ÿWPC  +vYdãcq›u*zëõ.h½]¬4Y§±£=T R—³,R “Ou‘ç!I¾ÆÂ6’g €.ŠßÅ úñ¹ã×&FSPã(ŽY°Ò#Ðx¤ˆ˜–Á9f˜³ßŠb ͘azÿŸ$îƒ)ã┵„6DÅŠ{íŸÚ&©É¬Å•cýÀN²ÎNPI8ˆ Þæ^rx‰°‚~_ËWû1AO,i¯[8ÔDô.製Éý”c†@W¶u6qJCt“°Ùߎ9!«”Ñ'Š‘R€ãóžtÀ3?DÉl ž²ž˜xµšÛ2“ß®B÷(înÉ+‰-/«²~ë•ʦðªµgÖP¸>¾^4/3MæßAUÒ `0‡º==zó›ã©EÆ©“VÚ*QÃ'sÑÊ4Éat Ö(†Ô  oãN%‚Ž";p©~”c؆‡Ý¬Ü'¥-ØÇ³m/ÏŒj”ssXϰ·ÆxIäÒôÞ„0MâÛöo÷qâÆj€©]6eÁ^ÓŽ+½çÝšÚÌ ö-µ WŸÏ!R¦ø®""àÙ¼9VñH L’ÿ7,óCÑ#õëVÕ 6 õ Ó”¾Ü¡¸ot÷p.'YZSÎUxvB’ãÿ‹¹|5<ŒŠ*„¿U>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6 %7 = 0ÆM #Á UNÔ Ô M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New X#|x(žel$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xu`XX XÔÔ€Xu`XX Xu`ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular½vô* Äpì* ߟÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ el!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xx(XX XÔÔ€Xx(XX Xx(ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔNarteyÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€CanadaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€604/1994Ð H˜ ÐÌ18€July€1997Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/60/D/604/1994€Ð à 0 ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Joseph€Ô_ÔNarteyÔ_Ô€[represented€by€Mr.€Stewart€Ô_ÔIstvanffyÔ_Ô]€Ð D”  ÐÌòòVictimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Canada€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€15€June€1994€(initial€submission)óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€18€July€1997,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð Ø( ÐÌÌÓ’Óòòò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ Š Ú ÐÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Joseph€Ô_ÔNarteyÔ_Ô,€a€Ghanaian€citizen,€at€the€time€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðsubmission€residing€in€Canada,€where€he€requested€recognition€as€refugee.€He€claims€to€beÐ "$r# Ða€victim€of€a€violation€by€Canada€of€articles€2(1)€and€(3),€6(1),€7,€9,€13,€14(1)€and€26€of€theÐ %X $ ÐCovenant.€He€is€represented€by€Mr.€Stewart€Ô_ÔIstvanffyÔ_Ô,€a€Montreal€lawyer.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authoróó€Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.1€The€author,€who€was€born€on€20€February€1959,€claims€that€he€was€a€student€activistÐ †)Ö$) Ðsince€1978,€and€that,€in€1989,€he€became€vice„president€of€the€Ô_ÔTakoradiÔ_Ô€Students'€Union.€HeÐ l*¼%* Ðwas€a€supporter€of€the€Armed€Forces€Revolutionary€Council€(Ô_ÔAFRCÔ_Ô),€which€took€powerÐ R+¢&+ Ðafter€a€coup€on€4€June€1979,€and€which€is€the€predecessor€of€the€Provisional€NationalÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€Council€(Ô_ÔPNDCÔ_Ô),€the€government€in€power€at€the€time€of€the€author's€entrance€intoÐ -n(- ÐCanada.€On€15€July€1989,€the€author€was€informed€by€the€Minister€of€Education€that€he€wasÐ ° Ðselected€to€go€and€study€in€Bulgaria€for€six€months.€On€17€August€1989,€the€author€leftÐ –æ ÐGhana€by€plane,€together€with€the€other€students€selected€for€the€program.€During€the€flight,Ð |Ì Ðthey€were€informed€that€their€destination€was€Libya,€and€not€Bulgaria,€and€that€they€wouldÐ b² Ðundergo€a€six„month€military€intelligence€training.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.2€Upon€arrival€in€Libya,€the€students'€passports€were€confiscated€and€they€were€sent€to€aÐ  d Ðmilitary€training€camp.€They€were€told€not€to€try€to€communicate€with€anyone€from€Ghana.Ð ú J ÐAfter€six€months€of€training,€the€students€were€informed€that€they€would€continue€theirÐ à 0 Ðtraining€for€another€18€months.€The€disappointed€author€wrote€a€letter€to€the€Ô_ÔTakoradiÔ_ÔÐ Æ   ÐStudent€Union€in€Ghana€accusing€the€Minister€of€Education€of€being€a€liar,€condemning€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðgovernment€for€wasting€scarce€resources€and€warning€other€students€not€to€participate€inÐ ’â  Ðstudy€programs€abroad.€The€author€mailed€the€letter€in€February€1990.€On€that€very€day,€heÐ xÈ  Ðwas€arrested,€shown€the€letter,€kicked,€and€forced€to€sign€a€statement€of€which€he€did€notÐ ^®  Ðknow€the€contents.€He€was€told€that€the€Chairman€of€the€Ô_ÔPNDCÔ_Ô€would€be€informed.€He€thenÐ D”  Ðwas€imprisoned€at€the€Ô_ÔTajuaraÔ_Ô€prison€in€Libya.€Ð *z  ÐÌ2.3€On€1€September€1991,€a€friend€helped€the€author€escape.€It€was€arranged€for€him€to€leaveÐ öF ÐLibya€through€the€help€of€a€third€person,€who,€on€15€September€1991,€put€him€on€a€planeÐ Ü, Ðwith€destination€Canada.€Ð  ÐÌ2.4€The€author€arrived€in€Canada€on€16€September€1991€and€claimed€recognition€as€aÐ ŽÞ Ðrefugee€immediately€upon€arrival.€He€claimed€to€fear€for€his€life€because€of€what€he€hadÐ tÄ Ðwitnessed€in€Libya,€because€of€the€opinions€that€he€has€expressed€and€because€he€had€brokenÐ Zª ÐÔ_ÔPNDCÔ_Ô€law.€A€hearing€into€his€claim€was€held€on€10€March€1992€before€two€commissionersÐ @ Ðof€the€Refugee€Division€of€the€Canadian€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board,€in€Montreal,Ð &v ÐQuebec.€On€29€September€1992,€the€Refugee€Division€dismissed€the€author's€claim€forÐ  \ Ðrecognition€as€political€refugee.€The€Refugee€Division€considered€òòinter€aliaóó€that€there€wasÐ òB Ðno€evidence€that€the€Ghanaian€Government€sends€forced€recruits€to€Libya.€Leave€to€appealÐ Ø( Ðwas€granted€by€the€Federal€Court,€but€the€appeal€was€dismissed€by€judgment€of€20€JanuaryÐ ¾ Ð1994òò€1óó.Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð p!À  ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€he€has€not€received€a€fair€hearing€of€his€refugee€claim,€in€violationÐ <#Œ" Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€He€argues€that€the€two€commissioners€at€theÐ "$r# Ðhearing€were€biased€against€him.€He€claims€that€one€of€the€commissioners,€a€Ms.€Wolfe,Ð %X $ Ðbased€herself€on€false€and€misleading€information€which€she€was€given€outside€the€meetingÐ î%>!% Ðroom€and€to€which€the€author€had€no€chance€to€respond.€The€author€further€submits€that€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðother€commissioner,€a€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô,€is€himself€from€Ghana,€has€the€same€ethnic€origin€as€Mr.Ð º' #' ÐRawlings,€the€leader€of€the€regime€in€Ghana,€has€publicly€expressed€his€support€for€theÐ  (ð#( Ðregime€in€Ghana,€and€has€acted€against€political€refugees€from€Ghana€in€the€past.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ3.2€In€support€of€his€claim€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€was€biased,€the€author€explains€that€there€is€a€veryÐ R+¢&+ Ðserious€ethnic€conflict€in€Ghana,€and€that€the€military€regime€is€dominated€by€the€Ewe€tribe,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðto€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€belongs.€The€author€states€that€for€these€reasons€Ghanaian€refugees€areÐ -n(- Ðafraid€to€testify€before€a€person€from€Ewe€origin€and€therefore€not€able€to€tell€their€full€story.Ð ° ÐIn€this€context,€it€is€submitted€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€was€one€of€the€leading€members€of€theÐ –æ ÐConcerned€Ghanaians'€Association,€until€this€organization€fell€apart€in€1988€over€the€issueÐ |Ì Ðwhether€or€not€to€help€Ghanaian€refugees.€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€is€said€to€have€vehemently€opposedÐ b² Ðhelp€to€Ghanaian€refugees€and€to€have€opined€that€all€so€called€refugees€from€Ghana€wereÐ H˜ Ðeconomic€migrants.€In€support€of€his€allegations,€the€author€provides€sworn€statements€madeÐ . ~ Ðby€Ghanaians€now€living€in€Canada.€Ð  d ÐÌ3.3€The€author€further€argues€that€the€decision€by€the€Refugee€Division€cannot€be€justifiedÐ à 0 Ðon€the€basis€of€the€available€evidence€and€that€the€language€of€the€decision€clearly€showsÐ Æ   Ðadministrative€bias€against€refugee€claimants€from€Ghana.€In€particular,€it€is€stated€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðsufficient€evidence€was€placed€before€the€Division€as€to€the€Ghanaian€practice€to€send€forcedÐ ’â  Ðrecruits€to€Libya.€In€this€context,€reference€is€made€to€an€alleged€understanding€amongÐ xÈ  ÐWestern€nations€to€deny€the€severity€of€the€human€rights€violations€taking€place€in€Ghana.Ð ^®  ÐIn€support€of€his€claim,€the€author€refers€to€a€report€of€the€Country€Assessment€ApproachÐ D”  ÐWorking€Group€Ghana,€which€was€the€outcome€of€inter„governmental€consultations€held€inÐ *z  ÐCanada€in€1992.€Moreover,€it€is€stated€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€represented€the€Montreal€office€at€aÐ ` Ðmeeting€of€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board's€regional€directors€about€the€situation€in€Ghana,Ð öF Ðon€25€March€1992.€The€author€argues€that€it€was€totally€inappropriate€for€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€toÐ Ü, Ðattend€this€meeting,€in€view€of€his€personal€bias.€The€report€from€that€meeting€is€said€toÐ Â Ðcontain€seriously€wrong€assessments.€Commissioners€allegedly€have€on€several€occasionsÐ ¨ø Ðmade€statements€about€the€human€rights€situation€in€Ghana€which€are€blatantly€untrue,€andÐ ŽÞ Ðregarding€issues€which€moreover€had€been€differently€assessed€by€the€Federal€Court€ofÐ tÄ ÐAppeal.€Ð Zª ÐÌ3.4€The€author€further€argues€that€the€above€mentioned€events€and€facts€also€amount€to€aÐ &v Ðviolation€by€Canada€of€articles€2,€paragraph€1,€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€since€he€was€treatedÐ  \ Ðin€a€discriminatory€fashion€because€of€his€ethnic€origin€and€political€opinions.€Ð òB ÐÌ3.5€The€author€further€argues€that€many€political€opponents€in€Ghana€are€being€sentencedÐ ¾ Ðto€death,€and€that€the€State€party,€by€returning€him€to€Ghana,€would€place€him€in€a€veryÐ ¤ô Ðdangerous€situation€which€may€lead€to€a€violation€of€his€right€to€life,€in€violation€of€articleÐ Š Ú Ð6€of€the€Covenant.€The€author€also€contends€that€the€deportation€of€an€individual€who€hasÐ p!À  Ðnot€had€his€claim€to€refugee€status€heard€by€an€impartial€tribunal,€but€by€a€biased€one,Ð V"¦! Ðamounts€to€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€within€the€meaning€of€article€7€as€wellÐ <#Œ" Ðas€to€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€It€is€moreover€argued€that€theÐ "$r# Ðauthor's€expulsion€would€not€be€in€pursuance€of€a€decision€reached€in€accordance€with€theÐ %X $ Ðlaw,€as€required€by€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€because€commissioner€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô€has€exceededÐ î%>!% Ðhis€jurisdiction€by€making€decisions€on€the€credibility€of€refugee€claimants€from€Ghana.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ3.6€The€author€claims€that€the€Federal€Court,€by€dismissing€his€appeal,€has€misapplied€theÐ  (ð#( ÐCanadian€law€and€thereby€eliminated€the€only€effective€recourse€available€to€the€author,€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðviolation€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ3.7€The€author€states€that€Canadian€legislation€provides€for€a€Post„Determination€ReviewÐ 8,ˆ', Ðand€for€a€Humanitarian€and€Compassionate€Review,€but€claims€that€these€remedies€areÐ -n(- Ðdevoid€of€substance€and€illusory.€He€claims€therefore€that€he€fulfils€the€requirement€of€articleÐ ° Ð5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð –æ ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóó€Ð b² ÐÌ4.1€By€submission€of€16€October€1995,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€isÐ . ~ Ðinadmissible€and€provides€information€with€regard€to€its€refugee€determination€process.€Ð  d ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€author€arrived€in€Canada€on€16€September€1991€andÐ à 0 Ðindicated€his€intention€to€seek€refugee€status.€He€was€not€in€possession€of€a€valid€visa,€norÐ Æ   Ðdid€he€possess€a€valid€passport,€identity€or€travel€document.€On€30€October€1991,€the€authorÐ ¬ ü  Ðwas€found€to€have€a€òòprima€facieóó€claim€under€the€Refugee€Convention,€and€a€conditionalÐ ’â  Ðexclusion€order€was€issued.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.3€On€10€March€and€3€April€1992,€two€Commissioners€of€the€Refugee€Division€of€theÐ D”  ÐImmigration€and€Refugee€Board€heard€the€author€in€order€to€determine€whether€he€met€theÐ *z  Ðdefinition€of€Convention€refugee€under€the€Immigration€Act.€The€State€party€explains€thatÐ ` Ða€claim€succeeds€if€either€member€of€the€panel€is€satisfied€that€the€claimant€meets€theÐ öF Ðdefinition.€At€the€hearing,€the€author€was€represented€by€counsel,€evidence€on€countryÐ Ü, Ðconditions€was€presented,€the€author€gave€oral€testimony€and€a€number€of€exhibits€wereÐ Â Ðfiled.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.4€On€29€September€1992,€the€panel€decided€that€there€was€no€serious€possibility€that€theÐ tÄ Ðauthor€would€be€persecuted€if€returned€to€his€country€of€nationality.€The€author€then€appliedÐ Zª Ðfor€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal.€Leave€was€granted€on€26€January€1993.Ð @ ÐOn€1€March€1993,€the€law€was€changed,€and€the€author's€appeal€accordingly€was€treated€asÐ &v Ðan€application€for€judicial€review€by€a€judge€of€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division.€The€authorÐ  \ Ðbased€his€appeal€on€errors€of€law€and€fact,€including€allegations€of€institutional€bias€andÐ òB Ðpersonal€bias€of€the€panel€members€who€had€heard€his€claim.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.5€On€20€January€1994,€the€Judge€dismissed€the€application€for€judicial€review.€The€JudgeÐ ¤ô Ðfound€that€the€panel's€finding€was€on€the€whole€supported€by€the€evidence.€He€further€foundÐ Š Ú Ðthat€there€was€no€evidence€of€partiality€on€the€part€of€the€members€of€the€panel.€In€particular,Ð p!À  Ðwith€regard€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔSordziÔ_Ô,€the€judge€found€that€the€interventions€made€by€him€did€notÐ V"¦! Ðdemonstrate€an€unfavorable€attitude€towards€the€author.€The€judge€also€considered€that€theÐ <#Œ" Ðallegations€against€him€were€very€general€and€based€on€affidavit€evidence€indicatingÐ "$r# Ðproblems€between€the€Ewe€tribe€(to€which€he€belonged)€and€the€Ô_ÔAshantiÔ_Ô€and€Akan€tribes,Ð %X $ Ðwhereas€the€author€belonged€to€the€Ga€tribe.€Moreover,€the€judge€considered€that€neither€theÐ î%>!% Ðauthor€nor€his€counsel€had€raised€the€issue€of€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias€during€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðhearing,€although€they€claimed€before€the€Court€that€this€bias€was€well€known€in€theÐ º' #' ÐGhanaian€community.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.6€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€could€have€appealed€the€judge's€decision€to€theÐ l*¼%* ÐFederal€Court€of€Appeal,€but€failed€to€do€so.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€notes€that€other€review€processes€were€available€to€the€author€after€hisÐ -n(- Ðasylum€request€had€been€denied.€He€could€have€sought€a€humanitarian€and€compassionateÐ ° Ðreview€of€his€case€under€section€114(2)€of€the€Immigration€Actòò€2óó.€The€review€includes€a€riskÐ –æ Ðassessment€and€the€test€is€one€of€disproportionate€hardship.€Judicial€review€of€a€negativeÐ |Ì Ðdecision€may€be€sought€before€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division,€with€leave.,€which€he€failedÐ b² Ðto€do.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ4.8€Under€the€post„determination€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€class€(Ô_ÔPDRCCÔ_Ô)€reviewÐ  d Ðprocess,€established€in€February€1993,€individuals€determined€not€to€be€Convention€refugeesÐ ú J Ðcan€apply€for€residency€in€Canada€if€upon€return€to€their€country€they€would€face€a€risk€toÐ à 0 Ðtheir€life,€of€extreme€sanctions€or€of€inhumane€treatment.€On€5€April€1995,€the€author€wasÐ Æ   Ðinformed€that€the€post„claim€determination€officer€had€concluded€that€the€author€did€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðbelong€to€that€class€of€individuals.€On€24€April€1995,€the€author's€counsel€filed€anÐ ’â  Ðapplication€for€leave€for€judicial€review€in€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada,€Trial€Division.€HeÐ xÈ  Ðsubsequently€failed€to€perfect€the€application€by€filing€an€application€record€with€supportingÐ ^®  Ðaffidavits.€On€26€May€1995,€counsel€filed€a€demand€to€cease€being€counsel€for€the€author,Ð D”  Ðbecause€of€failure€to€cooperate€on€the€author's€part.€On€29€August€1995,€the€Court€dismissedÐ *z  Ðthe€author's€application€for€leave€because€of€the€failure€to€file€an€affidavit€in€time.€Ð ` ÐÌ4.9€The€State€party€explains€that€since€the€author€failed€to€leave€Canada€voluntarily,€aÐ Ü, Ðdeportation€order€was€issued€against€him€and€a€warrant€has€been€issued€for€his€arrest.€Ð  ÐÌ4.10€The€State€party€argues€that€the€author's€communication€is€inadmissible€for€failure€toÐ ŽÞ Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies.€First,€because€he€failed€to€appeal€the€Federal€Court€TrialÐ tÄ ÐDivision's€decision€of€January€1994,€in€which€the€court€dismissed€his€application€for€reviewÐ Zª Ðbased€on€bias€of€the€commissioners,€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal,€which€he€could€haveÐ @ Ðdone€without€leave.€Second,€the€author€failed€to€seek€a€humanitarian€and€compassionateÐ &v Ðreview€under€section€114(2)€of€the€Immigration€Act.€Third,€the€author€failed€to€complete€hisÐ  \ Ðapplication€for€judicial€review€of€the€negative€Ô_ÔPDRCCÔ_Ô€decision;€the€State€party€explains€thatÐ òB Ðon€an€application€for€judicial€review€the€author€could€have€made€arguments€under€theÐ Ø( ÐCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€similar€to€the€arguments€made€in€hisÐ ¾ Ðcommunication€to€the€Committee.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ4.11€The€State€party€further€claims€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€for€failure€toÐ p!À  Ðsubstantiate€violations€of€Covenant€rights.€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€article€6,€theÐ V"¦! ÐState€party€argues€that€the€author's€exclusion€from€Canada€does€not€constitute€a€prima€facieÐ <#Œ" Ðviolation€of€his€right€to€life,€as€his€claims€were€rejected€by€the€competent€authorities€and€heÐ "$r# Ðdid€not€complete€his€judicial€review€against€these€negative€decisions.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ4.12€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€articles€9€and€13,€the€State€party€argues€that€theseÐ Ô&$"& Ðarticles€do€not€grant€a€broad€right€to€asylum€or€right€to€remain€in€the€territory€of€a€StateÐ º' #' Ðparty.€The€author€was€allowed€to€stay€in€Canada€for€the€purpose€of€having€his€refugee€claimÐ  (ð#( Ðdetermined€and€was€ordered€deported€only€following€the€rejection€of€his€claim€after€a€fullÐ †)Ö$) Ðhearing€with€possibility€of€judicial€review.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ4.13€As€regards€the€author's€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ 8,ˆ', Ðparty€argues€that€refugee€proceedings€are€in€the€nature€of€public€law€and€as€such€are€notÐ -n(- Ðencompassed€by€the€phrase€"suit€at€law"€in€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€In€this€context,€theÐ ° ÐState€party€refers€to€its€submissions€in€respect€of€communication€No.€236/1987€(òòÔ_ÔV.R.M.B.Ô_ÔÐ –æ Ðv.€Canadaóó)òò€3óó.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ4.14€Moreover,€the€State€party€argues€that,€even€if€Immigration€and€Refugee€BoardÐ H˜ Ðproceedings€are€held€to€constitute€a€"suit€at€law",€sufficient€guarantees€of€independenceòò€4€óóÐ . ~ Ðexist€so€that€it€can€reasonably€be€said€to€be€an€independent€tribunal€within€the€meaning€ofÐ  d Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1.€The€State€party€further€submits€that€the€two€member€panel€whichÐ ú J Ðdecided€the€author's€claim€was€impartial.€In€this€respect,€the€State€party€refers€to€theÐ à 0 Ðconsideration€by€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division€of€the€author's€allegations€of€bias.€AsÐ Æ   Ðregards€the€author's€allegations€of€institutional€bias,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€author'sÐ ¬ ü  Ðcase€was€decided€on€the€basis€of€the€evidence€produced€in€the€proceedings,€and€this€evidenceÐ ’â  Ðdid€not€include€the€reports€referred€to€by€the€author.€The€State€party€further€argues€thatÐ xÈ  Ðsufficient€legal€guarantees€exist€to€exclude€any€legitimate€doubt€of€the€tribunal's€institutionalÐ ^®  Ðimpartiality.€Ð D”  ÐÌ4.15€As€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€7,€that€his€deportation€amounts€to€cruel,€inhumanÐ ` Ðor€degrading€treatment,€because€his€claim€had€not€been€heard€by€an€impartial€tribunal,€theÐ öF ÐState€party€refers€to€its€argument€above€and€argues€that€the€tribunal€was€impartial€and€thatÐ Ü, Ðthe€author's€claim€is€thus€inadmissible.€Ð  ÐÌ4.16€As€regards€the€author's€claims€that€he€was€denied€equality€before€the€law€because€oneÐ ŽÞ Ðof€the€members€of€the€panel€was€of€Ewe€ancestry,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€allegationsÐ tÄ Ðof€denial€of€equality€rights€are€without€any€factual€or€legal€basis€and€should€thus€be€declaredÐ Zª Ðinadmissible.€Ð @ ÐÌ4.17€The€State€party€finally€argues€that€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€not€a€"fourthÐ  \ Ðinstance"€competent€to€reevaluate€findings€of€fact€or€to€review€the€application€of€domesticÐ òB Ðlegislation,€unless€there€is€clear€evidence€that€the€proceedings€before€the€domestic€courtsÐ Ø( Ðwere€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€In€the€absence€of€such€evidence,€the€StateÐ ¾ Ðparty€argues€that€the€author's€claims€are€inadmissible.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.€The€deadline€for€counsel's€comments€on€the€State€party's€observations€was€27€NovemberÐ <#Œ" Ð1995.€By€letter€of€29€May€1997,€counsel€was€informed€that€the€Committee€would€examineÐ "$r# Ðthe€admissibility€of€the€communication€at€its€sixtieth€session,€in€July€1997.€No€submissionÐ %X $ Ðhas€been€received.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ º' #' ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€article€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€orÐ  (ð#( Ðnot€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€argued€that€the€communication€isÐ R+¢&+ Ðinadmissible€for€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€It€has€also€noted€the€contention€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcounsel€that€the€post„determination€review€and€the€humanitarian€and€compassionate€reviewÐ -n(- Ðare€devoid€of€substance.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€mereÐ ° Ðdoubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€domestic€remedies€do€not€absolve€an€author€of€theÐ –æ Ðrequirement€to€exhaust€them.€Further,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€was€open€to€the€author€toÐ |Ì Ðappeal€the€decision€of€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division€to€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€andÐ b² Ðthat€he€failed€to€perfect€his€application€for€judicial€review€against€the€negative€post„claimÐ H˜ Ðdetermination€decision.€The€communication€is€therefore€inadmissible€for€non„exhaustion€ofÐ . ~ Ðdomestic€remedies.€Ð  d ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð à 0 ÐÌ(a)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€OptionalÐ ¬ ü  ÐProtocol;€Ð ’â  ÐÌ(b)€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author's€counsel.€Ð ^®  ÐÌÌ__________€Ð ` ÐÌ*òò€óóThe€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ Ü, Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€N.€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€Mr.€ThomasÐ Â ÐÔ_ÔBuergenthalÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Christine€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ô,€Lord€Ô_ÔColvilleÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Pilar€Ô_ÔGaitanÔ_Ô€deÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔPomboÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€Mr.€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Mr.€FaustoÐ ŽÞ ÐÔ_ÔPocarÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Danilo€Ô_ÔTrkÔ_Ô.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ**€Mr.€Maxwell€Ô_ÔYaldenÔ_Ô€did€not€participate€in€the€adoption€of€the€decision,€pursuant€to€ruleÐ @ Ð85€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure.€Ð &v ÐÌ1/€€Due€to€a€change€in€law,€the€author's€appeal€was€in€fact€treated€as€an€application€forÐ òB Ðjudicial€review€by€the€Federal€Court€Trial€Division€and€denied.€See€further€paragraphs€4.4Ð Ø( Ðand€4.5.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2/€€Under€section€114(2)€of€the€Immigration€Act€a€refugee€claimant€may€request€aÐ Š Ú Ðhumanitarian€and€compassionate€review,€to€see€whether€extraordinary€circumstances€warrantÐ p!À  Ðlanding.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ3/€€Declared€inadmissible€on€18€July€1988.Ð "$r# ÐÌ4/€€Members€are€appointed€by€the€Governor€in€Council€for€terms€of€up€to€seven€years€andÐ î%>!% Ðdrawn€from€all€segments€of€Canadian€society.€They€may€only€be€removed€on€limitedÐ Ô&$"& Ðgrounds€by€an€inquiry€procedure€presided€over€by€a€judge,€supernumerary€judge€or€formerÐ º' #' Ðjudge€of€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada.€The€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€operatesÐ  (ð#( Ðautonomously€and€has€its€own€budget.€Decisions€of€the€Refugee€Division€can€be€overturnedÐ †)Ö$) Ðin€a€court€of€law.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ -n(- Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð ° ÐÓóÓ