ÿWPC  ÅoUP&~û Aî³×µ^ÜÔ)<*¨ £À3¦¤-³áÆ €mJÂ脈‹RŽTÛ÷ žƒmÏ2ÛçcV3cÞãÑ—2fiûƒn±Hˆ@2Ý€b‰ÍÔ?-Bm‹°ÕÅ;­ƒãe¤MéC¿:ƒQÚF>Pz} òÜ=í5©eLyCŠ ÿšà³Õ}tí•.VU…oà4±É弌õšaÀ]I/XÀfK½4˜±4ÿØô#{¥GÏïZ {·$ÄÕæY °Ýnz>Y·óÂX0êRáb^ž=¬Ð|“æ–¸—âYmn_öÔœ’ÞV}m»/ 0„AÏæ.ôíˆY¯ÁÞ Vt ]tCÏRHÔhJ’è—À $Ü nââN“3lCLyþßø4BÑÒTÆ’ëˆÚ}ž­¸ Mä~U>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6 %7 = 0ÆM #Á UNÔ Ô M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New X#|x(ž¥ $¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X{ XX XÔÔ€X{ XX X{ ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular9wô* Äpì*TEST3ESTÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ¥ !ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X~XXX XÔÔ€X~XXX X~XÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBaduÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€603/1994Ð H˜ ÐÌ18€July€1997Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/60/D/603/1994Ð à 0 ÐÐ ÐÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔAndresÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBaduÔ_Ô€[represented€by€Mr.€Stewart€Ô_ÔIstvanffyÔ_Ô]€Ð D”  ÐÌòòVictimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Canada€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€11€June€1994€(initial€submission)óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòÌÓ  ÓÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€18€July€1997,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð Ø( ÐÌÌÓ¹Óòòò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ Š Ú ÐÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Ô_ÔAndresÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBaduÔ_Ô,€a€Ghanaian€citizen,€at€the€time€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðsubmission€residing€in€Canada,€where€he€requested€recognition€as€refugee.€He€claims€to€beÐ "$r# Ða€victim€of€a€violation€by€Canada€of€articles€2(1)€and€(3),€6(1),€7,€9,€13,€14(1)€and€26€of€theÐ %X $ ÐCovenant.€He€is€represented€by€Mr.€Stewart€Ô_ÔIstvanffyÔ_Ô,€a€Montreal€lawyer.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.1€The€author,€who€was€born€on€29€November€1960,€claims€that€he€was€an€active€memberÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€the€Ghana€Democratic€Movement€(Ô_ÔGDMÔ_Ô),€a€group€opposed€to€the€Provisional€NationalÐ l*¼%* ÐÔ_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€Council€(Ô_ÔPNDCÔ_Ô),€which€formed€the€government€in€Ghana.€On€14€June€1991,€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthor's€home€was€allegedly€searched€by€three€security€agents,€who€found€letters€pertainingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðto€Ô_ÔGDMÔ_Ô€activities;€the€author€was€then€arrested,€beaten€and€imprisoned€and€charged€withÐ -n(- Ðpossession€of€seditious€documents.€On€20€June€1991,€the€author€was€admitted€to€hospital€toÐ ° Ðrecover€from€his€ill„treatment.€With€the€help€of€his€family,€he€escaped€from€hospital€andÐ –æ Ðwent€into€hiding.€On€30€June€1991,€the€author€learned€that€he€had€been€declared€a€wantedÐ |Ì Ðperson.€He€subsequently€left€the€country€under€disguise.€Ð b² ÐÌ2.2€The€author€arrived€in€Canada€on€8€July€1991.€He€requested€recognition€as€a€refugee,€onÐ . ~ Ðthe€grounds€that€he€had€a€well„founded€fear€of€persecution€based€on€his€political€opinion€andÐ  d Ðmembership€of€a€particular€social€group.€A€hearing€into€his€claim€was€held€on€17€FebruaryÐ ú J Ð1992€before€two€commissioners€of€the€Refugee€Division€of€the€Canadian€Immigration€andÐ à 0 ÐRefugee€Board,€in€Montreal,€Quebec.€On€16€September€1992,€the€Refugee€DivisionÐ Æ   Ðdismissed€the€author's€claim€for€recognition€as€political€refugee.€Leave€to€appeal€was€grantedÐ ¬ ü  Ðby€the€Federal€Court,€but€the€appeal€was€dismissed€by€judgment€of€6€January€1994òò€1óó.Ð ’â  ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð ^®  ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€he€has€not€received€a€fair€hearing€of€his€refugee€claim,€in€violationÐ *z  Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€He€argues€that€the€two€commissioners€at€theÐ ` Ðhearing€were€biased€against€him.€He€claims€that€one€of€the€commissioners,€a€Ms.€Wolfe,Ð öF Ðbased€herself€on€false€and€misleading€information€which€she€was€given€outside€the€meetingÐ Ü, Ðroom€and€to€which€the€author€had€no€chance€to€respond.€The€author€further€submits€that€theÐ Â Ðother€commissioner,€a€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô,€is€himself€from€Ghana,€has€the€same€ethnic€origin€as€Mr.Ð ¨ø ÐRawlings,€the€leader€of€the€regime€in€Ghana,€has€publicly€expressed€his€support€for€theÐ ŽÞ Ðregime€in€Ghana,€and€has€acted€against€political€refugees€from€Ghana€in€the€past.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.2€In€support€of€his€claim€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€was€biased,€the€author€explains€that€there€is€a€veryÐ @ Ðserious€ethnic€conflict€in€Ghana,€and€that€the€military€regime€is€dominated€by€the€Ewe€tribe,Ð &v Ðto€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€belongs,€whereas€the€author€himself€is€an€Ô_ÔAshantiÔ_Ô.€The€author€states€thatÐ  \ Ðfor€these€reasons€Ghanaian€refugees€are€afraid€to€testify€before€a€person€from€Ewe€origin€andÐ òB Ðtherefore€not€able€to€tell€their€full€story.€In€this€context,€it€is€submitted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€wasÐ Ø( Ðone€of€the€leading€members€of€the€Concerned€Ghanaians'€Association,€until€this€Ô_ÔorganisationÔ_ÔÐ ¾ Ðfell€apart€in€1988€over€the€issue€whether€or€not€to€help€Ghanaian€refugees.€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€is€saidÐ ¤ô Ðto€have€vehemently€opposed€help€to€Ghanaian€refugees€and€to€have€opined€that€all€so€calledÐ Š Ú Ðrefugees€from€Ghana€were€economic€migrants.€In€support€of€his€allegations,€the€authorÐ p!À  Ðprovides€sworn€statements€made€by€Ghanaians€now€living€in€Canada.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ3.3€The€author€further€argues€that€the€language€of€the€decision€by€the€Refugee€DivisionÐ "$r# Ðclearly€shows€administrative€bias€against€refugee€claimants€from€Ghana.€In€this€context,Ð %X $ Ðreference€is€made€to€an€alleged€understanding€among€Western€nations€to€deny€the€severityÐ î%>!% Ðof€the€human€rights€violations€taking€place€in€Ghana.€In€support€of€his€claim,€the€authorÐ Ô&$"& Ðrefers€to€a€report€of€the€Country€Assessment€Approach€Working€Group€Ghana,€which€wasÐ º' #' Ðthe€outcome€of€inter„governmental€consultations€held€in€Canada€in€1992.€Moreover,€it€isÐ  (ð#( Ðstated€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€represented€the€Montreal€office€at€a€meeting€of€Immigration€andÐ †)Ö$) ÐRefugee€Board's€regional€directors€about€the€situation€in€Ghana,€on€25€March€1992.€TheÐ l*¼%* Ðauthor€argues€that€it€was€totally€inappropriate€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€to€attend€this€meeting,€in€viewÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€his€personal€bias.€The€report€from€that€meeting€is€said€to€contain€seriously€wrongÐ 8,ˆ', Ðassessments.€Commissioners€allegedly€have€on€several€occasions€made€statements€about€theÐ -n(- Ðhuman€rights€situation€in€Ghana€which€are€blatantly€untrue,€and€regarding€issues€whichÐ ° Ðmoreover€had€been€differently€assessed€by€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal.€Ð –æ ÐÌ3.4€As€to€the€author's€hearing€before€the€two€commissioners,€it€is€alleged€that€he€wasÐ b² Ðinterrogated€in€a€very€aggressive€fashion€and€that€he€was€frequently€interrupted.€He€wasÐ H˜ Ðallegedly€questioned€about€articles€in€a€magazine€which€he€had€never€read,€and€which€relatedÐ . ~ Ðto€events€of€which€he€had€no€knowledge.€This€is€said€to€show€that€the€commissioners€actedÐ  d Ðin€bad€faith.€Ð ú J ÐÌ3.5€The€author€further€argues€that€the€above€mentioned€events€and€facts€also€amount€to€aÐ Æ   Ðviolation€by€Canada€of€articles€2,€paragraphs€1,€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€since€he€was€treatedÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€a€discriminatory€fashion€because€of€his€ethnic€origin€and€political€opinions.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ3.6€The€author€further€argues€that€many€political€opponents€in€Ghana€are€being€sentencedÐ ^®  Ðto€death,€and€that€the€State€party,€by€returning€him€to€Ghana,€would€place€the€author€in€aÐ D”  Ðvery€dangerous€situation€which€may€lead€to€a€violation€of€his€right€to€life,€in€violation€ofÐ *z  Ðarticle€6€of€the€Covenant.€The€author€also€contends€that€the€deportation€of€an€individual€whoÐ ` Ðhas€not€had€his€claim€to€refugee€status€heard€by€an€impartial€tribunal,€but€by€a€biased€one,Ð öF Ðamounts€to€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€as€wellÐ Ü, Ðas€to€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€It€is€moreover€argued€that€theÐ Â Ðauthor's€expulsion€would€not€be€in€pursuance€of€a€decision€reached€in€accordance€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðlaw,€as€required€by€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€because€commissioner€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€has€exceededÐ ŽÞ Ðhis€jurisdiction€by€making€decisions€on€the€credibility€of€refugee€claimants€from€Ghana.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.7€The€author€claims€that€the€Federal€Court,€by€dismissing€his€appeal,€has€misapplied€theÐ @ ÐCanadian€law€and€thereby€eliminated€the€only€effective€recourse€available€to€the€author,€inÐ &v Ðviolation€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð  \ ÐÌ3.8€The€author€states€that€Canadian€legislation€provides€for€a€Post„Determination€ReviewÐ Ø( Ðand€for€a€Humanitarian€and€Compassionate€Review,€but€claims€that€these€remedies€areÐ ¾ Ðdevoid€of€substance€and€illusory.€He€claims€therefore€that€he€fulfils€the€requirement€of€articleÐ ¤ô Ð5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌÔ_ÔòòStateÔ_Ô€party's€submissionóó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ4.1€By€submission€of€16€October€1995,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€isÐ "$r# Ðinadmissible€and€provides€information€with€regard€to€its€refugee€determination€process.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€arrived€in€Canada€on€8€July€1991€and€indicated€hisÐ Ô&$"& Ðintention€to€seek€refugee€status.€He€was€not€in€possession€of€a€valid€visa,€nor€did€he€possessÐ º' #' Ða€valid€passport,€identity€or€travel€document.€On€22€August€1991,€the€author€was€found€toÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_Ôhave€a€òòprima€facieóó€claim€under€the€Refugee€Convention,€and€a€conditional€exclusion€orderÐ †)Ö$) Ðwas€issued.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÔ_ÔÌ4.3€On€17€February€1992,€two€Commissioners€of€the€Refugee€Division€of€the€ImmigrationÐ 8,ˆ', Ðand€Refugee€Board€heard€the€author€in€order€to€determine€whether€he€met€the€definition€ofÐ -n(- ÐConvention€refugee€under€the€Immigration€Act.€The€State€party€explains€that€a€claimÐ ° Ðsucceeds€if€either€member€of€the€panel€is€satisfied€that€the€claimant€meets€the€definition.€AtÐ –æ Ðthe€hearing,€the€author€was€represented€by€counsel,€evidence€on€country€conditions€wasÐ |Ì Ðpresented,€the€author€gave€oral€testimony€and€a€number€of€exhibits€were€filed.€Ð b² ÐÌ4.4€On€16€September€1992,€the€panel€decided€that€there€was€no€serious€possibility€that€theÐ . ~ Ðauthor€would€be€persecuted€if€returned€to€his€country€of€nationality.€The€author€then€appliedÐ  d Ðfor€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal.€Leave€was€granted€on€21€January€1993.Ð ú J ÐOn€1€March€1993,€the€law€was€changed,€and€the€author's€appeal€accordingly€was€treated€asÐ à 0 Ðan€application€for€judicial€review€by€a€judge€of€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division.€The€authorÐ Æ   Ðbased€his€application€on€errors€of€law€and€fact,€including€allegations€of€institutional€bias€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðpersonal€bias€of€the€panel€members€who€had€heard€his€claim.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ4.5€On€6€January€1994,€the€Judge€dismissed€the€application€for€judicial€review.€The€JudgeÐ ^®  Ðfound€that€the€Board's€finding€on€the€author's€credibility€was€within€the€Board's€field€ofÐ D”  Ðdiscretion€or€judgement„making.€He€further€found€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€partialityÐ *z  Ðon€the€part€of€the€members€of€the€panel.€In€particular,€with€regard€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô,€the€judgeÐ ` Ðfound€that€the€affidavit€evidence€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€provided€no€objective€corroboration€orÐ öF Ðsupport€for€the€allegations€of€bias.€The€judge€added:€"It€is€an€aberration€to€suggest€that€Mr.Ð Ü, ÐÔ_ÔSordziÔ_Ô,€who€arrived€in€Canada€in€1968€and€became€a€Canadian€citizen€in€1976,€cannot,€byÐ Â Ðreason€of€ancestral€warfare€and€conflict,€carry€out€properly,€objectively€and€judicially€theÐ ¨ø Ðduties€and€responsibilities€which€Parliament€has€imposed€upon€him."€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ4.6€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€could€have€appealed€the€judge's€decision€to€theÐ Zª ÐFederal€Court€of€Appeal,€but€failed€to€do€so.€Ð @ ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€notes€that€other€review€processes€were€available€to€the€author€after€hisÐ  \ Ðasylum€request€had€been€denied.€He€could€have€sought€a€humanitarian€and€compassionateÐ òB Ðreview€of€his€case€under€section€114(2)€of€the€Immigration€Actòò€2óó,€which€he€failed€to€do.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.8€Under€the€post„determination€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€class€(Ô_ÔPDRCCÔ_Ô)€reviewÐ ¤ô Ðprocess,€established€in€February€1993,€individuals€determined€not€to€be€Convention€refugeesÐ Š Ú Ðcan€apply€for€residency€in€Canada€if€upon€return€to€their€country€they€would€face€a€risk€toÐ p!À  Ðtheir€life,€of€extreme€sanctions€or€of€inhumane€treatment.€On€5€April€1995,€the€author€wasÐ V"¦! Ðinformed€that€the€post„claim€determination€officer€had€concluded€that€the€author€did€notÐ <#Œ" Ðbelong€to€that€class€of€individuals.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ4.9€The€State€party€submits€that€the€author€voluntarily€left€Canada€for€Ghana€on€8€June€1995.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ4.10€The€State€party€argues€that€the€author's€communication€is€inadmissible€for€failure€toÐ º' #' Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies.€First,€because€he€failed€to€appeal€the€Federal€Court€TrialÐ  (ð#( ÐDivision's€decision€of€January€1994,€in€which€the€court€dismissed€his€application€for€reviewÐ †)Ö$) Ðbased€on€bias€of€the€commissioners,€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal.€Second,€the€authorÐ l*¼%* Ðfailed€to€seek€a€humanitarian€and€compassionate€review€under€section€114(2)€of€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐImmigration€Act.€Third,€the€author€failed€to€file€an€application€for€judicial€review€in€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐFederal€Court€of€Canada,€Trial€Division,€of€the€negative€Ô_ÔPDRCCÔ_Ô€decision;€the€State€partyÐ -n(- Ðexplains€that€on€an€application€for€judicial€review€the€author€could€have€made€argumentsÐ ° Ðunder€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€similar€to€the€arguments€made€in€hisÐ –æ Ðcommunication€to€the€Committee.€The€author€could€also€have€challenged€theÐ |Ì Ðconstitutionality€of€any€provision€of€the€Immigration€Act€by€way€of€declaratory€action.€Ð b² ÐÌ4.11€The€State€party€further€claims€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€for€failure€toÐ . ~ Ðsubstantiate€violations€of€Covenant€rights.€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€article€6,€theÐ  d ÐState€party€argues€that€the€author's€exclusion€from€Canada€does€not€constitute€a€prima€facieÐ ú J Ðviolation€of€his€right€to€life,€as€his€claims€were€rejected€by€the€competent€authorities€and€heÐ à 0 Ðdid€not€make€use€of€the€possibility€of€judicial€review€against€these€negative€decisions.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ4.12€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€articles€9€and€13,€the€State€party€argues€that€theseÐ ’â  Ðarticles€do€not€grant€a€broad€right€to€asylum€or€right€to€remain€in€the€territory€of€a€StateÐ xÈ  Ðparty.€The€author€was€allowed€to€stay€in€Canada€for€the€purpose€of€having€his€refugee€claimÐ ^®  Ðdetermined€and€left€voluntarily€following€the€rejection€of€his€claim€after€a€full€hearing€withÐ D”  Ðpossibility€of€judicial€review.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee's€ViewsÐ *z  Ðin€òòÔ_ÔMaroufidouÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóóòò€3óó.€Ð ` ÐÌ4.13€As€regards€the€author's€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ Ü, Ðparty€argues€that€refugee€proceedings€are€in€the€nature€of€public€law€and€as€such€are€notÐ Â Ðencompassed€by€the€phrase€"suit€at€law"€in€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€In€this€context,€theÐ ¨ø ÐState€party€refers€to€its€submissions€in€respect€of€communication€No.€236/1987€(òòÔ_ÔV.R.M.B.Ô_ÔÐ ŽÞ Ðv.€Canadaóó)òò€4óó.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.14€Moreover,€the€State€party€argues€that,€even€if€Immigration€and€Refugee€BoardÐ @ Ðproceedings€are€held€to€constitute€a€"suit€at€law",€sufficient€guarantees€of€independenceòò€5€óóÐ &v Ðexist€so€that€it€can€reasonably€be€said€to€be€an€independent€tribunal€within€the€meaning€ofÐ  \ Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1.€The€State€party€further€submits€that€the€two€member€panel€whichÐ òB Ðdecided€the€author's€claim€was€impartial.€In€this€respect,€the€State€party€notes€that€neither€theÐ Ø( Ðauthor€nor€his€counsel€raised€the€issue€of€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias€during€theÐ ¾ ÐRefugee€Division€hearing€itself.€The€State€party€also€refers€to€the€rejection€by€the€FederalÐ ¤ô ÐCourt€Trial€Division€of€the€author's€allegations€of€bias.€As€regards€the€author's€allegationsÐ Š Ú Ðof€institutional€bias,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€author's€case€was€decided€on€the€basisÐ p!À  Ðof€the€evidence€produced€in€the€proceedings,€and€this€evidence€did€not€include€the€reportsÐ V"¦! Ðreferred€to€by€the€author.€The€State€party€further€argues€that€sufficient€legal€guarantees€existÐ <#Œ" Ðto€exclude€any€legitimate€doubt€of€the€tribunal's€institutional€impartiality.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ4.15€As€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€7,€that€his€deportation€amounts€to€cruel,€inhumanÐ î%>!% Ðor€degrading€treatment,€because€his€claim€had€not€been€heard€by€an€impartial€tribunal,€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐState€party€refers€to€its€argument€above€and€argues€that€the€tribunal€was€impartial€and€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€author's€claim€is€thus€inadmissible.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.16€As€regards€the€author's€claims€that€he€was€denied€equality€before€the€law€because€oneÐ l*¼%* Ðof€the€members€of€the€panel€was€of€Ewe€ancestry,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€allegationsÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€denial€of€equality€rights€are€without€any€factual€or€legal€basis€and€should€thus€be€declaredÐ 8,ˆ', Ðinadmissible.€Ð -n(- Ї4.17€The€State€party€finally€argues€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€not€a€"fourthÐ ° Ðinstance"€competent€to€reevaluate€findings€of€fact€or€to€review€the€application€of€domesticÐ –æ Ðlegislation,€unless€there€is€clear€evidence€that€the€proceedings€before€the€domestic€courtsÐ |Ì Ðwere€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€In€the€absence€of€such€evidence,€the€StateÐ b² Ðparty€argues€that€the€author's€claims€are€inadmissible.€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð  d ÐÌ5.€The€deadline€for€counsel's€comments€on€the€State€party's€observations€was€27€NovemberÐ à 0 Ð1995.€By€letter€of€29€May€1997,€counsel€was€informed€that€the€Committee€would€examineÐ Æ   Ðthe€admissibility€of€the€communication€at€its€sixtieth€session,€in€July€1997.€No€submissionÐ ¬ ü  Ðhas€been€received.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ ^®  ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€article€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€orÐ D”  Ðnot€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð *z  ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€argued€that€the€communication€isÐ öF Ðinadmissible€for€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€It€has€also€noted€the€contention€ofÐ Ü, Ðcounsel€that€the€post„determination€review€and€the€humanitarian€and€compassionate€reviewÐ Â Ðare€devoid€of€substance.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€mereÐ ¨ø Ðdoubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€domestic€remedies€do€not€absolve€an€author€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðrequirement€to€exhaust€them.€Further,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€was€open€to€the€author€toÐ tÄ Ðappeal€the€decision€of€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€andÐ Zª Ðthat€judicial€review€was€available€to€the€author€against€the€negative€post„claim€determinationÐ @ Ðdecision,€but€that€he€failed€to€avail€himself€of€these€avenues.€The€communication€is€thereforeÐ &v Ðinadmissible€for€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€Ð  \ ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ(a)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€OptionalÐ ¤ô ÐProtocol;€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ(b)€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author's€counsel.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌÌ____________€Ð %X $ ÐÌ*€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€N.€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€Mr.€ThomasÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔBuergenthalÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Christine€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ô,€Lord€Ô_ÔColvilleÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Pilar€Ô_ÔGaitanÔ_Ô€deÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔPomboÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€Mr.€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Mr.€FaustoÐ †)Ö$) ÐÔ_ÔPocarÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Danilo€Ô_ÔTrkÔ_Ô.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ**€Mr.€Maxwell€Ô_ÔYaldenÔ_Ô€did€not€participate€in€the€adoption€of€the€decision,€pursuant€to€ruleÐ 8,ˆ', Ð85€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure.€Ð -n(- Ї1/€€Due€to€a€change€in€the€law,€the€author's€appeal€was€in€fact€treated€as€an€application€forÐ ° Ðjudicial€review€by€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division€and€denied.€See€further€paragraphs€4.4Ð –æ Ðand€4.5.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ2/€€Under€section€114(2)€of€the€Immigration€Act€a€refugee€claimant€may€request€aÐ H˜ Ðhumanitarian€and€compassionate€review,€to€see€whether€extraordinary€circumstances€warrantÐ . ~ Ðlanding.€The€review€includes€a€risk€assessment€and€the€test€is€one€of€disproportionateÐ  d Ðhardship.€Judicial€review€of€a€negative€decision€may€be€sought€before€the€Federal€CourtÐ ú J ÐTrial€Division,€with€leave.Ð à 0 ÐÌ3/€€Communication€No.€58/1979,€Views€adopted€on€9€April€1981.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ4/€€Declared€inadmissible€on€18€July€1988.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ5/€€Members€are€appointed€by€the€Governor€in€Council€for€terms€of€up€to€seven€years€andÐ D”  Ðdrawn€from€all€segments€of€Canadian€society.€They€may€only€be€removed€on€limitedÐ *z  Ðgrounds€by€an€inquiry€procedure€presided€over€by€a€judge,€supernumerary€judge€or€formerÐ ` Ðjudge€of€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada.€The€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€operatesÐ öF Ðautonomously€and€has€its€own€budget.€Decisions€of€the€Refuge€Division€can€be€overturnedÐ Ü, Ðin€a€court€of€law.Ð Â ÐÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð ŽÞ ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ tÄ Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð Zª ÐÓÓ