ÿWPCƒ þo÷bÑnWŒbꌠ<'TÙ³ŽÀKœr$BãöiŠK^ܶÿzñ/š‚##–kUÔ Ç+ lé‰ÆV×îí\.¥O”j F’¢äÅÛ¤zž¼Nrz¦ÙDðs’<°œNQ @ð²Ö‘‚1¾Ì9C±&»“-+P+aáÅ^°LŽæ„ªX3È4¼ù";}".D¢¨wü1}ܶyŒi”Ž’®ÑÕäz¬„à/é)ÏCËk{æ˜tbï">«-•Ô`à×:ùÖ¬5n $fíÕF>%ÃoaŠˆqÄ"¼)L14yÔªtO„X¹­+ìO½«?¯3ÖÆ8õPd¬„4Y)z—TQ¦|ܹÛÀ+££šwšéGKŒ¶®£‚¿®w¤=’oL4œà_$ÖeÍ·Ü}þ_¡îÒÆ´Mõ® Ënü/®Ê¡þúˆŸ$îû1¹|¹ü[ÌÍR_Õ3B™bÿ`úŒ¯ÄB¼©ô_ôi>‘tº¸õÆ9+E‚ÌñG5…R^ˆ²%ÛzÄ…ĸ•EY£œÔëÎö­åüö¾bÓR6il0î…‡ç×$j„µs¥&u S± Xhq%Íf,Ê_Æ=ö’í”!Õªˆ]|ð›U>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Raul Noel Martinez Machado v. Uruguay, Communication No. 83/1981 (24 February 1981) (twent4February 1981) (twent"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2L$££Ý ƒUß!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X~XXXÔÔ€X~XXX~ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žUß$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X~;XXXÔÔ€X~;XXX~;ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXp†û* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒUß!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X~XXXÔÔ€X~XXX~ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMachadoÔ_Ô€v.€UruguayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€83/1981Ð H˜ ÐÌ4€November€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóVictor€Ernesto€Martinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€his€brother,€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€NoelÐ xÈ  ÐMartinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_ԀР^®  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóRaul€Noel€Martinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_ԀР*z  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóUruguay€Ð öF ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó24€February€1981€Ð  ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó15€October€1982óó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ @ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð &v ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€4€November€1983;€Ð òB ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€R.20/83€submitted€to€theÐ ¾ ÐCommittee€by€Victor€Ernesto€Martinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ V"¦! Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned;€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð %X $ ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ º' #' ÐÓÓÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€24€February€1981€and€furtherÐ l*¼%* Ðsubmissions€dated€18€and€28€June€1981,€27€September€1981€and€12€August€1982)€is€aÐ R+¢&+ ÐUruguayan€national,€residing€at€present€in€France.€He€submitted€the€communication€onÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbehalf€of€his€brother,€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Noel€Martinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_Ô,€who€is€imprisoned€in€Uruguay.€Ð -n(- Ї1.2€The€author€states€that€his€brother,€a€teacher€of€history,€born€on€7€July€1949,€was€arrestedÐ ° Ðin€Uruguay€on€16€October€1971€by€members€of€the€armed€forces.€In€1974,€his€brother€hadÐ –æ Ðcome€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€military€courts.€In€1979€„€eight€years€after€his€arrest€„€heÐ |Ì Ðwas€sentenced€to€nine€and€a€half€years'€imprisonment.€His€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€lawyer,€Dr.€RodriguezÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔGigenaÔ_Ô€abandoned€the€case€after€fruitless€attempts€to€remedy€the€irregularities€of€theÐ H˜ Ðprocedure.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ1.3€On€26€November€1980€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Martinez€was€transferred€from€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô€prison€where€heÐ ú J Ðhas€been€held€since€January€1973€and€was€kept€at€an€unknown€place€of€detention€for€fiveÐ à 0 Ðmonths.€During€this€period€his€family€had€no€contact€with€him€and€felt€great€concern€for€hisÐ Æ   Ðstate€of€health.€The€remedy€of€òòhabeas€corpus€óówas€not€available€to€them€because€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_ÔÐ ¬ ü  ÐMartinez€was€subjected€to€military€jurisdiction.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ1.4€The€author€states€that€on€26€November€1980€his€brother€'disappeared'.€On€26€SeptemberÐ ^®  Ð1980€the€detainee€Mario€Ô_ÔTetiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔIzquierdoÔ_Ô€was€taken€out€of€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô€prison€to€an€unknownÐ D”  Ðdestination.€On€25€November€1980,€the€public€was€informed€by€the€authorities€of€aÐ *z  Ðsuspected€subversive€conspiracy€which€included€the€invasion€of€Uruguay€and€which€wasÐ ` Ðallegedly€planned€and€directed€by€detainees€in€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô€prison.€The€allegation€implied,Ð öF Ðaccording€to€the€author,€the€involvement€of€relatives,€including€children,€of€the€detainees€asÐ Ü, Ða€link€for€communicating€with€the€outside€world.€The€author€points€out€that€anybody€whoÐ Â Ðknows€the€prison€will€realize€that€this€was€impossible.€He€stresses€that€the€disappearance€ofÐ ¨ø Ðhis€brother€has€to€be€seen€in€this€context.€He€adds€that€during€the€first€weeks€of€DecemberÐ ŽÞ Ð1980€Orlando€Pereira€Ô_ÔMalanoltiÔ_Ô€and€other€detainees€also€disappeared€from€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô.€TheÐ tÄ Ðauthor€further€states€that€in€the€last€days€of€November€and€in€the€first€days€of€DecemberÐ Zª Ð1980,€several€relatives€of€political€detainees€were€arrested.€On€20€December€1980,€an€officialÐ @ Ðcommunique€announced€that€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Noel€Martinez€Ô_ÔMachadoÔ_Ô,€Orlando€Pereira€and€othersÐ &v Ðwere€the€leaders€of€the€alleged€invasion€plan.€The€author€also€observes€that€theÐ  \ Ðdisappearance€of€his€brother€and€other€detainees€was€no€doubt€linked€to€the€fact€that€all€ofÐ òB Ðthem€were€soon€to€complete€their€prison€sentences.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ1.5€The€author€further€alleges€that€his€brother's€disappearance€violated€the€internal€laws€ofÐ ¤ô ÐUruguay,€because€detainees€who€were€serving€their€sentences€were€theoretically€at€theÐ Š Ú Ðdisposal€of€a€judge€and€could€not€be€transferred€or€held€incommunicado€without€an€order€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe€judge€and€then€only€subject€to€the€limitations€imposed€by€the€law€of€the€country.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ1.6€The€author€submits€that€on€16€May€1981€his€brother€was€seen€again€when,€as€a€result€ofÐ "$r# Ðgrowing€international€protest,€a€French€lawyer€who€had€Ô_ÔtravelledÔ_Ô€to€Uruguay€specifically€toÐ %X $ Ðtake€up€his€brother's€case€was€granted€a€"visit'€with€him€at€the€No.€4€Infantry€Ô_ÔBatallionÔ_ÔÐ î%>!% Ðbarracks€in€the€Ô_ÔDepartmentoÔ_Ô€of€Colonia.€This€visit€took€place€in€an€atmosphere€of€tensionÐ Ô&$"& Ðand€pressure€and€lasted€for€only€five€minutes,€during€which€the€two€were€allowed€to€speakÐ º' #' Ðonly€of€the€detainee's€health€and€family.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ1.7€Subsequently,€Ô_ÔRau1Ô_Ô€Martinez€was€taken€back€to€Ô_ÔLibertadÔ_Ô€prison€where,€on€18€June€1981Ð l*¼%* Ðhe€received€a€family€visit.€The€author€submits€that€during€this€visit€his€brother€informed€hisÐ R+¢&+ Ðrelatives€that€he€had€been€re„tried€òò(Ô_ÔreprocesadoÔ_Ô)€óóand€that€at€the€court€of€first€instance€he€hadÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbeen€sentenced€òò(Ô_ÔpenadoÔ_Ô)€óóto€a€year's€detention€in€a€military€prison,€plus€three€monthsÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôprecautionary€detention€òò(medidas€de€seguridad)€óóand€six€years€"conditional€liberty'.€TheÐ ° Ðauthor€adds€that€his€family€did€not€know€the€'charges'€which€had€been€brought€against€hisÐ –æ Ðbrother.€He€also€states€that€his€brother's€physical€condition€had€noticeably€deteriorated€afterÐ |Ì Ðsix€months€of€torture€and€'disappearance',€but€that€he€was€apparently€mentally€well.€Ð b² ÐÌ1.8€As€to€the€question€of€admissibility,€the€author€states€that€he€has€not€submitted€the€sameÐ . ~ Ðmatter€to€another€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement€and€that€domesticÐ  d Ðremedies€were€not€available€in€his€brother's€case.€Ð ú J ÐÌ1.9€The€author€claims€that€his€brother€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€6,€7,€10€(1)€and€14Ð Æ   Ðof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.€By€its€decision€of€17€March€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ xÈ  Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ ^®  Ðconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€admissibility€of€theÐ D”  Ðcommunication€and€asking€for:€(a)€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€thisÐ *z  Ðcase€and€(b)€information€as€to€the€whereabouts€of€Raul€Noel€Martinez€Machado.€Ð ` ÐÌ3.€In€its€notes€dated€14€August€and€6€October€1981€and€2€June€1982,€the€State€party€objectedÐ Ü, Ðto€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€on€the€ground€that€since€domestic€remedies€hadÐ Â Ðnot€been€exhausted,€it€did€not€fulfil€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b)€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐOptional€Protocol.€The€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€any€person€on€UruguayanÐ ŽÞ Ðterritory€has€free€access€to€the€public€and€administrative€courts€and€authorities€and€is€free€toÐ tÄ Ðinvoke€all€the€remedies€guaranteed€by€the€domestic€legal€system.€The€State€party€also€statedÐ Zª Ðthat€in€mid„December€1980,€the€population€was€informed€of€the€discovery€of€plans€for€theÐ @ Ðreactivation€of€the€Tupamaros€National€Liberation€Movement,€reorganized€under€the€nameÐ &v Ðof€"seispuntista",€from€within€Military€Detention€Establishment€No.€1.€At€that€time,€theÐ  \ Ðidentity€of€several€of€the€conspirators€was€made€known€and€information€was€given€on€eachÐ òB Ðone's€legal€status.€Raul€Martinez€Machado,€allegedly€a€subversive€and€one€of€the€ringleadersÐ Ø( Ðof€the€movement€operating€from€within€the€Establishment,€was€brought€to€trial€òò(procesado)Ð ¾ Ðóóon€11€May€1981€for€the€offence€of€"conspiracy€to€subvert".€The€State€party€added€that€theÐ ¤ô Ðaccused,€under€military€justice,€had€access€to€the€following€internal€remedies:€appeal€againstÐ Š Ú Ðthe€decision€to€refuse€to€allow€a€trial€òò(procesamiento),€óóappeal,€complaint€for€refusal€of€leaveÐ p!À  Ðto€appeal,€appeal€for€annulment,€and€the€special€remedies€of€appeal€to€vacate€a€judgementÐ V"¦! Ðand€appeal€for€review.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ4.1€In€his€comments€dated€27€September€1981€and€12€August€1982,€the€author€reiterates€that,Ð %X $ Ðin€his€brother's€case,€no€domestic€remedies€were€available€which€could€have€been€invoked.Ð î%>!% ÐHe€recalls€that€his€brother€had€been€detained€incommunicado€for€several€months€(after€26Ð Ô&$"& ÐNovember€1980)€and€thus€he€was€deprived€not€only€of€free€access€to€the€administrativeÐ º' #' Ðauthorities€and€courts,€but€of€any€opportunity€to€give€anyone€a€sign€of€life€or€of€hisÐ  (ð#( Ðwhereabouts,€that€he€had€been€at€the€mercy€of€his€captors€who€did€not€admit€.that€they€wereÐ †)Ö$) Ðholding€him.€Thus,€the€author€claims€his€brother€had€been€cut€off€from€any€contact€with€theÐ l*¼%* Ðoutside€world€and€deprived€of€all€rights,€including€the€right€to€security€of€life.€In€suchÐ R+¢&+ Ðcircumstances€any€recourse€to€internal€remedies€had€been€made€virtually€impossible.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð4.2€In€connection€with€the€alleged€participation€of€his€brother€in€an€alleged€plan€to€reactivateÐ ° Ðthe€MLN„Tupamaros,€the€author€stresses€again€that,€after€the€plebiscite€held€on€30Ð –æ ÐNovember€1980€and€due€to€the€fact€that€the€majority€of€the€Uruguayan€population€votedÐ |Ì Ðagainst€the€draft€Constitution€proposed€by€the€authorities,€a€policy€of€repression€was€directedÐ b² Ðagainst€political€prisoners€and€their€relatives.€This€led€to€new€arrests€and€trials.€He€considersÐ H˜ Ðthat€in€such€context€of€repression€and€of€non„respect€for€the€law,€his€brother's€re„trialÐ . ~ Ðòò(reprocesamiento)€óócan€only€be€seen€as€illegal.€The€author€also€affirms€that€his€brother€wasÐ  d Ðdenied€a€proper€defence€since€his€òòex€officio€óódefence€counsel,€Colonel€Ramirez,€was€aÐ ú J Ðmember€of€the€armed€forces€who„had€to€obey€his€superiors€rather€than€defend€his€brother'sÐ à 0 Ðinterests.€He€adds€that,€although€the€Government€stated€that€his€brother€was€re„tried€on€11Ð Æ   ÐMay€1981,€his€family€had€been€assured€by€his€defence€counsel€that€he€was€not€re„tried€butÐ ¬ ü  Ðwould€be€released€in€October€1982.€The€author€expresses€the€hope€that€this€would€prove€true.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ4.3€In€summary,€the€author€maintains€that€his€brother's€re„trial€òò(reprocesamiento)€óótook€placeÐ ^®  Ðafter€six€months€of€'disappearance'€during€which€he€had€been€subjected€to€torture}€that€heÐ D”  Ðwas€'brought€to€trial'€òò(procesado)€óóon€11€May€1981€although€he€had€completed€his€prisonÐ *z  Ðsentence€on€16€April€1981}€that€he€had€no€possibility€of€a€fair€defence}€and€that€he€was€aÐ ` Ðvictim€of€the€arbitrariness€of€military€judges.€Ð öF ÐÌ4.4€In€substantiation€of€his€allegations,€the€author€submits€various€enclosures€(approximatelyÐ Â Ð200€pages),€in€particular€two€publications,€entitled€'Les€camps€de€concentration'€and€'LaÐ ¨ø Ðpolitique€de€rejugement',€from€the€Comite€des€Familles€des€Prisoniers€Politiques€UruguayensÐ ŽÞ Ð(FPPU,€Paris,€26€November€1981).€It€is€stated€therein,€òòinter€alia,€óóthat€in€1979€Rau1€MartinezÐ tÄ Ðwas€sentenced€to€nine€years€and€six€months€imprisonment€on€grounds€of€attempt€against€theÐ Zª ÐConstitution,€unlawful€association,€deprivation€of€freedom,€co„author€of€theft;€that€as€in€theÐ @ Ðcases€of€other€detainees€he€is€subject€to€inhuman€prison€conditions€at€Libertad€(a€detailedÐ &v Ðdescription€of€such€conditions€is€given);€and€that€in€November„December€1979€he€had€beenÐ  \ Ðtaken€urgently€to€the€military€hospital€due€to€inhuman€treatment€inflicted€upon€him.€Ð òB ÐÌ5.€With€regard€to€article€5€(2)€(a),€the€Committee€noted€that€the€author's€assertion€that€theÐ ¾ Ðsame€matter€had€not€been€submitted€to€any€other€procedure€of€international€investigation€orÐ ¤ô Ðsettlement€had€not€been€contested€by€the€State€party.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ6.€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€the€Human€Rights€Committee€took€note€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐState€party's€assertion€.that€Raul€Noel€Martinez€Machado€had€not€yet€exhausted€the€domesticÐ <#Œ" Ðremedies€available€to€him.€In€this€connection€the€Committee€understood€that€the€State€party'sÐ "$r# Ðassertion€related€merely€to€the€proceedings€which€were€initiated€or€took€place€on€11€MayÐ %X $ Ð1981€and€not€to€events€prior€to€that€date.€However,€in€the€absence€of€any€specific€indicationsÐ î%>!% Ðas€to€which€remedies€would€have€been€applicable€in€the€particular€circumstances€of€this€case,Ð Ô&$"& Ðthe€Committee€was€unable€to€conclude€that€Raul€Noel€Martinez€Machado€had€failed€toÐ º' #' Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€the€communication€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðnot€inadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(b).€It€observed€that€this€decision,€in€so€far€as€it€relatedÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€events€after€11€May€1981,€could€be€reviewed€in€the€light€of€further€explanations€whichÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€State€party€might€submit€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€giving€details€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðany€domestic€remedies€claimed€to€have€been€available€.to€the€alleged€victim,€together€withÐ 8,ˆ', Ðevidence€that€there€would€be€a€reasonable€prospect€that€such€remedies€would€be€effective.€Ð -n(- Ї7.€On€15€October€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð ° ÐÌ(1)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€events€said€to€haveÐ |Ì Ðcontinued€or€taken€place€on€or€after€23€March€1976,€the€date€on€which€the€Covenant€and€theÐ b² ÐOptional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ(2)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beÐ  d Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€it„ofÐ ú J Ðthis€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,Ð à 0 Ðthat€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð Æ   ÐÌ(3)€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statements€submittedÐ ’â  Ðby€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relate€primarily€to€the€substance€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðmatter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressed€that€in€order€to€perform€itsÐ ^®  Ðresponsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€the€allegations€which€had€been€made€by€theÐ D”  Ðauthor€of€the€communication,€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actions€taken€by€it.Ð *z  ÐThe€State€party€was€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€orders€orÐ ` Ðdecisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Ð öF ÐÌ8.€By€a€note€dated€22€November€1982,€relating€to€the€author's€submission€of€12€AugustÐ Â Ð1982,€the€State€party€reiterates€that€Raul€Martinez€was€one€of€the€principal€leaders€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐSeispuntista€Movement.€It€points€out€"that€the€action€taken€with€respect€to€the€emergenceÐ ŽÞ Ðof€the€subversive€organization€concerned€was€based€on€investigations€carried€out€inÐ tÄ Ðaccordance€with€the€requirements€of€the€law.€Mr.€Martinez€Machado€was€not€the€subject€ofÐ Zª Ða€'forced€disappearance',€as€suggested€in€the€author's€communication,€but€was€merely€movedÐ @ Ðfrom€his€place€of€imprisonment€for€security€reasons,€with€a€view€to€frustrating€theÐ &v ÐSeispuntismo€plan€by€thus€impeding€communication€among€its€members.€While€Mr.Ð  \ ÐMartinez€Machado's€unconditional€release€might€have€been€effected€recently,€the€discoveryÐ òB Ðof€his€participation€in€this€movement€made€it€necessary€to€institute€new€proceedings€whichÐ Ø( Ðprevented€its€materialization."€With€respect€to€the€conduct€of€the€òòex€officio€óódefendingÐ ¾ Ðcounsel,€the€State€party€further€points€out€that€the€persons€concerned€are€independentÐ ¤ô Ðlawyers€who€are€not€subject€to€the€military€hierarchy€in€the€performance€of€their€technicalÐ Š Ú Ðfunctions.€"These€were€in€strict€conformity€with€the€principles€that€should€regulate€anyÐ p!À  Ðcounsel€of€a€technical€and€legal€nature."€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ9.€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€dated€4€October€1983,€theÐ "$r# ÐState€party€rejects€„€without€providing€additional€facts€„€the€author's€contention€that€hisÐ %X $ Ðbrother€was€subjected€to€ill„treatment,€that€he€"disappeared",€that€he€has€been€denied€aÐ î%>!% Ðproper€defence€and€that€the€effective€application€of€domestic€remedies€available€under€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðprocedural€laws€of€the€country€is€not€possible.€The€State€party€reiterates€that€militaryÐ º' #' Ðtribunals€enjoy€total€independence€in€the€exercise€of€their€judicial€function€and€it€asserts€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðprocedural€guarantees€are€duly€observed€during€all€stages€of€the€proceedings€and€that€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðdefence€may€apply€for€such€remedies€as€it€considers€appropriate.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ10.€When€adopting€its€decision€on€admissibility€on€15€October€1982,€the€CommitteeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðobserved€that€this€decision,€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€events€after€11€May€1981,€could€beÐ -n(- Ðreviewed€in€the€light€of€further€explanations€which€the€State€party€might€submit€under€articleÐ ° Ð4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€Committee€notes€that,€despite€the€receipt€of€the€StateÐ –æ Ðparty's€most€recent€submission,€no€details€have€been€furnished€to€it€of€any€domestic€remediesÐ |Ì Ðclaimed€to€have€been€available€to€the€alleged€victim,€together€with€evidence€that€there€wouldÐ b² Ðbe€a€reasonable€prospect€that€such€remedies€would€be€effective.€The€Committee€thereforeÐ H˜ Ðsees€no€reason€for€reviewing€its€decision€on€admissibility.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ11.1€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€which€have€been€eitherÐ ú J Ðessentially€confirmed€by€the€State€party€or€are€uncontested€except€for€denials€of€a€generalÐ à 0 Ðcharacter€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanation.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ11.2€Raul€Noel€Martinez€Machado€was€arrested€on€16€October€1971.€In€January€1973€he€wasÐ ’â  Ðtransferred€to€Libertad€prison.€In€1974€he€came€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€military€courts.Ð xÈ  ÐIn€1979€he€was€sentenced€to€nine€and€a€half€years'€imprisonment.€He€was€to€have€completedÐ ^®  Ðthe€sentence€on€16€April€1981.€On€26€November€1980€he€was€moved€from€Libertad€prisonÐ D”  Ðto€another€detention€establishment€for€interrogation€in€connection€with€his€allegedÐ *z  Ðinvolvement€in€operations€aimed€at€reactivating€a€subversive€organization€(the€"Tupamaros"Ð ` Ðmovement)€from€within€Libertad€prison.€From€November€1980€to€May€1981€he€was€heldÐ öF Ðincommunicado.€On€11€May€1981,€Raul€Martinez€was€again€brought€to€trial€òò(procesado)€óóforÐ Ü, Ðthe€offence€of€"conspiracy€to€subvert".€His€òòex„officio€óólawyer€is€Colonel€Ramirez.€Ð  ÐÌ12.1€In€formulating€its€views€the€Human€Rights€Committee€takes€into€account,€in€particular,Ð ŽÞ Ðthe€following€consideration:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ12.2€In€operative€paragraph€3€of€its€decision€of€15€October€1982,€the€Committee€requestedÐ @ Ðthe€State€party€to€submit€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matterÐ &v Ðunder€consideration.€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€that€it€has€not€been€furnished€with€anyÐ  \ Ðof€the€relevant€documents€or€with€any€information€about€the€outcome€of€the€criminalÐ òB Ðproceedings€commenced€against€Raul€Martinez€Machado€in€1971€and€1981.€Taking€intoÐ Ø( Ðaccount€the€delay€in€the€first€trial,€it€must€be€concluded€in€this€respect€that€he€has€not€beenÐ ¾ Ðtried€without€undue€delay€as€required€by€article€14€(3)€(c)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ p!À  ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€foundÐ V"¦! Ðby€the€Committee,€in€so€far€as€they€continued€or€occurred€after€23€March€1976€(the€date€onÐ <#Œ" Ðwhich€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Uruguay)€discloseÐ "$r# Ðviolations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€particularly.'€Ð %X $ ÐÌ„€of€article€10€(1)€because€Rau1€Martinez€was€held€incommunicado€for€more€than€fiveÐ Ô&$"& Ðmonths}€Ð º' #' ÐÌ„€of€article€14€(3)€(b)€because€the€conditions€of€his€detention€from€November€1980€to€MayÐ †)Ö$) Ð1981€effectively€barred€'him€from€access€to€legal€assistance;€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ„€of€article€14€(3)€(c)€,€because€he€was€not€tried€without€undue€delay.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð14.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ ° Ðtake€immediate€steps€to€ensure€strict€observance€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€inÐ –æ Ðparticular€(i)€that€Raul€Martinez€Machado€is€treated€with€humanity€as€required€by€article€10Ð |Ì Ð(1)€of€the€Covenants;€(ii)€that€the€guarantees€prescribed€by€article€14€are€fully€respected€and,Ð b² Ðin€so€far€as€this€has€not€been€done€fn€any€proceedings€already€taken,€an€effective€remedy€willÐ H˜ Ðbe€applied;€and€(iii)€that€a€copy€of€these€views€be€transmitted€to€him.€