ô_Ôpolitical,culturalÔ_Ô€and€artistic€expression€and€does€not€extend€to€the€area€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðcommercial€advertising.€Thus€there€are€no€grounds€in€article€19€of€the€Covenant€for€theÐ ’â  Ðallegations€made€by€the€authors€..."€Quebec€adds€that€the€historical€background€and€the€factÐ xÈ  Ðthat€the€evolution€of€linguistic€relations€in€Ô_ÔCanadaconstitutesÔ_Ô€a€political€compromise€do€notÐ ^®  Ðjustify€the€conclusion€that€the€requirement€to€carry€out€external€commercial€advertising€inÐ D”  Ða€certain€way€amounts€to€a€violation€of€article€19:Ð *z  ÐÌ"Even€if€this€were€not€the€case,€freedom€of€expression€in€commercial€advertising€requiresÐ öF Ðlesser€protection€than€that€afforded€to€the€expression€of€political€ideas,€and€the€GovernmentÐ Ü, Ðmust€be€allowed€a€large€measure€of€discretion€to€achieve€its€objectives".Ð Â ÐÌ8.10€The€Government€of€Quebec€concludes€that€the€right€to€commercial€outdoor€advertisingÐ ŽÞ Ðin€a€language€of€the€authors'€choice€"is€not€protected€by€any€of€the€provisions€of€theÐ tÄ ÐCovenant€and,€even€if€such€a€right€was€implicitly€provided€for€therein,€the€Charter€of€theÐ Zª ÐFrench€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€in€terms€of€any€possible€infringement€of€such€aÐ @ Ðright,€is€reasonable€and€designed€to€achieve€objectives€compatible€with€the€Covenant."€InÐ &v Ðany€event,€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€may€provideÐ  \ ÐQuebec€with€a€means€of€preserving€its€specific€linguistic€character€and€give€French€speakersÐ òB Ða€feeling€of€linguistic€security.Ð Ø( ÐÌ9.1€In€their€comments€on€the€above€submissions,€the€authors€of€communication€359/1989Ð ¤ô Ðdeny€the€existence€of€effective€domestic€remedies.€They€contend€that€"simply€put,€theÐ Š Ú Ð'notwithstanding'€clause€automatically€renders€all€domestic€remedies€exhausted€because€thereÐ p!À  Ðis€no€recourse€available€to€plead€human€rights€violations."€They€note€that€the€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_ÔÐ V"¦! Ðarguments€in€the€cases€currently€pending€before€the€Quebec€courts€are€òònotóó€based€on€SectionsÐ <#Œ" Ð2(b)€and€15€of€the€Canadian€Charter€or€Sections€3€and€10€of€the€Quebec€Charter,€whichÐ "$r# Ðguarantee€freedom€of€expression€and€protection€against€discrimination€based€on€language.Ð %X $ ÐIn€the€òòLa€Ô_ÔChaussureÔ_Ô€Brown's€et€al.óó€judgment,€the€Supreme€Court€struck€down€basically€theÐ î%>!% Ðsame€legislation€as€a€violation€of€the€aforementioned€guarantees.€Because€of€theÐ Ô&$"& Ð"notwithstanding"€clause€in€Section€10€of€Bill€178,€the€authors€argue,€they€are€precludedÐ º' #' ÐÔ_Ôfrom€even€asking€the€Court€to€consider€whether€the€law€runs€counter€to€the€CharterÐ  (ð#( Ðguarantees€of€freedom€of€expression€and€protection€against€discrimination.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ9.2€The€authors€contend€that€the€same€logic€applies€to€the€Government's€suggestion€that€theyÐ R+¢&+ Ðseek€a€declaratory€judgment:€"Indeed€the€òòLa€Chaussure€Brown's€et€al.óó€decision€has€alreadyÐ 8,ˆ', Ð...€decided€that€the€law€violates€human€rights.€The€point€is€...€that€Bill€178€operatesÐ -n(- Ð'notwithstanding'€the€Charters,€so€that€the€Court€could€not€consider€such€a€question€on€itsÐ ° Ðmerits."€In€this€context,€the€authors€further€point€out€that€under€Canadian€law,€they€areÐ –æ Ðunable€to€invoke€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€before€the€domestic€courts.Ð |Ì ÐÌ9.3€The€authors€reject€the€Federal€Government's€arguments€on€the€application€and€limitationsÐ H˜ Ðon€Section€33€of€the€Canadian€Charter€as€devoid€of€any€basis€in€reality.€They€argue€that€anyÐ . ~ Ðattempt€to€minimize€the€impact€or€emphasize€the€difficulty€in€applying€the€"notwithstanding"Ð  d Ðclause€must€fail€when€one€considers€the€ease€with€which€Quebec€was€able€to€implement€theÐ ú J Ð"Loi€concernant€la€Loi€Constitutionnelle€de€1982",€and€the€effects€this€has€had€in€terms€ofÐ à 0 Ðcurtailing€the€protection€afforded€by€the€Canadian€Charter.€Furthermore,€the€speed€withÐ Æ   Ðwhich€Bill€178€was€enacted€„€one€week€after€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€in€òòLa€ChaussureÐ ¬ ü  ÐBrown's€et€al.ó󀄀belies€the€contention€that€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€is€subject€toÐ ’â  Ðextraordinary€limitations€or€is€only€applied€in€rare€circumstances.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ9.4€The€authors€dismiss€the€argument€that€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€strikes€a€"delicateÐ D”  Ðbalance"€between€the€power€of€the€legislative€authorities€and€the€judiciary.€They€affirm€thatÐ *z  ÐSection€1€of€the€Canadian€Charter€already€provides€such€a€balance€by€subjecting€humanÐ ` Ðrights€to€such€reasonable€limits€prescribed€by€law€which€are€justified€in€a€free€andÐ öF Ðdemocratic€society.€Section€9(1)€of€the€Quebec€Charter€contains€limitations€to€the€sameÐ Ü, Ðeffect.€In€the€authors'€opinion,€there€is€no€justification,€political€expediency€apart,€for€theÐ Â Ðpresence€of€the€"notwithstanding"€clauses.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ9.5€Finally,€the€authors€reject€the€affirmation€that€the€"notwithstanding"€clauses€areÐ tÄ Ðcompatible€with€Canada's€international€human€rights€obligations.€Thus,€the€overridingÐ Zª Ðprovision€of€Bill€No.€178€can€be€maintained€only€because€of€the€existence€of€these€clauses.Ð @ ÐThe€authors€submit€that€Canada€has€failed€to€take€all€necessary€steps€to€comply€with€itsÐ &v Ðobligations€under€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Ô_ÔProtocol.Ð  \ ÐÌ9.6€In€a€further€comment,€counsel€to€Mr.€McIntyre€reiterates€that€Bill€No.€178€violatesÐ Ø( Ðfundamental€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€He€argues€that€while€Quebec€has€pointed€toÐ ¾ Ðfigures€which€show€a€slow€decline€in€the€use€of€French€across€Canada,€it€omitted€to€point€outÐ ¤ô Ðthat,€in€Quebec,€French€has€been€gaining€ground€on€English€and€the€English€community€isÐ Š Ú Ðin€decline.€Furthermore,€while€Quebec€has€portrayed€the€1982€constitutional€amendmentsÐ p!À  Ðas€an€attack€on€the€French€language,€it€can€on€the€contrary€be€argued€that€Section€23€of€theÐ V"¦! Ðamended€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€has€been€particularly€effective€in€assisting€theÐ <#Œ" ÐÔ_ÔfrancophoneÔ_Ô€population€outside€Quebec.Ð "$r# ÐÌ9.7€Counsel€to€Mr.€McIntyre€dismisses€Quebec's€view€that€the€English€minority€isÐ î%>!% Ðparticularly€well„treated€as€"highly€tendentious".€On€the€contrary,€he€argues,€this€minorityÐ Ô&$"& Ðhas€been€subjected€to€"systematic€discouragement"€since€1970,€a€conclusion€endorsed€by€theÐ º' #' ÐSupreme€Court€of€Canada€in€the€case€of€òòQuebec€Association€of€Protestant€School€BoardsÐ  (ð#( Ðv.€A.G.€Ô_ÔQuÔ_Ô.óó€(1984).€Furthermore,€although€French€minorities€in€the€rest€of€Canada€haveÐ †)Ö$) Ðoften€been€treated€unfairly€in€the€past,€this€situation€is€now€improving.€As€a€result,€counselÐ l*¼%* Ðdenies€that€historical€or€legal€arguments€would€justify€the€restrictions€imposed€by€Bill€No.Ð R+¢&+ Ð178€in€the€light€of€articles€19,€26€or€27€of€the€Covenant.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð9.8€Counsel€contends€that€in€respect€of€the€causal€connection€between€the€language€ofÐ ° Ðoutdoor€commercial€advertising€and€the€perceived€threat€to€the€survival€of€French,€QuebecÐ –æ Ðmerely€tries€to€reargue€its€unsuccessful€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€in€the€case€of€òòLa€Ô_ÔChaussureÔ_Ô€Brown's€et€al.óóÐ |Ì ÐHe€reiterates€that€there€is€no€connection€between€the€contested€legislative€provisions€and€anyÐ b² Ðrational€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€or€protection€of€the€French€language.Ð H˜ ÐÌ9.9€Counsel€asserts€that€in€respect€of€the€alleged€violation€of€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ  d Ðexpression,€there€is€no€reason€to€exclude€commercial€expression€from€protection.€AnyÐ ú J Ðdistinction€between€commercial€and€non„commercial€expression€would€be€difficult€toÐ à 0 Ðoperate,€and,€moreover,€the€notion€of€freedom€of€expression€has€been€interpreted€in€a€broadÐ Æ   Ðand€liberal€manner€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€in€recent€years.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ9.10€Finally,€in€respect€of€Section€33€of€the€Canadian€Charter,€counsel€contends€that€sinceÐ xÈ  Ðthe€rights€to€freedom€of€expression€and€protection€from€discrimination€are€protected€underÐ ^®  Ðthe€Covenant,€Section€33€cannot€be€used€as€a€tool€which€would€render€these€rightsÐ D”  Ðinoperative:€"Section€33,€while€not€invalid€òòab€initioóó,€is€inoperative€with€regard€to€these€rightsÐ *z  Ðwhich€Canada€is€under€an€international€obligation€to€uphold".Ð ` ÐÌòòReview€of€Ô_Ôadmissibilityóó:Ô_ÔÐ Ü, ÐÌ10.1€The€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€parties'€comments,€made€subsequent€to€theÐ ¨ø Ðdecision€on€admissibility,€in€respect€of€the€admissibility€and€the€merits€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcommunications.€It€takes€the€opportunity€to€explain€its€admissibility€findings.Ð tÄ ÐÌ10.2€The€State€party€has€contended€that€as€the€issue€of€the€validity€of€Bill€No.€178€is€beforeÐ @ Ðthe€Quebec€courts€and€the€authors€may€apply€for€a€declaratory€judgment€that€the€Bill€isÐ &v Ðinvalid,€the€communications€remain€inadmissible.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyÐ  \ Ðhas€not€replied€to€the€argumentation€set€out€in€its€decision€on€admissibility,€as€reflected€inÐ òB Ðparagraphs€7.2€and€7.3€above.€From€the€State€party's€submission,€it€further€appears€that€theÐ Ø( Ðcases€pending€before€the€courts€of€Quebec€concern€the€offence€provisions€of€Bill€178€andÐ ¾ Ðnot€the€"notwithstanding"€clause€in€Section€10€thereof,€nor€Section€33€of€the€CanadianÐ ¤ô ÐCharter€and€Section€52€of€the€Quebec€Charter.€This€clause€remains€applicable€to€Section€58Ð Š Ú Ðof€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Section€1€of€Bill€178.€Any€challengeÐ p!À  Ðof€Section€58€based€on€alleged€violations€of€fundamental€freedoms€is€therefore€bound€to€fail.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ10.3€It€remains€to€be€determined€whether€a€declaratory€judgment€declaring€Bill€No.€178Ð "$r# Ðinvalid€would€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy.€The€Committee€notes€that€suchÐ %X $ Ða€judgment€would€still€leave€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language€Ô_ÔoperativeandÔ_Ô€intact,€andÐ î%>!% Ðenable€the€Quebec€legislature€to€override€any€such€judgment€by€replacing€the€provisionsÐ Ô&$"& Ðstruck€down€by€others€substantially€the€same€and€by€invoking€the€"notwithstanding"€clauseÐ º' #' Ðof€the€Quebec€Charter.€On€the€basis€of€precedent,€and€in€the€light€of€the€legislative€historyÐ  (ð#( Ðof€Bill€178,€such€a€course€of€action€is€not€merely€hypothetical.€The€net€result,€a€continuedÐ †)Ö$) Ðban€on€languages€other€than€French€in€outdoor€advertising,€would€remain€the€same.Ð l*¼%* ÐFurthermore,€a€declaratory€judgment€would€not€pronounce€on€the€compatibility,€withÐ R+¢&+ Ðinternational€obligations€assumed€by€Canada,€of€the€"notwithstanding"€clauses€cited€above.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð10.4€The€Committee€has€further€reconsidered,€òòÔ_ÔeoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔvolonteÔ_Ôóó,€whether€all€the€authors€areÐ ° Ðproperly€to€be€considered€victims€within€the€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð –æ ÐIn€that€context,€it€has€noted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€Ms.€Davidson€have€not€received€warningÐ |Ì Ðnotices€from€the€Commissioner„Enquirer€of€the€"Commission€de€protection€de€la€Ô_ÔlangueÔ_ÔÐ b² ÐÔ_Ôfran aiseÔ_Ô"€nor€been€subjected€to€any€penalty.€However,€it€is€the€position€of€the€CommitteeÐ H˜ Ðthat€where€an€individual€is€in€a€category€of€persons€whose€activities€are,€by€virtue€of€theÐ . ~ Ðrelevant€legislation,€regarded€as€contrary€to€law,€they€may€have€a€claim€as€"victims"€withinÐ  d Ðthe€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð ú J ÐÌ10.5€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€sees€no€reason€to€review€its€decision€onÐ Æ   Ðadmissibility€of€11€April€1991.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòConsideration€of€the€meritsóó:Ð xÈ  ÐÌ11.1€On€the€merits,€three€major€issues€are€before€the€Committee:€Ð D”  ÐÌ(a)€whether€Sec.58€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€Sec.1,Ð ` Ðviolates€any€right€that€the€authors€might€have€by€virtue€of€article€27;€Ð öF ÐÌ(b)€whether€Sec.58€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€Sec.1,Ð Â Ðviolates€the€authors'€right€to€freedom€of€expression;€andÐ ¨ø ÐÌ(c)€whether€the€same€provision€is€compatible€with€the€authors'€right€to€equality€before€theÐ tÄ Ðlaw.Ð Zª ÐÌ11.2€As€to€article€27,€the€Committee€observes€that€this€provision€refers€to€minorities€inÐ &v ÐStates;€this€refers,€as€do€all€references€to€the€"State"€or€to€"States"€in€the€provisions€of€theÐ  \ ÐCovenant,€to€ratifying€States.€Further,€article€50€of€the€Covenant€provides€that€its€provisionsÐ òB Ðextend€to€all€parts€of€Federal€States€without€any€limitations€or€exceptions.€Accordingly,€theÐ Ø( Ðminorities€referred€to€in€article€27€are€minorities€Ô_ÔwithinsuchÔ_Ô€a€State,€and€not€minoritiesÐ ¾ Ðwithin€any€province.€A€group€may€constitute€a€majority€in€a€province€but€still€be€a€minorityÐ ¤ô Ðin€a€State€and€thus€be€entitled€to€the€benefits€of€article€27.€English€speaking€citizens€ofÐ Š Ú ÐCanada€cannot€be€considered€a€linguistic€minority.€The€authors€therefore€have€no€claimÐ p!À  Ðunder€article€27€of€the€Covenant.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ11.3€Under€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ "$r# Ðexpression;€this€right€may€be€subjected€to€restrictions,€conditions€for€which€are€set€out€inÐ %X $ Ðarticle€19,€paragraph€3.€The€Government€of€Quebec€has€asserted€that€commercial€activityÐ î%>!% Ðsuch€as€outdoor€advertising€does€not€fall€within€the€ambit€of€article€19.€The€Committee€doesÐ Ô&$"& Ðnot€share€this€opinion.€Article€19,€paragraph€2,€must€be€interpreted€as€encompassing€everyÐ º' #' Ðform€of€subjective€ideas€and€opinions€capable€of€transmission€to€others,€which€areÐ  (ð#( Ðcompatible€with€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€of€news€and€information,€of€commercialÐ †)Ö$) Ðexpression€and€advertising,€of€works€of€art,€etc.;€it€should€not€be€confined€to€means€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðpolitical,€cultural€or€artistic€expression.€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€the€commercial€elementÐ R+¢&+ Ðin€an€expression€taking€the€form€of€outdoor€advertising€cannot€have€the€effect€of€removingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthis€expression€from€the€scope€of€protected€freedom.€The€Committee€does€not€agree€eitherÐ -n(- Ðthat€any€of€the€above€forms€of€expression€can€be€subjected€to€varying€degrees€of€limitation,Ð ° Ðwith€the€result€that€some€forms€of€expression€may€suffer€broader€restrictions€than€others.Ð –æ ÐÌ11.4€Any€restriction€of€the€freedom€of€expression€must€cumulatively€meet€the€followingÐ b² Ðconditions:€it€must€be€provided€for€by€law,€it€must€address€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€inÐ H˜ Ðparagraph€3(a)€and€(b)€of€article€19,€and€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€the€legitimate€purpose.Ð . ~ ÐWhile€the€restrictions€on€outdoor€advertising€are€indeed€provided€for€by€law,€the€issue€to€beÐ  d Ðaddressed€is€whether€they€are€necessary€for€the€respect€of€the€rights€of€others.€The€rights€ofÐ ú J Ðothers€could€only€be€the€rights€of€the€Ô_ÔfrancophoneÔ_Ô€minority€within€Canada€under€article€27.Ð à 0 ÐThis€is€the€right€to€use€their€own€language,€which€is€not€jeopardized€by€the€freedom€of€othersÐ Æ   Ðto€advertise€in€other€than€the€French€language.€Nor€does€the€Committee€have€reason€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðbelieve€that€public€order€would€be€jeopardized€by€commercial€advertising€outdoors€in€aÐ ’â  Ðlanguage€other€than€French.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€seek€toÐ xÈ  Ðdefend€Bill€178€on€these€grounds.€Any€constraints€under€paragraphs€3(a)€and€3(b)€of€articleÐ ^®  Ð19€would€in€any€event€have€to€be€shown€to€be€necessary.€The€Committee€believes€that€it€isÐ D”  Ðnot€necessary,€in€order€to€protect€the€vulnerable€position€in€Canada€of€the€Ô_ÔfrancophoneÔ_ÔÐ *z  Ðgroup,€to€prohibit€commercial€advertising€in€English.€This€protection€may€be€achieved€inÐ ` Ðother€ways€that€do€not€preclude€the€freedom€of€expression,€in€a€language€of€their€choice,€ofÐ öF Ðthose€engaged€in€such€fields€as€trade.€For€example,€the€law€could€have€required€thatÐ Ü, Ðadvertising€be€in€both€French€and€English.€A€State€may€choose€one€or€more€officialÐ Â Ðlanguages,€but€it€may€not€exclude,€outside€the€spheres€of€public€life,€the€freedom€to€expressÐ ¨ø Ðoneself€in€a€language€of€one's€choice.€The€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€there€hasÐ ŽÞ Ðbeen€a€violation€of€article€19,€paragraph€2.Ð tÄ ÐÌ11.5€The€authors€have€claimed€a€violation€of€their€right,€under€article€26,€to€equality€beforeÐ @ Ðthe€law;€the€Government€of€Quebec€has€contended€that€Sections€1€and€6€of€Bill€178€areÐ &v Ðgeneral€measures€applicable€to€all€those€engaged€in€trade,€regardless€of€their€language.€TheÐ  \ ÐCommittee€notes€that€Sections€1€and€6€of€Bill€178€operate€to€prohibit€the€use€of€commercialÐ òB Ðadvertising€outdoors€in€other€than€the€French€language.€This€prohibition€applies€to€FrenchÐ Ø( Ðspeakers€as€well€as€English€speakers,€so€that€a€French€speaking€person€wishing€to€advertiseÐ ¾ Ðin€English,€in€order€to€reach€those€of€his€or€her€clientele€who€are€English€speaking,€may€notÐ ¤ô Ðdo€so.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€authors€have€not€been€discriminated€againstÐ Š Ú Ðon€the€ground€of€their€language,€and€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€26Ð p!À  Ðof€the€Covenant.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ "$r# ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ %X $ Ðfacts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€article€19,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ13.€The€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€remedy€the€violation€of€article€19€of€theÐ º' #' ÐCovenant€by€an€appropriate€amendment€to€the€law.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ14.€The€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€information,€within€six€months,€on€any€relevantÐ l*¼%* Ðmeasures€taken€by€the€State€party€in€connection€with€the€Committee's€Views.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€and€French€texts€being€the€originalÐ -n(- Ðversions.]€Ð ° ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ b² ÐÌ*/€€€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð . ~ ÐÌ*/€€€Five€concurring€and€dissenting€opinions,€signed€by€eight€Committee€members,€areÐ ú J Ðappended€to€the€present€document.Ð à 0 ÐÌÌò òÌÓ™ÓÓ  ÓòòAPPENDIXóóó óÐ xÈ  ÐÓ­×ÓÓÓÌò òIndividual€opinions€under€rule€94,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee'sÐ D”  Ðrules€of€procedure,€concerning€the€Committee's€Views€on€Communications€Nos.Ð *z  Ð359/1989€(òòÔ_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô/Davidson€v.€Canadaóó)€and€385/1989€(òòMcIntyre€v.€Canadaóó)ó óÐ ` ÐÌÌò òA.€Individual€opinion€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔWaleedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSadiÔ_Ôó ó€(dissenting)Ð Â ÐÌI€respectfully€dissent€from€the€Committee's€decision€and€submit€that€it€would€have€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðappropriate€to€review€the€Committee's€earlier€decision€on€admissibility,€on€the€basis€of€non„Ð tÄ Ðexhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€My€reasons€are€the€following:Ð Zª ÐÌI€am€persuaded€by€the€State€party's€contention€that€it€would€be€open€to€the€authors,€under€theÐ &v ÐQuebec€Code€of€Civil€Procedure,€to€apply€for€a€declaratory€judgment€holding€Bill€178€andÐ  \ Ðthe€"notwithstanding"€clause€in€Section€10€thereof€to€be€invalid.€Article€5,€paragraph€2(b),Ð òB Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€requires€the€authors€of€communications€to€exhaust€availableÐ Ø( Ðdomestic€remedies;€the€Committee€should€not€have€proceeded€with€the€examination€of€theÐ ¾ Ðmerits€of€the€cases€in€view€of€the€availability€of€the€domestic€remedy€in€question.Ð ¤ô ÐÌIn€my€opinion,€the€authors€have€not€been€able€to€refute€the€State€party's€contention€that€aÐ p!À  Ðdeclaratory€judgment€would€not€only€be€an€available€but€also€an€effective€remedy.€TheÐ V"¦! ÐCanadian€judicial€system€should€have€the€opportunity€to€pronounce€upon€theÐ <#Œ" Ðconstitutionality€of€Bill€178€and€its€controversial€"notwithstanding"€clause€before€theÐ "$r# ÐCommittee€proceeds€with€a€finding€on€the€merits€of€the€communications.€The€Committee'sÐ %X $ Ðdecision€to€adopt€Views€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€and€to€findÐ î%>!% Ða€violation€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant€has€no€precedent€and€is€not,€in€my€opinion,€inÐ Ô&$"& Ðaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Protocol.€I€thus€registerÐ º' #' Ðmy€disagreement€with€the€Committee's€opinion€that€recourse€to€the€Canadian€courts,Ð  (ð#( Ðincluding€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€would€be€futile€and€therefore€not€required€forÐ †)Ö$) Ðpurposes€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌW.€Ô_ÔSadiÔ_ÔÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ° Ðß~€ J:6x \%@€@XEÜ–%Ì–à ~ßÐ –æ ÐÌÌÔ_Ôò òB.Ô_Ô€Individual€opinion€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔBirameÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNdiayeÔ_Ôó ó€(dissenting)Ð zÊ ÐÌIn€accordance€with€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€in€those€States€in€which€ethnic,€religious€orÐ F – Ðlinguistic€minorities€exist,€persons€belonging€to€such€minorities€shall€not€be€denied€the€right,Ð , | Ðòòin€community€with€the€other€members€of€their€groupóó,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€professÐ  b Ðand€Ô_ÔpractiseÔ_Ô€their€own€religion,€or€to€use€their€own€language.€Through€this€provision,€theÐ ø H  ÐCovenant€categorically€recognizes€("persons€...€shall€not€be€denied"),€for€every€individualÐ Þ .  Ðbelonging€to€these€three€categories€of€minority,€certain€rights,€namely,€the€right,€inÐ Ä   Ðcommunity€with€the€other€members€of€their€group,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€profess€andÐ ªú  ÐÔ_ÔpractiseÔ_Ô€their€own€religion€and€to€use€their€own€language.Ð à  ÐÌThese€rights€are€recognized€in€respect€of€individuals€for€their€own€sake,€but€also€and€aboveÐ \¬  Ðall€for€the€survival€of€the€minority€as€an€entity.€Indeed,€the€existence€of€minorities€such€asÐ B’  Ðthose€defined€in€article€27€cannot€be€imagined€after€the€disappearance€of€the€single€elementÐ (x Ðwhich€constitutes€them,€namely,€their€ethnic€character,€religion€or,€lastly,€language.€TheÐ ^ Ðòòrationaleóó€of€article€27€is€the€preservation€of€the€three€minorities€referred€to,€and€not€theÐ ôD Ðprotection€of€the€rights€enunciated€therein,€merely€for€the€sake€of€protection.Ð Ú* ÐÌIn€the€cases€submitted€to€the€Committee€[Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô/Davidson€(359/1989)€and€McIntyreÐ ¦ö Ð(385/1989)],€Quebec€considered€that€"historical€developments€since€1763€amply€bear€out€theÐ ŒÜ Ðneed€for€French„speakers€to€seek€protection€of€their€language€and€culture".€Thus,€the€goalÐ r Ðpursued€by€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€by€Bill€178,€is€the€very€sameÐ X¨ Ðas€that€aimed€at€by€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€to€which€effect€must€be€given,€if€necessaryÐ >Ž Ðby€restricting€freedom€of€expression€on€the€basis€of€article€19,€paragraph€3.€Under€thisÐ $t Ðprovision€"The€exercise€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€paragraph€2€of€this€article€carries€withÐ  Z Ðit€special€duties€and€responsibilities.€It€may€therefore€be€subject€to€certain€restrictions,€butÐ ð@ Ðthese€shall€only€be€such€as€are€provided€by€law€and€are€necessary:Ð Ö& ÐÌ(a)For€respect€of€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others;Ð ¢ ò  ÐÌ(b)For€the€protection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order€(òòÔ_ÔordreÔ_Ô€publicóó),€or€of€public€healthÐ n"¾" Ðor€morals".Ð T#¤# ÐÌThe€limitations€embodied€in€article€19,€paragraph€3(a)€and€(b),€are€applicable€to€the€situationÐ  %p % Ðof€the€French„speaking€minority€in€Canada.€And€as€this€country€has€maintained,€albeit€withÐ &V!& Ðtoo€narrow€a€conception€of€freedom€of€expression,€"the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€asÐ ì&<"' Ðamended€....,€may€provide€Quebec€with€a€means€of€preserving€its€specific€linguistic€characterÐ Ò'"#( Ðand€give€French„speakers€a€feeling€of€linguistic€security".€This€is€reasonable€and€is€gearedÐ ¸($) Ðto€ends€compatible€with€the€Covenant,€namely,€article€27.Ð ž)î$* ÐÌUnfortunately,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€not€endorsed€the€State€party's€view€and€hasÐ j+º&, Ðnot€agreed€to€integrate€the€requirements€of€implementation€of€article€27€in€its€decision.€ForÐ P, '- Ðthe€Committee,€there€is€no€linguistic€problem€in€Canada€or,€if€it€does€exist,€it€is€not€soÐ 6-†(. Ðimportant€as€to€merit€the€treatment€which€the€authorities€of€that€country€have€chosen€toÐ ° Ðextend€to€it.€I€can€only€disassociate€myself€from€its€conclusions.Ð –æ ÐÌB.€Ô_ÔNdiayeÔ_ÔÐ b² ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð . ~ Ðß~€ J:6x \%@€@XEÜ %Ì à ~ßÐ  d ÐÌÌò òC.€Individual€opinion€by€Mr.€Kurt€Ô_ÔHerndlÔ_Ôó ó€(dissenting/concurring)Ð ø H  ÐÌI€agree€with€the€Committee's€Views€that€the€facts€of€the€McIntyre€case€disclose€a€violationÐ Ä   Ðof€article€19€of€the€Covenant.€As€to€the€communication€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€Ms.€Davidson,Ð ªú  ÐI€believe€that€a€question€remains€whether€they€are€indeed€"victims"€within€the€meaning€ofÐ à  Ðarticle€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð vÆ  ÐÌWith€respect€to€the€Committee's€rationale€in€paragraph€11.2€of€its€Views,€theÐ B’  Ðcommunications€in€my€opinion€do€not€raise€issues€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€TheÐ (x Ðquestion€as€to€whether€the€authors€can€or€cannot€be€considered€as€belonging€to€a€"minority"Ð ^ Ðin€the€sense€of€article€27€would€seem€to€be€moot€in€as€much€as€the€rights€that€the€authorsÐ ôD Ðinvoke€are€not€"minority€rights"€as€such,€but€rather€rights€pertaining€to€the€principle€ofÐ Ú* Ðfreedom€of€expression,€as€protected€by€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€which€obviously€must€beÐ À Ðtaken€to€include€commercial€advertising.€On€this€account,€as€the€Committee€rightly€statesÐ ¦ö Ðin€paragraphs€11.3€and€11.4€of€its€Views,€there€has€been€violation€of€a€provision€of€theÐ ŒÜ ÐCovenant,€i.e.€article€19.Ð r ÐÌK.€Ô_ÔHerndlÔ_ÔÐ >Ž ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð  Z Ðß~€ J:6x \%@€@XEÜð%Ìðà ~ßÐ ð@ ÐÌÌò òD.€Individual€opinion€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔBertilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWennergrenÔ_Ôó ó€(concurring)Ð Ô$  ÐÌI€concur€with€the€Committee's€findings€in€paragraph€11.2€of€the€Views€that€the€authors€haveÐ  !ð" Ðno€claim€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€but€I€do€so€because€a€prohibition€to€use€òòanyóó€otherÐ †"Ö# Ðlanguage€than€French€for€commercial€outdoor€advertising€in€Quebec€does€not€infringe€onÐ l#¼$ Ðany€of€the€rights€protected€under€article€27.€It€is,€under€the€circumstances,€of€no€relevance,Ð R$¢% Ðwhether€English€speaking€persons€in€Quebec€are€entitled€to€the€protection€of€article€27€orÐ 8%ˆ & Ðnot.€I€feel,€however,€that€I€should€add€that€in€my€opinion,€the€issue€of€what€constitutes€aÐ &n!' Ðminority€in€a€State€must€be€decided€on€a€case€by€case€basis,€due€regard€being€given€to€theÐ 'T"( Ðparticular€circumstances€of€each€case.Ð ê':#) ÐÌB.€Ô_ÔWennergrenÔ_ÔÐ ¶)%+ ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ‚+Ò&- Ðß~€ J:6x \%@€@XEÜh,%Ìh,à ~ßÐ h,¸'. ÐÌÐ f-¶(0 Ðò òE.€Individual€opinion€by€Mrs.€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô,€cosigned€by€Messrs.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_Ô,Ð ° ÐMarco€Ô_ÔTulioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBruniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCelliÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔVojinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDimitrijevicÔ_Ôó ó€(concurring€and€elaborating)Ð –æ ÐÌIt€may€be€correct€to€conclude€that€the€authors€are€not€members€of€a€linguistic€minority€whoseÐ b² Ðright€to€use€their€own€language€in€community€with€the€other€members€of€their€group€haveÐ H˜ Ðbeen€violated€by€the€Quebec€laws€in€question.€This€conclusion€can€be€supported€by€referenceÐ . ~ Ðto€the€general€application€of€those€laws€„€they€apply€to€all€languages€other€than€French€„€andÐ  d Ðto€their€specific€purpose€„€which€attracts€the€protection€of€article€19.Ð ú J ÐÌMy€difficulty€with€the€decision€is€that€it€interprets€the€term€"minorities"€in€article€27€solelyÐ Æ   Ðon€the€basis€of€the€number€of€members€of€the€group€in€question€in€the€State€party.€TheÐ ¬ ü  Ðreasoning€is€that€because€English€speaking€Canadians€are€not€a€numerical€minority€inÐ ’â  ÐCanada€they€cannot€be€a€minority€for€the€purposes€of€article€27.Ð xÈ  ÐÌI€do€not€agree,€however,€that€persons€are€necessarily€excluded€from€the€protection€of€articleÐ D”  Ð27€where€their€group€is€an€ethnic,€linguistic€or€cultural€minority€in€an€autonomous€provinceÐ *z  Ðof€a€State,€but€is€not€clearly€a€numerical€minority€in€the€State€itself,€taken€as€a€whole€entity.Ð ` ÐThe€criteria€for€determining€what€is€a€minority€in€a€State€(€in€the€sense€of€article€27)€has€notÐ öF Ðyet€been€considered€by€the€Committee,€and€does€not€need€to€be€foreclosed€by€a€decision€inÐ Ü, Ðthe€present€matter,€which€can€in€any€event€be€determined€on€other€grounds.€The€history€ofÐ Â Ðthe€protection€of€minorities€in€international€law€shows€that€the€question€of€definition€hasÐ ¨ø Ðbeen€difficult€and€controversial€and€that€many€different€criteria€have€been€proposed.€ForÐ ŽÞ Ðexample,€it€has€been€argued€that€factors€other€than€strictly€numerical€ones€need€to€be€takenÐ tÄ Ðinto€account.€Alternatively,€article€50,€which€envisages€the€application€of€the€Covenant€toÐ Zª Ð"parts€of€federal€States"€could€affect€the€interpretation€of€article€27.Ð @ ÐÌTo€take€a€narrow€view€of€the€meaning€of€minorities€in€article€27€could€have€the€result€thatÐ  \ Ða€State€party€would€have€no€obligation€under€the€Covenant€to€ensure€that€a€minority€in€anÐ òB Ðautonomous€province€had€the€protection€of€article€27€where€it€was€not€clear€that€the€groupÐ Ø( Ðin€question€was€a€minority€in€the€State€considered€as€a€whole€entity.€These€questions€do€notÐ ¾ Ðneed€to€be€finally€resolved€in€the€present€matter€and€are€better€deferred€until€the€properÐ ¤ô Ðcontext€arises.Ð Š Ú ÐÌE.€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_ÔÐ V"¦! ÐÌN.€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_ÔÐ "$r# ÐÌM.T.€Ô_ÔBruniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCelliÔ_ÔÐ î%>!% ÐÌV.€Ô_ÔDimitrijevicÔ_ÔÐ º' #' ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÓï×Ó